Grammar

SENTENCE AND TENSES

Sentence : SPOK, Perfect Context Part of speech kelas kelas kata
Pronoun kata ganti : i, you, they, we, she,
I run In the backyard he, it, etc
S P K Adjective kata sifat : kind, smart, bad,
humble, happy, honest, etc
I study English Noun kata benda : chair, cupboard, table,
S P O pen, book, pencil, etc
Preposition kata depan : bet, on, at, among,
Sentence S v in, etc
Perfect context Adverb kata keterangan : quickly,
yesterday, at home, etc
Sentence Verbal sentence Verb kata kerja : eat, run, sleep,try, etc
Nominal sentence Conjunction kata hubung : and, or, but, if,
than, for, etc
Verbal sentence Interjection kata seru : wow, omg, etc
• menjelaskan aktivitas subjek
• V / V / V / V / Ving
23 sieS
Tenses : Time, Verb
• Vnya bermakna Perubahan kalimat v karena ada perubahan
• objek meskipun tidak semua waktu
Verbal sentence Present : Simple
1. Aulia drive a car Continous
2. They sleep in the class Perfect
3. She is reading q book in the library Perfect Continous
4. I comb my hair
5. The dogs play with Aulia Past : Simple
Continous
Nominal sentence Perfect
• menjelaskan/menggambarkan subjek
• V : be Future : Simple
• Vnya tidak bermakna Past future : Simple
• Tidak ada objek
• Pelengkapan
Nominal sentence
1. It is her car
2. She is in the library
3. They are in class
4. My hair is frizzy
5. The rendang is theirs

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 KATA KEPEMILIKAN
Possesive adj Possesive pronoun Reflexive pronoun
My Mine I Myself
YOur Yours You Yourself
Kalian semua Yourselves
Their Theirs
Our Ours We Ourselves
Her Hers They Theirselves
His His She Herself
Its Its He Himself
It Itself
Eg:
Is this your pen? 1. S O
Please give this dictionary to luna. I love my self
Its hers
A : dont forget your hat here 2. Alone 7
By
B : no, that not my hat. Mine is I live by myself
green I cook by my self
A: please take this food carving as
a gift from me, here its yours
B : thankyou
B : thats not theirs. Their car is
dark blue
A : i really like our apartment. How
do you like yours
B : ours is small but its
comfortable
A : is this your umbrella?
B : perhaps its him
A : when do your class begin
B : how about yours ? When do
yours begin?
A : mine begin august

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 PRENOUN
He is my friend Subject Object
Pronoun Noun I Me
YOu Things You
He is from medan They People Them
Pronoun We Us
She Her
Pronoun Noun He Him
Function : subject, object It It

E.g:
She loves him very much
They love her so much
They love him so much
He loves her so much
She loves him so much
She loves them very much
They loves them very much
She brought it last week
I met her in the party last night
I wrote a letter but icant send it
He is studying at a university
I eat breakfast with him every morning
I talk to her everyday she and i have interesting conversation
I like them. they are beautiful
Mr and mrs smith want us to come to the dinner
Judi has a new car. It is a toyota
My husband and i have a new car. We got it last month
Someone steals them
We brought something new

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 ADJECTIVE
I have a book Descriptive Adjective
adj
I have a new book Character : fussy, arrogant, loyal, etc
adj
1
N 1
Quality : good, bad, weak, smart, etc
Size : big, tall, small, tiny, skinny, etc
Kata yang menjelaskan noun/pronoun Age : old, new, young, etc
Temperature : hot, cold, humid, warm, etc
L Limiting Adjective Shape : circle, round, square, etc
Adjective d
Color : black, rainbow, red,etc
Descriptive Adjective

Limiting Adjective
7 A : consonant, countable
singular
Article >

↓
An : vowel, countable singular
The : UC, C, consonant, vowel,
singular, plural
Demonstrative 2
This satu / these banyak
S
That satu / those banyak
Possesive E Our, my, your, etc
Is : e.g aulias book
Indefinite >
Many : c, plural
Much : uc 3 ?
Banyak
A lot of : c/uc I

3
A little : uc Sedikit
A few : c, plural
7
Several : c, plural
Some : ? Offering
I
Beberapa
Any : ?

Number E Ordinal : first, second, third

Cardinal : one, two, three

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 NOUN
Noun : "people, place, things, concepts' Noun
E.g : Aulia, doctor, mother,etc
Lc, bogor, indonesia, etc
W W
Chair, book, tiger, etc
Love, truth, happiness, etc Countable Uncountable
Function : Aulia studies english L v

