Java - Wikipedia

This article is about the Indonesian island. For the programming language, see Java (programming
language). For other uses, see Java (disambiguation).
Java (/ˈdʒɑːvə, ˈdʒævə/;[2] Indonesian: Jawa, pronounced [ˈdʒawa]; Javanese: ꧋ꦗꦮ, romanized: Jawa)
is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the
Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's most populous
island, home to approximately 56% of the Indonesian population.[3]

Java
Native name:
Jawa (Indonesian)
Java Topography.png
Topography of Java
Java Locator.svg
Geography
Location Southeast Asia
Coordinates 7°29′30″S 110°00′16″E
Archipelago Greater Sunda Islands
Area 124,413 km2 (48,036 sq mi)
Area rank 13th
Highest elevation 3,678 m (12067 ft)
Highest point Semeru
Administration
Indonesia
Provinces Banten,
Special Capital Region of Jakarta,
West Java,
Central Java,
East Java,
Special Region of Yogyakarta
Largest settlement Jakarta (pop. 10,562,088)
Demographics
Population 151,600,000[1] (2020)
Pop. density 1,171/km2 (3033/sq mi)
Ethnic groups Javanese (inc. Tenggerese, Osing, Banyumasan),
Sundanese (inc. Baduy,
Bantenese,
Cirebonese),
Madurese (inc. Pendalungan),
Betawi etc.

This article contains letters from the Javanese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see
question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Javanese characters.

You may need rendering support to display the Sundanese script in this article correctly.
Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta, is on Java's northwestern coast. Many of the best known events in
Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic
sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian
struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically,
economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java:
Ujung Kulon National Park, Borobudur Temple, Prambanan Temple, and Sangiran Early Man Site.

Formed by volcanic eruptions due to geologic subduction of the Australian Plate under the Sunda Plate,
Java is the 13th largest island in the world and the fifth largest in Indonesia by landmass at about
138,800 square kilometres (53,600 sq mi). A chain of volcanic mountains is the east–west spine of the
island.

Four main languages are spoken on the island: Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, and Betawi. Javanese
and Sundanese are the most spoken.[4] The ethnic groups native to the island are the Javanese in the
central and eastern parts and Sundanese in the western parts. The Madurese in the Eastern salient of
Java are migrants from Madura Island, while the Betawi in the capital city of Jakarta are hybrids from
various ethnic groups in Indonesia. Most residents are bilingual, speaking Indonesian (the official
language of Indonesia) as their first or second language. While the majority of the people of Java are
Muslim, Java's population comprises people of diverse religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures.[5]

Java is divided into four administrative provinces: Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java, and
two special regions, Jakarta and Yogyakarta.

Etymology

The origins of the name "Java" are not clear. One possibility is that the island was named after the jáwa-
wut plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization
the island had different names.[6] There are other possible sources: the word jaú and its variations
mean "beyond" or "distant".[7] And, in Sanskrit yava means barley, a plant for which the island was
famous.[7] "Yavadvipa" is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriva, the chief of Rama's
army, dispatched his men to Yavadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita.[8] It was hence referred to
in India by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient Tamil text
Manimekalai by Chithalai Chathanar which states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called
Nagapuram.[9][10][11] Another source states that the word "Java" is derived from a Proto-Austronesian
root word, meaning "home".[12] The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in Ptolemy's
Geographia composed around 150 CE in the Roman Empire. Iabadiu is said to mean "barley island", to
be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicates Java[13] and
seems to be derived from the Sanskrit name Java-dvipa (Yavadvipa).

The annual news of Songshu and Liangshu (5th century CE) referred to Java as 闍婆 (She-pó or She-bó),
He-ling (640–818), then called it She-po again until the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), where they began
mentioning 爪哇 (Zhao-Wa or Chao-Wa).[14] According to Ma Huan's book (the Yingya Shenlan), the
Chinese called Java Chao-Wa, and the island was called She-po in the past.[15] Sulaiman al-Tajir al-Sirafi
mentioned two notable islands which separated Arabia and China: One is the 800 farsakh long Al-Rami,
which is identified as Sumatra, and the other is Zabaj (Arabic: ‫الزابج‬, Indonesian: Sabak), 400 farsakh in
length, identified as Java.[16]: 30–31 When John of Marignolli returned from China to Avignon, he
stayed at the Kingdom of Saba for a few months, which he said had many elephants and was led by a
queen; Saba may be his interpretation of She-bó.[17]: xii, 192–194 Afanasij Nikitin, a merchant from
Tver (in Russia), traveled to India in 1466 and described the land of java, which he called шабайте
(shabait/šabajte).[18][19]
Java lies between Sumatra to the west and Bali to the east. Borneo lies to the north, and Christmas
Island is to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the Java Sea to the
north, the Sunda Strait to the west, the Indian Ocean to the south and Bali Strait and Madura Strait in
the east.

Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains thirty-eight mountains forming an east–west spine
that have at one time or another been active volcanoes. The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru,
3,676 metres (12,060 ft). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is Mount Merapi, 2,930
metres (9,610 ft). In total, Java has more than 150 mountains.

Java's mountains and highlands split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for
wet-rice cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world.[20] Java was the first place
where Indonesian coffee was grown, starting in 1699. Today, coffea arabica is grown on the Ijen Plateau
by small-holders and larger plantations.

The area of Java is about 150,000 square kilometres (58,000 sq mi).[20] It is about 1,000 km (620 mi)
long and up to 210 km (130 mi) wide. The island's longest river is the 600 km long Solo River.[21] The
river rises from its source in central Java at the Lawu volcano, then flows north and eastward to its
mouth in the Java Sea near the city of Surabaya. Other major rivers are Brantas, Citarum, Cimanuk and
Serayu.

The average temperature ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F); average humidity is 75%. The
northern coastal plains are normally hotter, averaging 34 °C (93 °F) during the day in the dry season. The
south coast is generally cooler than the north, and highland areas inland are even cooler.[22] The wet
season begins in November and ends in April. During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and
intermittently during other parts of the year. The wettest months are January and February.

West Java is wetter than East Java, and mountainous regions receive much higher rainfall. The
Parahyangan highlands of West Java receive over 4,000 millimetres (160 in) annually, while the north
coast of East Java receives 900 millimetres (35 in) annually.

Natural environment

Banteng at Alas Purwo, eastern edge of Java

The natural environment of Java is tropical rainforest, with ecosystems ranging from coastal mangrove
forest on the north coast, rocky coastal cliffs on the southern coast, and low-lying tropical forest to high
altitude rainforest on the slopes of mountainous volcanic regions in the interior. The Javan environment
and climate gradually alters from west to east; from wet and humid dense rainforest in western parts, to
a dry savanna environment in the east, corresponding to the climate and rainfall in these regions.

Male Javan rhino shot in 1934 in West Java. Today only small numbers of Javan rhino survive in Ujung
Kulon; it is the world's rarest rhino.
Javan wildlife originally supported a rich biodiversity, where numbers of endemic species of flora and
fauna flourished; such as the Javan rhinoceros,[23] Javan banteng, Javan warty pig, Javan hawk-eagle,
Javan peafowl, Javan silvery gibbon, Javan lutung, Java mouse-deer, Javan rusa, and Javan leopard. With
over 450 bird species and 37 endemic species, Java is a birdwatcher's paradise.[24] There are about 130
freshwater fish species in Java.[25] There are also several endemic amphibian species in Java, including 5
species of tree frogs.

Since ancient times, people have opened the rainforest, altered the ecosystem, shaped the landscapes
and created rice paddy and terraces to support the growing population. Javan rice terraces have existed
for more than a millennium and had supported ancient agricultural kingdoms. The growing human
population has put severe pressure on Java's wildlife, as rainforests were diminished and confined to
highland slopes or isolated peninsulas. Some of Java's endemic species are now critically endangered,
with some already extinct; Java used to have Javan tigers and Javan elephants, but both have been
rendered extinct. Today, several national parks exist in Java that protect the remnants of its fragile
wildlife, such as Ujung Kulon, Mount Halimun-Salak, Gede Pangrango, Baluran, Meru Betiri, Bromo
Tengger Semeru and Alas Purwo.

