Computer

(Introduction)

Definition

Computer : is an electronic device that operates (works) under

the control of programs stored in its own memory unit.
A computer is an electronic machine that processes raw data to give information as output.

An electronic device that accepts data as input, and transforms it under the influence of a set of special
instructions called Programs, to produce the desired output (referred to as Information).

Explanations;
A computer is described as an electronic device because; it is made up of electronic components and
uses electric energy (such as electricity) to operate.

A computer has an internal memory, which stores data & instructions temporarily awaiting processing,
and even holds the intermediate result (information) before it is communicated to the recipients
through the Output devices.

It works on the data using the instructions issued, means that, the computer cannot do any useful job on
its own. It can only work as per the set of instructions issued.

A computer will accept data in one form and produce it in another form. The data is normally held
within the computer as it is being processed.

Program:
A computer Program is a set of related instructions written in the language of the computer & is used to
make the computer perform a specific task (or, to direct the computer on what to do).

A set of related instructions which specify how the data is to be processed.

A set of instructions used to guide a computer through a process.

Data: Is a collection of raw facts, figures or instructions that do not have much meaning to the user.

Data may be in form of numbers, alphabets/letters or symbols, and can be processed to produce
information.
TYPES OF DATA.
There are two types/forms of data:

a). Digital (discrete) data:

Digital data is discrete in nature. It must be represented in form of numbers, alphabets or symbols for it
to be processed by a computer. Digital data is obtained by counting. E.g. 1, 2, 3 …

b). Analogue (continuous) data:

Analogue data is continuous in nature. It must be represented in physical nature in order to be
processed by the computer. Analogue data is obtained by measurement. E.g. Pressure, Temperature,
Humidity, Lengths or currents, etc. The output is in form of smooth graphs from which the data can be
read.
Data Processing:
It is the process of collecting all items of data together & converting them into information.

Processing refers to the way the data is manipulated (or handled) to turn it into information.
The processing may involve calculation, comparison or any other logic to produce the required result.
The processing of the data usually results in some meaningful information being produced.

Information: is the data which has been refined, summarized & manipulated in the way you want it, or
into a more meaningful form for decision-making. The information must be accurate, timely, complete
and relevant.

Characteristics / Features of a Computer.

Before 20th century, most information was processed manually or by use of simple machines. Today,
millions of people are using computers in offices and at home to produce and store all types of
information

The following are some of the attributes that make computers widely accepted & used in the day-to-day
activities in our society:

1. Speed.
Computers operate at very high speeds, and can perform very many functions within a very short time.
They can perform a much complicated task much faster than a human being.
The speed of a computer is measured in Fractions of seconds.
Millisecond - a thousandth of a second (10-3)
Microsecond - a millionth of a second (10-6)
Nanosecond - a thousand millionth of a second (10-9)
Picosecond - a million millionth of a second (10-12)

The speed of a computer is usually linked to the technology used to build it.

a). 1st Generation computers (1940s & early 1950s).

• The computers were built using Vacuum tubes, and the speed was measured in Milliseconds. E.g., a
computer could perform 5,000 additions & 300 multiplications per second.
b). 2nd Generation computers (1950s & early 1960s).
Were built using Transistors. Their operation speeds increased & were measured in Microseconds. E.g., a
computer could perform 1 million additions per second.

c). Mid 1960s.

Integrated Circuit (IC), which combined a no. of transistors & diodes together on a silicon chip, was
developed. The speed increased to tens of millions of operations per second.

d). In 1971, Intel Corporation produced a very small, single chip called a Microprocessor, which could
perform all the operations on the computer’s processor. The chip contained about 1,600 transistors.

e). Today’s microprocessors are very powerful, cheaper & more reliable due to the use of the Large Scale
Integration (LSI) & Very Large scale Integration (VLSI) technologies, which combines hundreds of
thousands of components onto a single chip.
The computer speeds are now measured in Nanoseconds & Picoseconds.
2. Accuracy:
Unlike human beings, computers are very accurate, i.e., they never make mistakes.
A computer can work for very long periods without going wrong. However, when an error occurs the
computer has a number of in-built, self-checking features in their electronic components that can detect
& correct such errors.
Usually errors are committed by the users entering the data to the computer, thus the saying Garbage in
Garbage Out (GIGO).
This means that, if you enter incorrect data into the computer and have it processed, the computer will
give you misleading information.

3. Reliability.
The computer can be relied upon to produce the correct answer if it is given the correct instructions &
supplied with the correct data.

Therefore, if you want to add two numbers, but by mistake, give the computer a “Multiply” instruction,
the computer will not know that you intended to “ADD”; it will multiply the numbers supplied.

Similarly, if you give it the ADD instruction, but make a mistake and enter an incorrect data; let say, 14 &
83 instead of 14 & 38; then the computer will produce the “wrong” answer 97 instead of 52. However,
note that, 97 is ‘correct’ based on the data supplied.

Therefore, the output produced by a computer is only as reliable as the instructions used & the data
supplied.

4. Consistency:

Computers are usually consistent. This means that, given the same data & the same instructions, they
will produce the same answer every time that particular process is repeated.

5. Storage:

A computer is capable of storing large amounts of data or instructions in a very small space.

A computer can store data & instructions for later use, and it can produce/ retrieve this data when
required so that the user can make use of it.

Data stored in a computer can be protected from unauthorized individuals through the use of
passwords.

6. Diligence:

Unlike human beings, a computer can work continuously without getting tired or bored. Even if it has to
do a million calculations, it will do the last one with the same speed and accuracy as the first one.

7. Automation:

A computer is an automatic device. This is because, once given the instructions, it is guided by these
instructions and can carry on its job automatically until it is complete.
It can also perform a variety of jobs as long as there is a well-defined procedure.
8. Versatile:

A computer can be used in different places to perform a large number of different jobs depending on
the instructions fed to it.

9. Imposition of a formal approach to working methods:

Because a computer can only work with a strict set of instructions, it identifies and imposes rigid rules
for dealing with the data it is given to process.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Computer exist in defferent sizes, weight and shapes
The major ways in which computers are classified are
i) Classification according to Functionality
In this category, computers are categorised ccording to the way they process data and kind of data a
computer can process.
Example of this data are,
a) Analog Data
b) Digital data

ii) Classification according to the purpose

iii) Classification according to physical size
iii) classification according to functionality

History of Computers
The first counting device was used by the primitive people. They used sticks, stones and bones as
counting tools. As human mind and technology improved with time more computing devices were
developed. Some of the popular computing devices starting with the first to recent ones are described
below;

Abacus
The history of computer begins with the birth of abacus which is believed to be the first computer. It is
said that Chinese invented Abacus around 4,000 years ago.