Noun Noun Singular Plural

Subject Object

Countable
• One book - two books • Watch - watches

3
One apple - 5 apples Tooth brush - tooth brushes
• One day - 2 days 3 yConsonant : y Box - boxes es
>
I es Class - classes
One city - 2 cities Vowel : s Bus - buses
• Wolf - wolves
Wife - wives 4 •
F/fe V es
↳
Child - children
Roof - roofs Mouse - mice
Leaf - leaves Cactus - cacti
Man - men
Woman - women
Uncountable ·
Singular Goose - geese
Plural Ox - oxen
>
Sugar Singular • Fish - fishes / fish
Money 4 Sheep - sheep
Deer - deer
Money is important Salmon - salmon
Time is money
E.g :
Salt Hair Cloud Tea
Water Sand Blood Coffee
Love Ground Flour Etc
Air Trash Rice

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 PREPOSITION
1. Preposition of time
Semakin kebawah semakin spesifik
In
On
At
In Year : in 2000
Month : in september
Season : in winter
On Day : on saturday, on weekend
Date : on sept 30
At Time : at 7.15, at midnight, at noon
2. Preposition of place
1. Position
Between diantara On the bottom of dibawah
Behind dibelakang Opposite berlawanan
In front of didepan Around disekitar
Beside disamping Across diseberang
Under dibawah Next to di samping
On the top of diatas
Above diatas
Among diantara
2. Location
In : city, country
On : street
At : adress street, number
3. Building in/at
Room in : in the kitchen, in the class, etc
Building in city 3 In inside
At
At I work at LC
↳

Home
↳
Home : bagian rumahnya
In In the house House : bangunannya
On Bus, train, plane, motorcycle bisa berdiri
In Car

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 ADVERB
1. Adverb of place
e.g : at home, in the jungle, on the chair etc
2. Adverb of time
e.g : yesterday, 2 months ago, last week etc
3. Adverb of manner cara
Word : adj ly Dengan
7

Phrase : by car
• slowly
Quietly
Unfotunately
Suddenly
• Angry i ly
7

angrily
Easily
Happily
• Friendly
Lovely
Hardly
4. Adverb of frequence
e.g : usually, seldom, always, often, sometimes, never, ever, rarely, hardly
5. Adverb of degree
e.g : very, really, so, too, extremely, enough, etc
Function
I study english in Lc
Verb Adverb
1. Menjelaskan verb
She is so kind
Adj
2. Menjelaskan adjective
3. Menjelaskan adverb lain
The snail walks so slowly
Adj Adj

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 VERB
They are singing a song together
Vaux Vord
V1 : baseform
V2 : pastform
They sing a song together V3 : past participle
V
They do not sing a song V. : additional form
S/eS

V Ving : present participle

They have sung a song
V I have a book Have jadi verb
They can sing a song Ordi
V I have bought a book
Verb : ordinary and auxiliary Aux V
Ordinary
Main verb To Be
1. v1/v2/v3/Vs es/Ving Is : she/he/it/singular
2. Bermakna Am : i
Are : you/they/we/plural
3 Present

Auxiliary Was : i/she/he/it/singular y Past

Helping verb Were : you/they/we/plural
W
-
Be/been/being : all
Primary Modal
1. To do 1. Will To Do
To be Should Do : i/you/they/we/plural
Does : she/he/it/singular 3
Present
To have Must
2. Tidak bermakna May Did : all Past
-

3. Mengidentifikasi Can
Tenses Could To Have
Would Have : i/you/they/we/plural
2. Bermakna Has : she/he/it/singular 3 Present
3. Mengidentifikasi Had : all Past
-

Tenses

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 CONJUCTION
Conjuction : word, sentence
For karena : yaya doesnt join class, yet she is sick
And dan : aulia studies grammar with ms fera, and yaya study grammar with
ms. Vita
Nor tidak juga/tidak atau : yaya doesnt like grammar nor pronunciation
But tetapi : i need some coffee but i have gerd
Or atau : you want to pay by card or by cash
Yet tetapi : The weather was humid, yet bright and sunny
So sehingga/jadi : i have money, so i am happy