History

Mount Sumbing surrounded by rice fields. Java's volcanic topography and rich agricultural lands are the
fundamental factors in its history.
Fossilised remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", dating back 1.3 million[26]
years were found along the banks of the Bengawan Solo River.[27]

The island's exceptional fertility and rainfall allowed the development of wet-field rice cultivation, which
required sophisticated levels of cooperation between villages. Out of these village alliances, small
kingdoms developed. The chain of volcanic mountains and associated highlands running the length of
Java kept its interior regions and peoples separate and relatively isolated.[28] Before the advent of
Islamic states and European colonialism, the rivers provided the main means of communication,
although Java's many rivers are mostly short. Only the Brantas river and Solo river could provide long-
distance communication and this way their valleys supported the centers of major kingdoms. A system
of roads, permanent bridges, and toll gates is thought to have been established in Java by at least the
mid-17th century. Local powers could disrupt the routes as could the wet season and road use was
highly dependent on constant maintenance. Consequently, communication between Java's population
was difficult.[20]

Standing warrior bronze figures, Java, c. 500 BC – 300 AD

The emergence of civilization on the island of Java is often associated with the story of Aji Saka from 78
AD. Although Aji Saka is said to be the bearer of civilization on Java, the story received several objections
and rebuttals from other historical sources. Valmiki's Ramayana, made around 500 BC, records that Java
already had a governmental organization long before the story:

"Yawadwipa is decorated with seven kingdoms, gold and silver islands, rich in gold mines, and there is
Cicira (cold) Mountain that touches the sky with its peak."[29]: 6

The Greek geographer Ptolemy called the island as Yabadiou or Sabadiou (Ancient Greek: Ιαβαδίου or
Σαβαδίου).[30][31]
According to Chinese record Míng Shǐ, the Javanese kingdom was founded in 65 BC, or 143 years before
the story of Aji Saka began.[32]: 39

The story of Aji Saka is a Neo Javanese story. This story has not yet been found to be relevant in the Old
Javanese text. This story tells of events in the Medang Kamulan kingdom in Java in the past. At that time,
the king of Medang Kamulan Prabu Dewata Cengkar was replaced by Aji Saka. This story is considered as
an allegory of the entry of Indians into Java. Referring to the Liang dynasty information, the Javanese
kingdom was divided into two: the pre-Hinduism kingdom and the post-Hindu kingdom, which began in
78 AD.[16]: 5 and 7

Cangkuang Hindu temple, a shrine for Shiva, dated from the 8th century, the Galuh Kingdom

The 9th century Borobudur Buddhist stupa in Central Java

The Taruma and Sunda kingdoms of western Java appeared in the 4th and 7th centuries respectively,
while the Kalingga Kingdom sent embassies to China starting in 640.[33]: 53, 79 However, the first major
principality was the Mataram Kingdom that was founded in central Java at the beginning of the 8th
century. Mataram's religion centered on the Hindu god Shiva, and the kingdom produced some of Java's
earliest Hindu temples on the Dieng Plateau. Around the 8th century, the Sailendra dynasty rose in Kedu
Plain and become the patron of Mahayana Buddhism. This ancient kingdom built monuments such as
the 9th century Borobudur and Prambanan in central Java.

Around the 10th century, the center of power shifted from central to eastern Java. The eastern Javanese
kingdoms of Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit were mainly dependent on rice agriculture, yet also
pursued trade within the Indonesian archipelago, and with China and India. Majapahit was established
by Wijaya,[33]: 201 and by the end of the reign of Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350–89) it claimed sovereignty
over the entire Indonesian archipelago, although control was likely limited to Java, Bali, and Madura.
Hayam Wuruk's prime minister, Gajah Mada, led many of the kingdom's territorial conquests.[33]: 234
Previous Javanese kingdoms had their power based on agriculture, however, Majapahit took control of
ports and shipping lanes and became Java's first commercial empire. With the death of Hayam Wuruk
and the coming of Islam to Indonesia, Majapahit went into decline.[33]: 241

Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century.[citation needed] During this
era, the Islamic kingdoms of Demak, Cirebon, and Banten were ascendant.[citation needed] The
Mataram Sultanate became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th
century.[citation needed] The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such
that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century.[citation needed]

Colonial periods

Tea plantation in Java during Dutch colonial period, in or before 1926

Java's contact with the European colonial powers began in 1522 with a treaty between the Sunda
kingdom and the Portuguese in Malacca. After its failure, the Portuguese presence was confined to
Malacca and to the eastern islands. In 1596, a four-ship expedition led by Cornelis de Houtman was the
first Dutch contact with Indonesia.[34] By the end of the 18th century the Dutch had extended their
influence over the sultanates of the interior through the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia. Internal
conflict prevented the Javanese from forming effective alliances against the Dutch. Remnants of the
Mataram survived as the Surakarta (Solo) and Yogyakarta principalities. Javanese kings claimed to rule
with divine authority and the Dutch helped them to preserve remnants of a Javanese aristocracy by
confirming them as regents or district officials within the colonial administration.