It was a wooden rack which has metal rods with beads mounted on them. The beads were moved by the
abacus operator according to some rules to perform arithmetic calculations. Abacus is still used in some
countries like China, Russia and Japan. An image of this tool is shown below;
Napier's Bones
It was a manually-operated calculating device which was invented by John Napier (1550-1617) of
Merchiston. In this calculating tool, he used 9 different ivory strips or bones marked with numbers to
multiply and divide. So, the tool became known as "Napier's Bones. It was also the first machine to use
the decimal point.
Pascaline
Pascaline is also known as Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine. It was invented between 1642 and
1644 by a French mathematician-philosopher Biaise Pascal. It is believed that it was the first mechanical
and automatic calculator.

Pascal invented this machine to help his father, a tax accountant. It could only perform addition and
subtraction. It was a wooden box with a series of gears and wheels. When a wheel is rotated one
revolution, it rotates the neighboring wheel. A series of windows is given on the top of the wheels to
read the totals. An image of this tool is shown below;

Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel

It was developed by a German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1673. He
improved Pascal's invention to develop this machine. It was a digital mechanical calculator which was
called the stepped reckoner as instead of gears it was made of fluted drums. See the following image;
Difference Engine
In the early 1820s, it was designed by Charles Babbage who is known as "Father of Modern Computer".
It was a mechanical computer which could perform simple calculations. It was a steam driven calculating
machine designed to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables.

Analytical Engine
This calculating machine was also developed by Charles Babbage in 1830. It was a mechanical computer
that used punch-cards as input. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing
information as a permanent memory.
Tabulating Machine
It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith, an American statistician. It was a mechanical tabulator
based on punch cards. It could tabulate statistics and record or sort data or information. This machine
was used in the 1890 U.S. Census. Hollerith also started the Hollerith?s Tabulating Machine Company
which later became International Business Machine (IBM) in 1924.

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Differential Analyzer
It was the first electronic computer introduced in the United States in 1930. It was an analog device
invented by Vannevar Bush. This machine has vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals to perform
calculations. It could do 25 calculations in few minutes.
Mark I
The next major changes in the history of computer began in 1937 when Howard Aiken planned to
develop a machine that could perform calculations involving large numbers. In 1944, Mark I computer
was built as a partnership between IBM and Harvard. It was the first programmable digital computer.

Generations of Computers
A generation of computers refers to the specific improvements in computer technology with time. In
1946, electronic pathways called circuits were developed to perform the counting. It replaced the gears
and other mechanical parts used for counting in previous computing machines.

In each new generation, the circuits became smaller and more advanced than the previous generation
circuits. The miniaturization helped increase the speed, memory and power of computers. There are five
generations of computers which are described below;
First Generation Computers
The first generation (1946-1959) computers were slow, huge and expensive. In these computers, vacuum
tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory. These computers were mainly depended
on batch operating system and punch cards. Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and
input devices in this generation;

Some of the popular first generation computers are;

o ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

o EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
o UNIVACI( Universal Automatic Computer)
o IBM-701
o IBM-650

Second Generation Computers

The second generation (1959-1965) was the era of the transistor computers. These computers used
transistors which were cheap, compact and consuming less power; it made transistor computers faster
than the first generation computers.

In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic disc and tapes were
used as the secondary storage. Assembly language and programming languages like COBOL and
FORTRAN, and Batch processing and multiprogramming operating systems were used in these
computers.

Some of the popular second generation computers are;

o IBM 1620
o IBM 7094
o CDC 1604
o CDC 3600
o UNIVAC 1108

Third Generation Computers

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The third generation computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. A single IC can pack
huge number of transistors which increased the power of a computer and reduced the cost. The
computers also became more reliable, efficient and smaller in size. These generation computers used
remote processing, time-sharing, multi programming as operating system. Also, the high-level
programming languages like FORTRON-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, ALGOL-68 were used in this
generation.

Some of the popular third generation computers are;

 o IBM-360 series
o Honeywell-6000 series
o PDP(Personal Data Processor)
o IBM-370/168
o TDC-316

Fourth Generation Computers

The fourth generation (1971-1980) computers used very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits; a chip
containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements. These chips made this generation
computers more compact, powerful, fast and affordable. These generation computers used real time,
time sharing and distributed operating system. The programming languages like C, C++, DBASE were
also used in this generation.

Some of the popular fourth generation computers are;

o DEC 10
o STAR 1000
o PDP 11
o CRAY-1(Super Computer)
o CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

Fifth Generation Computers

In fifth generation (1980-till date) computers, the VLSI technology was replaced with ULSI (Ultra Large
Scale Integration). It made possible the production of microprocessor chips with ten million electronic
components. This generation computers used parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence)
software. The programming languages used in this generation were C, C++, Java, .Net, etc.

Some of the popular fifth generation computers are;

o Desktop
o Laptop
o NoteBook
o UltraBook
o ChromeBook

Topic B: Computer hardware and software

Click play on the following audio player to listen along as you read this section.

Computer Hardware Basics

 Hardware – any physical device or equipment used in or with a computer system (anything you can see and
touch).

External hardware

 External hardware devices (peripherals) – any hardware device that is located outside the computer.
 Input device – a piece of hardware device which is used to enter information to a computer for processing.
 Examples: keyboard, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, joystick, microphone, light pen, webcam, speech input,

etc.
 Output device – a piece of hardware device that receives information from a computer.
 Examples: monitor, printer, scanner, speaker, display screen (tablet, smartphone …), projector, head phone, etc.

Internal hardware

 Internal hardware devices (or internal hardware components) – any piece of hardware device that is located inside the
computer.
 Examples: CPU, hard disk drive, ROM, RAM, etc.

Computer Software Basics

Computer software

 Software – a set of instructions or programs that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a specific task (computer
software runs on hardware).
 Main types of software – systems software and application software.
 Application software

 Application software – a computer program that provides users with tools to accomplish a specific task.
 Examples of application software: word processing, spreadsheets, presentation, database management, Internet browsers,
email programs, media players, accounting, pronunciation, translation, desktop publishing, enterprise, etc.

System Software

System software – it is designed to run a computer’s hardware and application software, and make the computer
system available for use. It serves as the interface between hardware, application software, and the user.

 Main functions of system software – allocating system resources, managing storage space, storing and retrieval of files,
providing security, etc.
 Main types of systems software – operating system, device driver, utility software, programming software, etc.

Operating system (OS) – a software that controls and coordinates the computer hardware devices and runs other
software and applications on a computer. It is the main part of system software and a computer will not function
without it.

 Main functions of an operating system – booting the computer, managing system resources (CPU, memory, storage
devices, printer, etc.), managing files, handling input and output, executing and providing services for application software,
etc.
 Examples of operating system: Microsoft Windows, Apple iOS, Android OS, macOS, Linux, etc.

Device driver – a software program that is designed to control a particular hardware device that is attached to a
computer.