INTERJECTION
Doubt : Hmm!, Er!, Um!
Pity : Dear!, Alas!
Irritation : Hmhp!, Huh!, Hey!, Oy!
Embarrassment : Ahem!, Er!
Elation : Hurrah! Ha!, Yippee!, Whoopee!, Woo - hoo!
Panic : Help!, Ah!, Uh-oh!
Pain : Oww!, Oh!, Ouch!
Pleasure : Mmm!, Yeah!, Hooray!
Realization : Aha!, Ah!
Dismay : Oh!, Oops!, Oh, no!
Disgust : Ugh!, Ew!, Yuck!, Ick!
Relief : Whew!, Whoa!, Phew!
Disapproval : Tsk -tsk!, Tut - tut!
Disappointment : Aw!, Drat!
Surprise : Eek, Oh!, Well!, Ooh!, Eh!, Wow!, Yikes!, Really!
Boredom: Blah!, Ho - hum!

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 SIMPLE PRESENT
Simple Present
1. Berulang kali dilakukan
2. General truth/fact
• the sun rises from east
• The earth revolves around the sun
3. Pada masa saat ini
V : i/you/they/we/plural
V : she/he/it/singular
Ses

e.g : they work hard everytime

She works hard everytime
Do No V : i/you/they/we/plural
Does : she/he/it/singular
e.g : they dont work hard everytime
She doesnt work hard everytime
Do S V ?
Does
-

e.g : do they work hard everytime?

Does she work hard every time?
Verbal Sentences Nominal Sentences
1. The exam starts on friday 1. The book is in good quality
2. Does she work in london? 2. She isnt here
3. We dont cook rice in the dawn 3. They are my enemies
4. You dont have to go if you lazy 4. The concert is next week
5. Do you love me? 5. The movie is theaters now

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 PRESENT CONTINOUS
Present Continous / progressive : Nominal in continous V : be - Adj
sedang dilakukan
Is : she/he/it/singular
Is : she/he/it/singular Am being : i
Am Ving : i Are : you/they/we/plural
Are : you/they/we/plural e.g : Im being kind
e.g : Im showering
They are solving the problem Is
Am not being
Is Are
Am not Ving e.g : Im not being kind
Are
e.g : Im not watching tv Is
They arent gossiping ? Am S being ?
Are
Is e.g : Am i being kind?
Sing?
?
Am V
Are
e.g : Is she sleeping?
Are they meeting?
Verbal Sentences
1. Im catching a butterfly
2. He is hurting me
3. Yaya isnt sleeping
4. Is he fasting?
5. Yaya and friends arent together

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 PRESENT PERFECT
Present Perfect : Nominal in Present Perfect
1. Sudah terjadi di waktu yang tidak
spesifik Have : i/you/they/we/plural
2. Terjadi sampai sekarang Has Been : she/he/it/singular
e.g : I have been in class
Have V : i/you/they/we/plural
3

Has : she/he/it/singular Have Not been

e.g : ive ever visited his house Has
Saras has just arrived e.g : I havent been brave enough
just, already : harus ditengah,
optional Have Been
?S?
Has
Have Not V3
e.g : Have you been in dorm?
Has Where have you been?
e.g : She hasnt taken a shower yet
I havent sleep yet Nominal sentences
Yet: harus dibelakang, optional 1. Yaya has been in mosque
2. I havent been in college
!
Have Se? V 3. Have you been scare enough?
Has 4. Aulia hasnt been an accountant
e.g : Has she swept her room? 5. She has been a mother
Have you sold your car?
Verbal Sentences
1. He has carried his luggage
2. I havent checked the book
3. Have you changed the bed sheet?
4. She has already cut her hair
5. He hasnt shown her talent

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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS
Durasi for, since, during lamanya sebuah aktivitas berlangsung
Have Been Ving : i/you/they/we/plural
Has : she/he/it/singular
e.g : We have been studying at LC since 2 weeks ago
Yaya have laying on the bed all day along
Have
Has Not been Ving
e.g : We havent been studying at LC since 2 weeks ago
Mark havent been showering for 2 hours

?SHave Been Ving ?