Java's major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of rice. In spice-
producing islands like Banda, rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means of
subsistence.[35]

During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, the Netherlands fell to France, as did its colony in the East Indies.
During the short-lived Daendels administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction of the
Great Post Road was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from Anyer in Western Java to Panarukan
in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion.[36]
In 1811, Java was captured by the British, becoming a possession of the British Empire, and Sir Stamford
Raffles was appointed as the island's governor. In 1814, Java was returned to the Dutch under the terms
of the Treaty of Paris.[37]

Japanese prepare to discuss surrender terms with British-allied forces in Java, 1945.

British Occupation of Java; men of the Bengal Sappers and Miners burn houses in the village of Bekasi as
a reprisal for the murder of five members of the Royal Air Force and twenty Maharatta riflemen whose
Dakota transport aircraft crash-landed near the village.
In 1815, there may have been five million people in Java.[38] In the second half of the 18th century,
population spurts began in districts along the north-central coast of Java, and in the 19th century
population grew rapidly across the island. Factors for the great population growth include the impact of
Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java, the increase in the area under rice
cultivation, and the introduction of food plants such as cassava and maize that could sustain populations
that could not afford rice.[39] Others attribute the growth to the taxation burdens and increased
expansion of employment under the Cultivation System to which couples responded by having more
children in the hope of increasing their families ability to pay tax and buy goods.[40] Cholera claimed
100,000 lives in Java in 1820.[41]

The advent of trucks and railways where there had previously only been buffalo and carts, telegraph
systems, and more coordinated distribution systems under the colonial government all contributed to
famine elimination in Java, and in turn, population growth. There were no significant famines in Java
from the 1840s through to the Japanese occupation in the 1940s.[42] However, other sources claimed
the Dutch's Cultivation system is linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, firstly in Cirebon and
then Central Java, as cash crops such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice.

Demographics

Demographic profile

Java has been traditionally dominated by an elite class, while the people in the lower classes were often
involved in agriculture and fishing. The elite class in Java has evolved over the course of history, as
cultural wave after cultural wave immigrated to the island. There is evidence that South Asian emigres
were among this elite, as well as Arabian and Persian immigrants during the Islamic eras. More recently,
Chinese immigrants have also become part of the economic elite of Java. Although politically the
Chinese generally remain sidelined, there are notable exceptions, such as the former governor of
Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. Though Java is increasingly becoming more modern and urban, only
75% of the island has electricity. Villages and their rice paddies are still a common sight. Unlike the rest
of Java, the population growth in Central Java remains low. Central Java however has a younger
population than the national average.[46] The slow population growth can in part be attributed to the
choice by many people to leave the more rural Central Java for better opportunities and higher incomes
in the bigger cities.[47] Java's population continues to rapidly increase despite many Javanese leaving
the island. This is somewhat due to the fact that Java is the business, academic, and cultural hub of
Indonesia, which attracts millions of non-Javanese people to its cities. The population growth is most
intense in the regions surrounding Jakarta and Bandung, which is reflected through the demographic
diversity in those areas.

Population development

With a combined population of 151.6 million in the 2020 census (including Madura's 4.0 million),[48]
Java is the most populous major island in the world and is home to 56% of Indonesia's population.[48] At
nearly 1,200 people per km2 in 2020, it is also one of the most densely populated parts of the world, on
a par with Bangladesh. Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes, with the people left to share
the remaining flatter land. Because of this, many coasts are heavily populated and cities ring around the
valleys surrounding volcanic peaks.

The population growth rate more than doubled in economically depressed Central Java in the latest
2010–2020 period vs 2000–2010, indicative of migration or other issues; there were significant volcanic
eruptions during the earlier period. Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically
Javanese,[49] while Sundanese make a large portion of Java's population as well.

The western third of the island (West Java, Banten, and DKI Jakarta) has an even higher population
density, of roughly 1,563 per square kilometer and accounts for the lion's share of the population
growth of Java.[48] It is home to three metropolitan areas, Greater Jakarta (with outlying areas of
Greater Serang and Greater Sukabumi), Greater Bandung, and Greater Cirebon.