 The main purpose of device driver – it acts as a translator between the hardware device and operating systems or
applications that use it.
 It instructs computer on how to communicate with the device by translating the operating system’s instructions into a
language that a device can understand in order to perform the necessary task.
 Examples of device driver: printer driver, display driver, USB driver, sound card driver, motherboard driver, ROM driver,
etc.

Utility software – a type of system software that helps set up, analyze, configure, strengthen, maintain a computer
and performs a very specific task (e.g. antivirus software, backup software, memory tester, screen saver, etc.).

Introduction
The basic parts of a desktop computer are the computer case, monitor, keyboard, mouse,
and power cord. Each part plays an important role whenever you use a computer.

Watch the video below to learn about the basic parts of a computer.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Computer case

The computer case is the metal and plastic box that contains the main components of the
computer, including the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), and power supply. The
front of the case usually has an On/Off button and one or more optical drives.

Computer cases come in different shapes and sizes. A desktop case lies flat on a desk, and the
monitor usually sits on top of it. A tower case is tall and sits next to the monitor or on the
floor. All-in-one computers come with the internal components built into the monitor, which
eliminates the need for a separate case.

Monitor

The monitor works with a video card, located inside the computer case, to display images and
text on the screen. Most monitors have control buttons that allow you to change your
monitor's display settings, and some monitors also have built-in speakers.

Newer monitors usually have LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light-emitting diode)
displays. These can be made very thin, and they are often called flat-panel displays. Older
monitors use CRT (cathode ray tube) displays. CRT monitors are much larger and heavier,
and they take up more desk space.

Keyboard
The keyboard is one of the main ways to communicate with a computer. There are many
different types of keyboards, but most are very similar and allow you to accomplish the same
basic tasks.

Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn about the different parts of the keyboard.
If you want to learn how to type or improve your touch-typing skills, check out our
free Typing Tutorial.

Mouse

The mouse is another important tool for communicating with computers. Commonly known as
a pointing device, it lets you point to objects on the screen, click on them, and move them.

There are two main mouse types: optical and mechanical. The optical mouse uses an
electronic eye to detect movement and is easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses a rolling
ball to detect movement and requires regular cleaning to work properly.

To learn the basics of using a mouse, check out our interactive Mouse Tutorial.
Mouse alternatives
There are other devices that can do the same thing as a mouse. Many people find them easier
to use, and they also require less desk space than a traditional mouse. The most common
mouse alternatives are below.

 Trackball: A trackball has a ball that can rotate freely. Instead of moving the
device like a mouse, you can roll the ball with your thumb to move the pointer.
 Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive pad that
lets you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with your finger.
Touchpads are common on laptop computers.

Lesson 4: Buttons and Ports on a Computer

Introduction
Take a look at the front and back of your computer case and count the number
of buttons, ports, and slots you see. Now look at your monitor and count any you find there.
You probably counted at least 10, and maybe a lot more.

Each computer is different, so the buttons, ports, and sockets will vary from computer to
computer. However, there are certain ones you can expect to find on most desktop computers.
Learning how these ports are used will help whenever you need to connect something to your
computer, like a new printer, keyboard, or mouse.
Watch the video below to learn about the buttons, ports, and slots on a desktop computer.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Front of a computer case

Click the buttons in the interactive below to become familiar with the front of a computer.
Back of a computer case
The back of a computer case has connection ports that are made to fit specific devices. The
placement will vary from computer to computer, and many companies have their own special
connectors for specific devices. Some of the ports may be color coded to help you determine
which port is used with a particular device.

Click the buttons in the interactive below to become familiar with the back of a computer.

Other types of ports

There are many other types of ports, such as FireWire, Thunderbolt, and HDMI. If your
computer has ports you don't recognize, you should consult your manual for more information.

Now you try it! Practice connecting the cables with the interactive game below.
Peripherals you can use with your
computer
The most basic computer setup usually includes the computer case, monitor, keyboard,
and mouse, but you can plug many different types of devices into the extra ports on your
computer. These devices are called peripherals. Let's take a look at some of the most common
ones.

 Printers: A printer is used to print documents, photos, and anything else that
appears on your screen. There are many types of printers, including inkjet, laser,
and photo printers. There are even all-in-one printers, which can also scan and
copy documents.

 Scanners: A scanner allows you to copy a physical image or document and

save it to your computer as a digital (computer-readable) image. Many scanners
are included as part of an all-in-one printer, although you can also buy a
separate flatbed or handheld scanner.
 Speakers/headphones: Speakers and headphones are output devices, which
means they send information from the computer to the user—in this case, they
allow you to hear sound and music. Depending on the model, they may connect
to the audio port or the USB port. Some monitors also have built-in speakers.
 Microphones: A microphone is a type of input device, or a device that receives
information from a user. You can connect a microphone to record sound or talk
with someone else over the Internet. Many laptop computers come with built-in
microphones.
  Web cameras: A web camera—or webcam—is a type of input device that can
record videos and take pictures. It can also transmit video over the Internet
in real time, which allows for video chat or video conferencing with someone
else. Many webcams also include a microphone for this reason.
 Game controllers and joysticks: A game controller is used to control computer
games. There are many other types of controllers you can use,
including joysticks, although you can also use your mouse and keyboard to
control most games.
 Digital cameras: A digital camera lets you capture pictures and videos in a
digital format. By connecting the camera to your computer's USB port, you can
transfer the images from the camera to the computer.
 Mobile phones, MP3 players, tablet computers, and other devices: Whenever
you buy an electronic device, such as a mobile phone or MP3 player, check to see
if it comes with a USB cable. If it does, this means you can most likely connect it
to your computer.

Lesson 5: Inside a Computer

Inside a computer
Have you ever looked inside a computer case, or seen pictures of the inside of one? The small
parts may look complicated, but the inside of a computer case isn't really all that mysterious.
This lesson will help you master some of the basic terminology and understand a bit more
about what goes on inside a computer.

Watch the video below to learn about what's inside a desktop computer.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still see it here:
Motherboard

The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that holds the CPU,
memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the video
and audio, and connections to your computer's ports (such as USB ports). The motherboard
connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer.

CPU/processor
The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the computer
case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to
carry out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application,
you're sending instructions to the CPU.

The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip is
usually about the size of a thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which
is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU.

A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per second;

and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor can execute
instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of
many different components—not just the processor.

RAM (random access memory)

RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs calculations,
it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.

This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on a
document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you
save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage.

RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more RAM you have, the
more things your computer can do at the same time. If you don't have enough RAM, you may
notice that your computer is sluggish when you have several programs open. Because of this,
many people add extra RAM to their computers to improve performance.
Hard drive

The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The hard drive
is long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or
unplug it.

When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard
drive onto the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive. The
faster the hard drive, the faster your computer can start up and load programs.
Power supply unit

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of
power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other
components.