Has
e.g : Has Mark been showering for 2 hours?
Have we been studying at LC since 2 weeks ago

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Translate the sentences into English
1. Farhan sudah menemui Mr chan untuk mendiskusikan perpisahan
Farhan has met Mr chan to discuss the farewell party
2. Charlos sedang menguap
Charlos is yawning
3. Apakah mereka sedang berenang di sungai itu sepanjang hari
Have they been swimming in the river all day long
4. Apakah kamu sedang bermain badminton dengan yaya?
Are you playing badminton with yaya?
5. King biasanya tidak mengirim surat izin ke semua tutor
King usually doesnt send permission letter to all tutors
6. Rizki Selalu melamun dikelas
Rizki always daydreams in class
7. Apakah Rizki selalu main hp?
Does Rizki always play mobile phone in the class?
8. Putri belum menyapu kamarnya
Putri hasnt swept her room
9. Hani belum menunggu selama 20 menit
Hani hasnt been waiting for 20 minute
10. Farhan selalu mengganggu teman-temannya
Farhan always bother his friends
11. Apakah Aulia temannya farhan
Is Aulia Farhans friends?
I

12. Aku belum mengumpukan tugasku

I havent collected my homework
13. Apakah kamu sudah meletakkan buku-buku itu diatas mejanya charlos?
Have you put these book on charlos table?
 SIMPLE PAST
Simple Past
Mulai dan selesainya pada masa lampau yang spesifik
V - all subject
2

e.g : She came late yesterday

They stayed up late night
-

V did not - all subject

1

e.g : She didnt teach us yesterday

We didnt join the class last week
! Did S V - all subject
b

e.g : Did he get point 2 weeks ago?

Did they do toefl test 2 days ago?
Nominal in simple past
I
Be Was : i/she/he/it/singular
Were : you/they/we/plural
e.g : I was in jakarta yesterday
They were my friend
Was Not
-

Were
e.g : He wasnt my friend
I wasnt brave

? Was S ?
Were
e.g : Were they your friends in high school?

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 PAST CONTINOUS
Past Continous

I
Was : i/she/he/it/singular
Were Ving : you/they/we/plural
-
Was Not Ving
Were

? Was S Ving ?
Were
Function :
1. Sedang terjadi pada masa lampau
I was studying englist at 8 am yesterday
2. Dua aktivitas, aktivitas pertama sedang terjadi ketika aktivitas kedua mulai
Aulia was showering when we started grammar class this morning.
Aulia and putri were not sleeping when i visited their room last night.
3. Dua aktivitas yang sama sama sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang sama
Harvard class was not doing the test while cambridge class was playing game this
morning.
He was teaching pronoun class in cambridge while she was teaching grammar in harvard
class.
Was he playing phone while his friends was listening to teacher yesterday?
Sentences
1. They were making toast at this time last night
2. I was sleeping when he called me at night
3. They were watching tv while i was baking cookies
4. Was she reading a book when aulia cooked her last night
5. They were not doing anything while i was resting
1. It was beautiful yesterday when we went for a walk in the park. The sun was shining.
A cool breeze was blowing. The birds were singing.
2. I got package, when i was opening it. I found a surprise
3. My brother and sister were arguing about something when i walked into the room
4. While ms emerson was reading the little boy story, he fell asleep, so she closed the
book and quietly sneaked out of the room
5. I really enjoyed my last vacation. While it was snowing in iowa, the sun was shining in
florida

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 PAST PERFECT
Past Perfect
Functions :
Ann had already left by the time sam got there
V Before
3

1. 2 aktifitas. Aktifitas 1 sudah terjadi ketika aktifitas ke 2 terjadi

2. Sudah terjadi dan waktunya spesifik
I had eaten this morning
Had V - all subject
3

Had not V - all subject

3

?
Had S V ? - all subject
3

eg : mereka belum menyelesaikan tugasnya disaat dia memarahi mereka

semalam
They hadnt finished their task by the time he got mad on them
Dia mengirim surat itu izin setelah mr chan memperingatkan dia
2

kemarin
He sent a permission letter after mr chan had warned him yesterday
Nominal in past perfect
Had been
e.g : I had been writer before i became an accountant

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 SIMPLE FUTURE
Simple Future Nominal in Simple Future
Will : all Will
Shall : i/we V D
Shall Be
Be going to gonna : all is/am/are Be going to
e.g : we will be in puncak tomorrow
Will not wont
I

well
I
Shall not shant&A
V
Be not going to Will
Shall Not Be
Will Be going to
? Shall S going to ? V D
e.g : i will not be a doctor
Be wont
Functions: Will
1. Prediction : will, be going to
e.g : it will rain
:S?Shall
Be
Be
going to
it is gonna rain e.g : will you be a superstar?
are you gonna be a superstar?
2. Prior plan - be going to
>

e.g : we are gonna go to puncak

the day after tomorrow
3. Willingness spontan will
rejection
e.g : i will open it
↑

ill
she wont tell it

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