Province or Special Region Capital Area

km2 Area
% Population
census
2000[50] Population
census
2010[51] Population
census
2020[52] Population
estimate
mid 2021[53] Population
density
mid 2021
Banten Serang 9,662.92 7.1 8,098,277 10,632,166 11,904,562 12,061,475
1,248
DKI Jakarta – 664.01 0.5 8,361,079 9,607,787 10,562,088 10,609,681
15,978
West Java Bandung 35,377.76 27.1 35,724,093 43,053,732 48,274,160
48,782,402 1,379
Western Java
(3 areas above) 45,704.69 34.7 52,183,449 63,293,685 70,740,810
71,453,558 1,563
Central Java Semarang 32,800.69 25.3 31,223,258 32,382,657 36,516,035
36,742,501 1,120
Yogyakarta Yogyakarta 3,133.15 2.4 3,121,045 3,457,491 3,668,719
3,712,896 1,185
Central Java Region
(2 areas above) 35,933.84 27.7 34,344,303 35,840,148 40,184,754
40,455,397 1,126
East Java Surabaya 47,799.75 37.3 34,765,993 37,476,757 40,665,696
40,878,790 855
Region Administered as Java Jakarta 129,438.28 100% 121,293,745 136,610,590
151,591,260 152,787,745 1,180
Madura Island of East Java
– 5,025.30 3.3 3,230,300 3,622,763 4,004,564 4,031,060 802
Java Island1)
– 124,412.98 96.7 118,063,445 132,987,827 147,586,696 148,756,685 1,196
1) Other islands are included in this figure, but are very small in population and area, Nusa Barung 100
km2, Bawean 196 km2, Karimunjawa 78 km2, Kambangan 121 km2, Panaitan 170 km2, Thousand Islands
8.7 km2 – with a combined population of roughly 90,000.

2) Land area of provinces updated in 2010 Census figures, areas by 2020 may be different from past
results.

From the 1970s to the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, the Indonesian government ran transmigration
programs aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less populated islands of Indonesia. This
program has met with mixed results, sometimes causing conflicts between the locals and the recently
arrived settlers. Nevertheless, it has caused Java's share of the nation's population to progressively
decline.

Jakarta and its outskirts, being the dominant metropolis, is also home to people from all over the nation.
East Java is also home to ethnic Balinese, as well as large numbers of Madurans due to their historic
poverty.

Betawi mask dance (Tari Topeng Betawi)

Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively
homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the Javanese and
Sundanese. A third group is the Madurese, who inhabit the island of Madura off the northeast coast of
Java, and have immigrated to East Java in large numbers since the 18th century.[54] The Javanese
comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for
38% and 10% respectively.[54] The fourth group is the Betawi people that speak a dialect of Malay, they
are the descendants of the people living around Batavia from around the 17th century. Betawis are
creole people, mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups such as Malay,
Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, Minang, Bugis, Makassar, Ambonese, mixed with foreign ethnic groups
such as Portuguese, Dutch, Arab, Chinese and Indian brought to or attracted to Batavia to meet labour
needs. They have a culture and language distinct from the surrounding Sundanese and Javanese.

SambaSunda music performance, featuring traditional Sundanese music instruments

The Javanese prose text Tantu Pagelaran (circa 15th century) explained the mythical origin of the island
and its volcanic nature.

Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the central part of Java or Yogyakarta is the Javanese
people heartland and the north coast of the pasisir region, the Sunda lands (Sundanese: ᮒᮒᮁ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ,
Tatar Sunda) in the western part of Java and Parahyangan as the heartland, the eastern salient of Java
also known as Blambangan. Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern
Java.[54] The kejawen of Javanese culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy is
based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite
originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and exemplary.[54]
The territory from Banyumas in the west through to Blitar in the east and encompasses Indonesia's most
fertile and densely populated agricultural land.[54]

Lakshmana, Rama and Shinta in Ramayana ballet at Prambanan, Java

In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the Banyumasan region, a cultural
mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the Banyumasan
culture.[55] In the central Javanese court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, contemporary kings trace
their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places
especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include gamelan music
and wayang puppet shows.

Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,[56] and as a result, many
literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include Ken Arok and Ken Dedes, the story
of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and
translations of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a famous contemporary
Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in
Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends.

Languages

Languages spoken in Java (Javanese is shown in white). "Malay" refers to Betawi, the local dialect as one
of Malay creole dialect.
The three major languages spoken on Java are Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese. Other languages
spoken include Betawi (a Malay dialect local to the Jakarta region), Osing, Banyumasan, and Tenggerese
(closely related to Javanese), Baduy and Bantenese (closely related to Sundanese), Kangeanese (closely
related to Madurese), and Balinese.[57] The vast majority of the population also speaks Indonesian,
often as a second language.