If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug the computer
first. Before touching the inside of the computer, you should touch a grounded metal object—
or a metal part of the computer casing—to discharge any static buildup. Static electricity can
be transmitted through the computer circuits, which can seriously damage your machine.

Expansion cards
Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types
of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI (peripheral component interconnect)
cards. You may never need to add any PCI cards because most motherboards have built-in
video, sound, network, and other capabilities.

However, if you want to boost the performance of your computer or update the capabilities of
an older computer, you can always add one or more cards. Below are some of the most
common types of expansion cards.
Video card

The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU
(graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card.
If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of
the expansion slots to get better performance.

Sound card
The sound card—also called an audio card—is responsible for what you hear in the speakers
or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a dedicated
sound card for higher-quality sound.
Network card

The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the
Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection (often
called Wi-Fi). Many motherboards have built-in network connections, and a network card can
also be added to an expansion slot.
Bluetooth card (or adapter)

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used in
computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's commonly built
into the motherboard or included in a wireless network card. For computers that don't have
Bluetooth, you can purchase a USB adapter, often called a dongle.

Lesson 6: Laptop Computers

What is a laptop computer?

A laptop is a personal computer that can be easily moved and used in a variety of locations.
Most laptops are designed to have all of the functionality of a desktop computer, which means
they can generally run the same software and open the same types of files. However, laptops
also tend to be more expensive than comparable desktop computers.

Watch the video below to learn about laptop computers.

How is a laptop different from a desktop?
Because laptops are designed for portability, there are some important differences between
them and desktop computers. A laptop has an all-in-one design, with a built-
in monitor, keyboard, touchpad (which replaces the mouse), and speakers. This means it is
fully functional, even when no peripherals are connected. A laptop is also quicker to set up,
and there are fewer cables to get in the way.

You'll also have to the option to connect a regular mouse, larger monitor, and other
peripherals. This basically turns your laptop into a desktop computer, with one main
difference: You can easily disconnect the peripherals and take the laptop with you wherever
you go.

Here are the main differences you can expect with a laptop.

 Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive pad that

lets you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with your finger.

 Battery: Every laptop has a battery, which allows you to use the laptop when it's
not plugged in. Whenever you plug in the laptop, the battery recharges. Another
benefit of having a battery is that it can provide backup power to the laptop if the
power goes out.
 AC adapter: A laptop usually has a specialized power cable called an AC
adapter, which is designed to be used with that specific type of laptop.
  Ports: Most laptops have the same types of ports found on desktop computers
(such as USB), although they usually have fewer ports to save space. However,
some ports may be different, and you may need an adapter in order to use them.
 Price: Generally speaking, laptops tend to be more expensive than a desktop
computer with the same internal components. While you may find that some basic
laptops cost less than desktop computers, these are usually much less powerful
machines.

Lesson 7: Mobile Devices

What is a mobile device?

A mobile device is a general term for any type of handheld computer. These devices are
designed to be extremely portable, and they can often fit in your hand. Some mobile devices—
like tablets, e-readers, and smartphones—are powerful enough to do many of the same
things you can do with a desktop or laptop computer.

Tablet computers
Like laptops, tablet computers are designed to be portable. However, they provide a different
computing experience. The most obvious difference is that tablet computers don't have
keyboards or touchpads. Instead, the entire screen is touch-sensitive, allowing you to type on
a virtual keyboard and use your finger as a mouse pointer.
Tablet computers can't necessarily do everything traditional computers can do. For many
people, a traditional computer like a desktop or laptop is still needed in order to use some
programs. However, the convenience of a tablet computer means it may be ideal as a second
computer.

E-readers
E-book readers—also called e-readers—are similar to tablet computers, except they are
mainly designed for reading e-books (digital, downloadable books). Notable examples include
the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook, and Kobo. Most e-readers use an e-ink display,
which is easier to read than a traditional computer display. You can even read in bright
sunlight, just like if you were reading a regular book.
You don't need an e-reader to read e-books. They can also be read
on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and desktops.

Smartphones
A smartphone is a more powerful version of a traditional cell phone. In addition to the same
basic features—phone calls, voicemail, text messaging—smartphones can connect to the
Internet over Wi-Fi or a cellular network (which requires purchasing a monthly data plan).
This means you can use a smartphone for the same things you would normally do on a
computer, such as checking your email, browsing the Web, or shopping online.
Most smartphones use a touch-sensitive screen, meaning there isn't a physical keyboard on
the device. Instead, you'll type on a virtual keyboard and use your fingers to interact with the
display. Other standard features include a high-quality digital camera and the ability to play
digital music and video files. For many people, a smartphone can actually replace electronics
like an old laptop, digital music player, and digital camera in the same device.

Lesson 8: Understanding Operating Systems

What is an operating system?

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages the
computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware. It also allows
you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's
language. Without an operating system, a computer is useless.

Watch the video below to learn more about operating systems.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

The operating system's job

Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the
computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer programs running at the same
time, and they all need to access your computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory,
and storage. The operating system coordinates all of this to make sure each program gets what
it needs.

Types of operating systems

Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you buy. Most people use the
operating system that comes with their computer, but it's possible to upgrade or even change
operating systems. The three most common operating systems for personal computers
are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). A
GUI lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly
displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text.

Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a different
operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are
designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic principles are the same.

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. There have been many
different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 10 (released in
2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007). Windows
comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular operating
system in the world.

Check out our tutorials on Windows Basics and specific Windows versions for more
information.

macOS
macOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It comes
preloaded on all Macintosh computers, or Macs. Some of the specific versions
include Mojave (released in 2018), High Sierra (2017), and Sierra (2016).

According to StatCounter Global Stats, macOS users account for less than 10% of global
operating systems—much lower than the percentage of Windows users (more than 80%). One
reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people do
prefer the look and feel of macOS over Windows.
Check out our macOS Basics tutorial for more information.

Linux
Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems, which means
they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is different
from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that
owns it. The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions
—or versions—you can choose from.

According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 2% of global
operating systems. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to customize.
To learn more about different distributions of Linux, visit the Ubuntu, Linux Mint,
and Fedora websites, or refer to our Linux Resources. For a more comprehensive list, you
can visit MakeUseOf's list of The Best Linux Distributions.

Operating systems for mobile

devices
The operating systems we've been talking about so far were designed to run
on desktop and laptop computers. Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers,
and MP3 players are different from desktop and laptop computers, so they run operating
systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices. Examples of mobile operating
systems include Apple iOS and Google Android. In the screenshot below, you can see iOS
running on an iPad.

Operating systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully featured as those made for
desktop and laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of the same software. However,
you can still do a lot of things with them, like watch movies, browse the Web, manage your
calendar, and play games.