Buddhism (0.49%)
Hinduism (0.11%)
Confucianism (0.013%)
 Folk/Other (0.01%)
Indian influences came first with Shaivism and Buddhism penetrating deeply into society, blending with
indigenous tradition and culture.[59] One conduit for this were the ascetics, called resi, who taught
mystical practices. A resi lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs.
Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and pudjangga (sacred literati)
legitimised rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs.[59] Small Hindu enclaves are
scattered throughout Java, but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast nearest Bali,
especially around the town of Banyuwangi.

The coming of Islam, strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. More than 90
percent of the people of Java are Muslims, on a broad continuum between abangan (more traditional)
and santri (more modernist). Muslim scholars (Kyai) became the new religious elite as Hindu influences
receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal priesthood, but the Dutch
colonial government established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching
schools. In Javanese pesantren (Islamic schools), The Kyai perpetuated the tradition of the resi. Students
around him provided his needs, even peasants around the school.[59]

Pre-Islamic Javan traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a
loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around kyais, possessing various degrees of
proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic lore, belief and practice.[59] The kyais are the principal
intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the supernatural. However, this very
looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted schism. There were often sharp divisions between
orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught mysticism and those who
sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts. As a result, there is a division between santri,
who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with abangan, who have
mixed pre-Islamic animistic and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic belief.
[59]

There are also Christian communities, mostly in the larger cities, though some rural areas of south-
central Java are strongly Roman Catholic. Buddhist communities also exist in the major cities, primarily
among the Chinese Indonesian. The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions.

A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious
Affairs in Yogyakarta reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of
these, 35 were in Central Java, 22 in West Java and six in East Java.[59] These include Kejawen, Sumarah,
Subud, etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify
themselves with one of the official religions.[60] Sunda Wiwitan is a traditional Sundanese religion, its
adherents still exist in several villages.[61]

Initially the economy of Java relied heavily on rice agriculture. Ancient kingdoms such as the
Tarumanagara, Mataram, and Majapahit were dependent on rice yields and tax. Java was famous for
rice surpluses and rice export since ancient times, and rice agriculture contributed to the population
growth of the island. Trade with other parts of Asia such as ancient India and China flourished as early as
the 4th century, as evidenced by Chinese ceramics found on the island dated to that period. Java also
took part in the global trade of Maluku spice from ancient times in the Majapahit era, until well into the
Dutch East India Company (VOC) era.
Java transport network
The VOC set their foothold on Batavia in the 17th century and was succeeded by the Dutch East Indies in
the 19th century. During these colonial times, the Dutch introduced the cultivation of commercial plants
in Java, such as sugarcane, rubber, coffee, tea, and quinine. In the 19th and early 20th century, Javanese
coffee gained global popularity. Thus, the name "Java" today has become a synonym for coffee.[62][63]
[64][65]

Java has been Indonesia's most developed island since the Dutch East Indies era and continues to be so
today in the modern Republic of Indonesia. The road transportation networks that have existed since
ancient times were connected and perfected with the construction of Java Great Post Road by Daendels
in the early 19th century. It became the backbone of Java's road infrastructure and laid the base of Java
North Coast Road (Indonesian: Jalan Pantura, abbreviation from "Pantai Utara"). The need to transport
commercial produces such as coffee from plantations in the interior of the island to the harbour on the
coast spurred the construction of railway networks in Java. Today, industry, business, trade and services
flourished in major cities of Java, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Semarang, and Bandung; while some
traditional Sultanate cities such as Yogyakarta, Surakarta, and Cirebon preserved its royal legacy and has
become the centre of art, culture and tourism. Industrial estates are also growing in towns on northern
coast of Java, especially around Cilegon, Tangerang, Bekasi, Karawang, Gresik and Sidoarjo. The toll road
highway networks was built and expanded since the New Order until the present day, connecting major
urban centres and surrounding areas, such as in and around Jakarta and Bandung; also the ones in
Cirebon, Semarang and Surabaya. In addition to these motorways, Java has 16 national highways.

Based on the statistical data by the year of 2021 released by Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik),
Java alone contributes around 60% of Indonesia's GDP or equivalent to US$686 billion (int$2.0 trillion,
PPP).[66]