To learn more about mobile operating systems, check out our Mobile Devices tutorials.
Lesson 9: Understanding Applications

What is an application?
You may have heard people talking about using a program, an application, or an app. But
what exactly does that mean? Simply put, an app is a type of software that allows you
to perform specific tasks. Applications for desktop or laptop computers are sometimes
called desktop applications, while those for mobile devices are called mobile apps.

When you open an application, it runs inside the operating system until you close it. Most of
the time, you will have more than one application open at the same time, which is known
as multi-tasking.
App is a common term for an application, especially for simple applications that can be
downloaded inexpensively or even for free. Many apps are also available for mobile
devices and even some TVs.

Watch the video below to learn more about applications.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Desktop applications
There are countless desktop applications, and they fall into several categories. Some are
more full featured (like Microsoft Word), while others may only do one or two things (like
a clock or calendar app). Below are just a few types of applications you might use.

 Word processors: A word processor allows you to write a letter, design a flyer,
and create many other types of documents. The most well-known word processor
is Microsoft Word.

 Web browsers: A web browser is the tool you use to access the Internet. Most
computers come with a web browser pre-installed, but you can also download a
different one if you prefer. Examples of browsers include Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and Safari.
 Media players: If you want to listen to MP3s or watch movies you've
downloaded, you'll need to use a media player. Windows Media
Player and iTunes are popular media players.

 Games: There are many types of games you can play on your computer. They
range from card games like Solitaire to action games like Halo. Many action
games require a lot of computing power, so they may not work unless you have a
newer computer.
Mobile apps
Desktop and laptop computers aren't the only devices that can run applications. You can also
download apps for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Here are a few examples of
mobile apps.

 Gmail: You can use the Gmail app to easily view and send emails from your
mobile device. It's available for Android and iOS devices.
 Instagram: You can use Instagram to quickly share photos with your friends and
family. It's available for Android and iOS.
 Duolingo: With a combination of quizzes, games, and other activities, this app
can help you learn new languages. It's available for Android and iOS.

Installing new applications

Every computer and mobile device will come with some applications already built in, such as a
web browser and media player. However, you can also purchase and install new apps to add
more functionality. You can review our lessons on Installing Software on Your Windows
PC, Installing Software on Your Mac, and Free Software to learn more.
 Lesson 10: Setting Up a Computer

Setting up a computer
So you have a new computer and you're ready to set it up. This may seem like an
overwhelming and complicated task, but it's actually a lot easier than you might think! Most
computers are set up in a similar way, so it doesn't matter what brand of computer you have.

If you're setting up a new computer that's still in the box, you'll probably find a how-to
guide that includes step-by-step details. Even if it didn't include instructions, you can still set
up the computer in a few easy steps. We'll take you through the different steps needed to set
up a typical computer.

Watch the video below to learn how to set up a desktop computer.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Setting up a laptop computer

If you have a laptop, setup should be easy: Just open it and press the power button. If the
battery isn't charged, you'll need to plug in the AC adapter. You can continue using the laptop
while it charges.
If your laptop has any peripherals, like external speakers, you may want to read the
instructions below. Laptops and desktops generally use the same types of connections, so the
same steps will still apply.

Setting up a desktop computer

Step 1
Unpack the monitor and computer case from the box. Remove any plastic covering or
protective tape. Place the monitor and computer case on a desk or work area.

Be sure to place your computer case in an area that is well ventilated and has good air flow.
This will help to prevent the computer from overheating.
Step 2
Locate the monitor cable. There are several types of monitor cables, so the one for your
computer may not look like the one in the image below.

If you're having trouble finding your monitor cable, refer to the instruction manual for your
computer. (If you have an all-in-one computer that's built into the monitor, you can skip
to Step 4).

Step 3
Connect one end of the cable to the monitor port on the back of the computer case and the
other end to the monitor.
Many computer cables will only fit a specific way. If the cable doesn't fit, don't force it or you
might damage the connectors. Make sure the plug aligns with the port, then connect it.

To figure out which cables belong in which ports, try our Connecting Cables interactive.

Step 4
Unpack the keyboard and determine whether it uses a USB (rectangular) connector or
a PS/2 (round) connector. If it uses a USB connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the
back of the computer. If it uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the purple keyboard port on the
back of the computer.
Step 5
Unpack the mouse and determine whether it uses a USB or PS/2 connector. If it uses a USB
connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the back of the computer. If it uses a PS/2
connector, plug it into the green mouse port on the back of the computer.

If your keyboard has a USB port, you can connect your mouse to the keyboard instead of
connecting it directly to your computer.

If you have a wireless mouse or keyboard, you may need to connect a Bluetooth dongle (USB
adapter) to your computer. However, many computers have built-in Bluetooth, so an adapter
may not be necessary.

Step 6
If you have external speakers or headphones, you can connect them to your
computer's audio port (either on the front or back of the computer case). Many computers
have color-coded ports. Speakers or headphones connect to the green port,
and microphones connect to the pink port. The blue port is the line in, which can be used
with other types of devices.
Some speakers, headphones, and microphones have USB connectors instead of the usual
audio plug. These can be connected to any USB port. In addition, many computers have
speakers or microphones built into the monitor.

Step 7
Locate the two power supply cables that came with your computer. Plug the first power
supply cable into the back of the computer case and then into a surge protector. Then, using
the other cable, connect the monitor to the surge protector.
You can also use an uninterruptable power supply (UPS), which acts as a surge protector
and provides temporary power if there is a power outage.

Step 8
Finally, plug the surge protector into a wall outlet. You may also need to turn on the surge
protector if it has a power switch.
If you don't have a surge protector, you can plug the computer directly into the wall. However,
this is not recommended because electrical surges can damage your computer.

Step 9
If you have a printer, scanner, webcam, or other peripherals, you can connect them at this
point. Many peripherals are plug and play, which means they will be recognized by your
computer as soon as they are plugged in.
Other peripherals may include software that needs to be installed before you can begin using
them. Use the instructions included with the device to install it if necessary.

Generally, peripherals are optional, and you can add new ones at any time; you don't have to
add all peripherals during the initial setup of your computer.

Setup complete!
That's it—you've finished setting up your computer, so it's time to start using it! We'll talk
more about how to use your computer over the next several lessons.

Lesson 11: Getting Started with Your First Computer

Getting started with your first

computer
A computer is more than just another household appliance. The vast amount of information
and possibilities can be overwhelming. But you can accomplish a lot with a computer, and
using one can be a good experience. Let's walk through getting started with your first
computer.

Turning on a computer for the first time can be different from one computer to the next. Your
experience could be different from this lesson. It's OK to ask someone for help.

If you're using a desktop computer, you'll need to make sure that the keyboard, mouse, and
monitor are plugged into the computer case before you continue. Review our lesson on Setting
Up a Computer to learn how.

Turning on a computer
The very first step is to turn on the computer. To do this, locate and press the power button.
It's in a different place on every computer, but it will have the universal power button symbol
(shown below).
Once turned on, your computer takes time before it's ready to use. You may see a few different
displays flash on the screen. This process is called booting up, and it can take anywhere from
15 seconds to several minutes.

Once the computer has booted up, it may be ready to use, or it may require you to log in. This
means identifying yourself by typing your user name or selecting your profile, then typing
your password. If you've never logged in to your computer before, you may need to create an
account.

The keyboard and mouse

You interact with a computer mainly by using the keyboard and mouse, or a trackpad on
laptops. Learning to use these devices is essential to learning to use a computer. Most people
find it comfortable to place the keyboard on the desk directly in front of them and the mouse to
one side of the keyboard.
The mouse controls the pointer on the screen. Whenever you move the mouse across the desk,
the pointer will move in a similar manner. A mouse usually has two buttons, which are
referred to as the left button and the right button. You will often interact with the computer by
moving the mouse pointer over something on the computer screen, then clicking one of the
buttons.
On laptops, you can use the trackpad, located below the keyboard, instead of a mouse. Simply
drag your finger across the trackpad to move the pointer on the screen. Some trackpads do not
have buttons, so you'll either press or tap the trackpad to click.

The keyboard allows you to type letters, numbers, and words into the computer. Whenever you
see a flashing vertical line—called the cursor—you can start typing.

Note that the mouse pointer is also called a cursor, but it is shaped differently. The keyboard
cursor is also called the insertion point.

Using a computer
The main screen you'll start from is the desktop. This is sort of like a main menu or a table of
contents. From here, you can access the programs and features you need to use your computer.

Icons are used to represent the different files, applications, and commands on your computer.
An icon is a small image that's intended to give you an idea at a glance of what it represents,
like a logo. Double-clicking an icon on the desktop will open that application or file.
A button is a command that performs a specific function within an application. The most
commonly used commands in a program will be represented by buttons.

Menus are organized collections of commands and shortcuts. Click a menu to open it and
display the commands and shortcuts within. Then click an item in the menu to execute it.
When you open an application or folder, it is displayed in its own window. A window is a
contained area—like a picture within a picture—with its own menus and buttons specific to
that program. You can rearrange multiple windows on the desktop and switch between them.

What's next?
OK, so these are just the basics of using a computer. In the next lesson, we'll talk about how to
use your computer's specific operating system.
 Lesson 12: Getting to Know the OS

Getting to know your computer's

OS
Now that you know the absolute basics of using a computer, it's time to learn more about
your computer's operating system. We'll be talking about the two most common operating
systems in this lesson: Microsoft Windows and macOS.

Watch the video below to learn the basics of using Windows.

Watch the video below to learn the basics of using macOS.

Getting to know the interface

Both PCs and Macs use a graphical user interface (GUI), and they each have their own look
and feel. The interactives below will introduce you to the Windows and Mac interfaces.

Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn more about the Windows interface.
Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn more about the macOS interface.
If you have difficulty seeing or hearing—or if you have trouble manipulating the mouse or
keyboard—there are many settings that can help make your computer easier to use. To learn
more, check out our lesson on Using Accessibility Features.

All about your computer's file

system
No matter which operating system you use, your computer uses folders to organize all of the
different files and applications it contains. Folder icons on your computer are designed to look
like file folders full of documents or pictures.

Each operating system has its own file system, which helps you find your folders and files. If
you have a Windows PC, you'll use the File Explorer (also known as Windows Explorer). If
you have a Mac, you'll use Finder. Here, we'll talk about the basic functions that are common
to all computer file systems.

To find out more about file systems on Macs, check out the lesson on Working with Files in
our macOS Basics tutorial. To learn more about PC file systems, take a look at the Working
with Files lesson in our Windows Basics tutorial.

Opening your computer's file system

Whether you're using a PC or a Mac, the file system icon will be on the toolbar. On a PC,
the File Explorer icon looks like a folder, as in the image below.
On a Mac, the Finder icon looks like a face on the Dock, as in the image below.
In both operating systems, you can also open the file system by clicking a folder from
your desktop.

Basic navigation
Whether you're using File Explorer or Finder, basic navigation will work the same way. If you
see the file you want, you can double-click it with your mouse. Otherwise, you can use
the Navigation pane on the left side of the window to select a different location.

Deleting files
macOS and Windows use a Trash can—or Recycle Bin—to prevent you from accidentally
deleting files. When you delete a file, it is moved to the Trash can. If you change your mind,
you can move the file back to its original location.
If you want to permanently delete the file, you will need to empty the Trash or Recycle Bin.
To do this, right-click the icon and select Empty.

Opening files and applications

Each application on your computer has a group of file types—or formats—it is able to open.
When you double-click a file, your computer will automatically use the correct application to
open it. In our example, we're opening a Microsoft Word document (Cover Letter), which
will open in Microsoft Word.

However, there may be times you may want to open an application directly, instead of just
opening a file.

 To open an application in Windows, click the Start button, then select the desired
application. If you don't see the one you want, you can click All Programs/All
Apps to see a full list, scroll through the application list in Windows 10, or
simply type the name of the application on your keyboard to search for it. In the
example below, we're opening Microsoft Edge from the tiles.
 To open an application on a Mac, click the application's icon on the Dock. If you
don't see the one you want, click the Spotlight icon in the top-right corner of the
screen, then type the name of the application on your keyboard to search for it.
In the example below, we're opening Safari.
Adjusting your computer's
settings
When you start using a new computer, you may want to begin by adjusting the computer's
settings. Adjusting your settings can range from simple tasks such as changing your desktop
background to more advanced tasks like adjusting your security or keyboard settings.

 In Windows 10, click the Start button, then select Settings.

 In Windows 8.1 and earlier, click the Start button, then locate and select
the Control Panel. Check out the Adjusting Your Settings lesson in
our Windows Basics tutorial to learn more about the Control Panel.
 On a Mac, click the Apple icon, then select System Preferences. Check out
our Adjusting Your Settings lesson in our macOS Basics tutorial to learn more
about System Preferences.
Shutting down your computer
When you're done using your computer, it's important to shut it down properly.

 To shut down Windows, click the Start button, then select Shut down from the
menu (in some versions, this may say Turn Off Computer or look like the power
symbol).

 To shut down a Mac, click the Apple icon, then select Shut Down.
 Lesson 13: Connecting to the Internet

How do I connect to the Internet?

Once you've set up your computer, you may want to purchase home Internet access so you
can send and receive email, browse the Web, stream videos, and more. You may even want to
set up a home wireless network, commonly known as Wi-Fi, so you can connect multiple
devices to the Internet at the same time.

Watch the video below to learn about connecting to the Internet.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Types of Internet service

The type of Internet service you choose will largely depend on which Internet service
providers (ISPs) serve your area, along with the types of service they offer. Here are some
common types of Internet service.

 Dial-up: This is generally the slowest type of Internet connection, and you should
probably avoid it unless it is the only service available in your area. Dial-up
Internet uses your phone line, so unless you have multiple phone lines you will
not be able to use your landline and the Internet at the same time.
 DSL: DSL service uses a broadband connection, which makes it much faster
than dial-up. DSL connects to the Internet via a phone line but does not require
 you to have a landline at home. And unlike dial-up, you'll be able to use the
Internet and your phone line at the same time.
 Cable: Cable service connects to the Internet via cable TV, although you do not
necessarily need to have cable TV in order to get it. It uses a broadband
connection and can be faster than both dial-up and DSL service; however, it is
only available where cable TV is available.
 Satellite: A satellite connection uses broadband but does not require cable or
phone lines; it connects to the Internet through satellites orbiting the Earth. As
a result, it can be used almost anywhere in the world, but the connection may be
affected by weather patterns. Satellite connections are also usually slower than
DSL or cable.
 3G and 4G: 3G and 4G service is most commonly used with mobile phones, and
it connects wirelessly through your ISP's network. However, these types of
connections aren't always as fast as DSL or cable. They will also limit the
amount of data you can use each month, which isn't the case with most
broadband plans.

Choosing an Internet service

provider
Now that you know about the different types of Internet service, you can do some research to
find out what ISPs are available in your area. If you're having trouble getting started, we
recommend talking to friends, family members, and neighbors about the ISPs they use. This
will usually give you a good idea of the types of Internet service available in your area.

Most ISPs offer several tiers of service with different Internet speeds, usually measured
in Mbps (short for megabits per second). If you mainly want to use the Internet
for email and social networking, a slower connection (around 2 to 5 Mbps) might be all you
need. However, if you want to download music or stream videos, you'll want a faster
connection (at least 5 Mbps or higher).

You'll also want to consider the cost of the service, including installation charges and monthly
fees. Generally speaking, the faster the connection, the more expensive it will be per month.

Although dial-up has traditionally been the least expensive option, many ISPs have raised
dial-up prices to be the same as broadband. This is intended to encourage people to switch to
broadband. We do not recommend dial-up Internet unless it's your only option.
Hardware needed
Modem

Once you have your computer, you really don't need much additional hardware to connect to
the Internet. The primary piece of hardware you need is a modem.

The type of Internet access you choose will determine the type of modem you need. Dial-
up access uses a telephone modem, DSL service uses a DSL modem, cable access uses
a cable modem, and satellite service uses a satellite adapter. Your ISP may give you a
modem—often for a fee—when you sign a contract, which helps ensure that you have
the right type of modem. However, if you would prefer to shop for a better or less
expensive modem, you can choose to buy one separately.
Router

A router is a hardware device that allows you to connect several computers and other
devices to a single Internet connection, which is known as a home network. Many routers
are wireless, which allows you to create a home wireless network, commonly known as
a Wi-Fi network.

You don't necessarily need to buy a router to connect to the Internet. It's possible to connect
your computer directly to your modem using an Ethernet cable. Also, many modems include
a built-in router, so you have the option of creating a Wi-Fi network without buying extra
hardware.
Setting up your Internet
connection

Once you've chosen an ISP, most providers will send a technician to your house to turn on
the connection. If not, you should be able to use the instructions provided by your ISP—or
included with the modem—to set up your Internet connection.

After you have everything set up, you can open your web browser and begin using the
Internet. If you have any problems with your Internet connection, you can call your
ISP's technical support number.
Home networking

If you have multiple computers at home and want to use all of them to access the Internet, you
may want to create a home network, also known as a Wi-Fi network. In a home network, all
of your devices connect to your router, which is connected to the modem. This means
everyone in your family can use the Internet at the same time.

Your ISP technician may be able to set up a home Wi-Fi network when installing your Internet
service. If not, you can review our lesson on How to Set Up a Wi-Fi Network to learn more.

If you want to connect a computer that does not have built-in Wi-Fi connectivity, you can
purchase a Wi-Fi adapter that plugs into your computer's USB port.

Lesson 14: Getting Started with the Internet

Getting started with the Internet

The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the
Internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the
world, and much more. You can do all of this on your computer.
Connecting to the Internet
A device has to be connected to the Internet before you can access it. If you plan to use the
Internet at home, you'll usually need to purchase an Internet connection from an Internet
service provider, which will likely be a phone company, cable company, or the government.
Other devices usually connect through Wi-Fi or cellular Internet connections. Sometimes
libraries, cafes, and schools offer free Wi-Fi for their patrons, customers, and students.

If you're not sure how to connect your device, check out our lesson on how to connect to the
Internet, or ask someone for help.

Browsing the web

Most information on the Internet is on websites. Once you are connected to the Internet, you
can access websites using a kind of application called a web browser.

A website is a collection of related text, images, and other resources. Websites can resemble
other forms of media—like newspaper articles or television programs—or they can be
interactive in a way that's unique to computers. The purpose of a website can be almost
anything: a news platform, an advertisement, an online library, a forum for sharing images, or
an educational site like us!
A web browser allows you to connect to and view websites. The web browser itself is not the
Internet, but it displays pages on the Internet. Each website has a unique address. By typing
this address into your web browser, you can connect to that website and your web browser will
display it.

Navigating websites
Websites often have links to other sites, also called hyperlinks. These are often parts of the
text on the website. They are usually colored blue, and sometimes they are underlined or bold.
If you click the text, your browser will load a different page. Web authors use hyperlinks to
connect relevant pages. This web of links is one of the most unique features of the Internet,
lending to the old name World Wide Web.

Each website has a unique address, called a URL. You'll notice that when you click a link, the
URL changes as your browser loads a new page. If you type a URL in the address bar in your
browser, your browser will load the page associated with that URL. It's like a street address,
telling your browser where to go on the Internet.
When you're looking for specific information on the Internet, a search engine can help. A
search engine is a specialized website that's designed to help you find other websites. If you
type keywords or a phrase into a search engine, it will display a list of websites relevant to
your search terms.

Other things you can do on the Internet

One of the best features of the Internet is the ability to communicate almost instantly with
anyone in the world. Email is one of the oldest and most universal ways to communicate and
share information on the Internet, and billions of people use it. Social media allows people to
connect in a variety of ways and build communities online.
There are many other things you can do on the Internet too. There are thousands of ways to
keep up with news or shop for anything online. You can pay your bills, manage your bank
accounts, meet new people, watch TV, or learn new skills. You can learn or do almost
anything online.

Other resources
 Internet Safety
 Internet Basics
 Search Better
Lesson 15: Understanding the Cloud

What is the cloud?

You may have heard people using terms like the cloud, cloud computing, or cloud storage.
But what exactly is the cloud?

Simply put, the cloud is the Internet—more specifically, it's all of the things you can access
remotely over the Internet. When something is in the cloud, it means it's stored
on Internet servers instead of your computer's hard drive.
Watch the video below to learn more about the cloud.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Why use the cloud?

Some of the main reasons to use the cloud are convenience and reliability. For example, if
you've ever used a web-based email service, such as Gmail or Yahoo! Mail, you've already
used the cloud. All of the emails in a web-based service are stored on servers rather than on
your computer's hard drive. This means you can access your email from any computer with an
Internet connection. It also means you'll be able to recover your emails if something happens
to your computer.

Let's look at some of the most common reasons to use the cloud.

 File storage: You can store all types of information in the cloud, including files
and email. This means you can access these things from any computer or mobile
device with an Internet connection, not just your home
computer. Dropbox and Google Drive are some of the most popular cloud-based
storage services.
 File sharing: The cloud makes it easy to share files with several people at the
same time. For example, you could upload several photos to a cloud-based photo
service like Flickr or iCloud Photos, then quickly share them with friends and
family.

 Backing up data: You can also use the cloud to protect your files. There are apps
such as Carbonite that automatically back up your data to the cloud. This way,
if your computer ever is lost, stolen, or damaged, you'll still be able to recover
these files from the cloud.
What is a web app?
Previously, we talked about how desktop applications allow you to perform tasks on your
computer. But there are also web applications—or web apps—that run in the cloud and do
not need to be installed on your computer. Many of the most popular sites on the Internet are
actually web apps. You may have even used a web app without realizing it! Let's take a look at
some popular web apps.

 Facebook: Facebook lets you create an online profile and interact with
your friends. Profiles and conversations can be updated at any time, so Facebook
uses web app technologies to keep the information up to date.
 Pixlr: Pixlr is an image editing application that runs in your web browser. Much
like Adobe Photoshop, it includes many advanced features, like color correction
and sharpening tools.

 Google Docs: Google Docs is an office suite that runs in your browser. Much
like Microsoft Office, you can use it to
create documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and more. And because the files
are stored in the cloud, it's easy to share them with others.
 Lesson 16: Keeping Your Computer Clean

Keeping your computer physically

clean
Dust isn't just unattractive—it can potentially damage or even destroy parts of your computer.
Cleaning your computer regularly will help you keep it working
properly and avoid expensive repairs.

Watch the video below to learn how to keep a computer clean.

Looking for the old version of this video? You can still view it here.

Cleaning the keyboard

Dust, food, liquid, and other particles can get stuck underneath the keys on your keyboard,
which can prevent it from working properly. The basic cleaning tips below can help keep
your keyboard clean.
1. Unplug the keyboard from the USB or PS/2 port. If the keyboard is plugged into
the PS/2 port, you will need to shut down the computer before unplugging it.
2. Turn the keyboard upside down and gently shake it to remove dirt and dust.
3. Use a can of compressed air to clean between the keys.

4. Moisten a cotton cloth or paper towel with rubbing alcohol and use it to clean
the tops of the keys. Do not pour alcohol or any other liquid directly onto the
keys.
 5. Reconnect the keyboard to the computer once it is dry. If you are connecting it to
a PS/2 port, you will need to connect it before turning on the computer.

Dealing with liquids

If you spill liquid on the keyboard, quickly shut down the computer and disconnect the
keyboard. Then turn the keyboard upside down and allow the liquid to drain.

If the liquid is sticky, you will need to hold the keyboard on its side under running water
to rinse away the sticky liquid. Then turn the keyboard upside down to drain for two days
before reconnecting it. Please note that the keyboard may not be fixable at this point, but the
method above is probably the best option.

To prevent this situation altogether, we recommend keeping drinks away from the computer
area.

Cleaning the mouse

There are two main mouse types: optical and mechanical. Each is cleaned in basically the
same way, although the mechanical mouse requires a bit more work.

 Optical mice require no internal cleaning because they do not contain any
rotating parts; however, they can get sticky over time as dust collects near the
light emitter. This can cause erratic cursor movement or prevent the mouse from
working properly.
  Mechanical mice are especially susceptible to dust and particles that can
accumulate inside the mouse, which can make it difficult to track—or move—
properly. If the mouse pointer does not move smoothly, the mouse may need to be
cleaned.

The basic cleaning tips below will help keep your mouse clean:

1. Unplug the mouse from the USB or PS/2 port. If the mouse is plugged into the
PS/2 port, you will need to shut down the computer before unplugging it.
2. Moisten a cotton cloth with rubbing alcohol, and use it to clean the top and
bottom of the mouse.
3. If you have a mechanical mouse, remove the tracking ball by turning the ball-
cover ring counter-clockwise. Then clean the tracking ball and the inside of the
mouse with a cotton cloth moistened with rubbing alcohol.
4. Allow all of the parts to dry before reassembling and reconnecting the mouse. If
you are connecting it to a PS/2 port, you will need to connect it before turning on
the computer.

If you just want to give the mouse a quick cleaning, place it on a clean sheet of
paper and move the mouse back and forth. Some of the dust and particles should rub off
onto the paper.
Cleaning the monitor
Dirt, fingerprints, and dust can make your computer screen difficult to read; however, it's easy
to clean your screen when needed. There are monitor-cleaning kits you can buy, but they may
damage your monitor if they're designed for a different type of monitor. For example, a
monitor cleaner that is designed for glass screens may not work with some non-glass LCD
screens. The safest method is simply to use a soft clean cloth moistened with water.

Do not use glass cleaner to clean a monitor. Many screens have anti-glare coatings that can be
damaged by glass cleaner.
1. Turn off the computer.
2. Unplug the monitor from the power. If you are using a laptop, unplug the laptop.
3. Use a soft clean cloth moistened with water to wipe the screen clean.

Do not spray any liquids directly onto the screen. The liquid could leak into the monitor and
damage the internal components.
Tips for cleaning other computer
surfaces
From time to time, you should clean your computer case and the sides and back of the monitor
to avoid a buildup of dust and dirt. Here are a few tips you can use when cleaning these
surfaces.

 Dust is your computer's main enemy. Use an anti-static cloth to lightly dust your
computer casing. Do not use furniture cleaners or strong solvents.
 Use a can of compressed air to blow out debris from the air intake slots.

 Ammonia diluted with water—or glass cleaner comprised mostly of ammonia

and water—is a safe cleaning solution for computer surfaces. The milder the
solution, the better.
 Clean the monitor housing and case (but not the monitor screen) by spraying a
safe cleaning solution onto a paper towel or anti-static cloth and wiping in a
downward motion.
Keep it cool
Don't restrict airflow around your computer. A computer can generate a lot of heat, so the
casing has fans that keep it from overheating. Avoid stacking papers, books, and other items
around your computer.
Many computer desks have an enclosed compartment for the computer case. If you have this
type of desk, you may want to position the case so it is not against the back side of the desk. If
the compartment has a door, you may want to leave it open to improve airflow.