Chapter 2 Communicating Over the Network

CIS 81 Networking Fundamentals Rick Graziani Cabrillo College [email protected] Last Updated: 9/7/2008

This Presentation
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NOTE
Overview only! Quick look! More detail throughout the semester! Dont worry about knowing this right now!

The Platform for Communications

Elements of Communication

Communicating the Messages

Continuous stream of bits
00101010100101010101010101010101010

I have to wait

Single communications (e.g. video, e-mail message) could be: Continuous stream of bits Take over (hog) the network. Significant delays Inefficient use Any loss - resend entire message
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Communicating the Messages

Segmentation

Better approach segmentation.

Communicating the Messages

Segmentation

Benefits Multiplexing: Different conversations can be interleaved.

Communicating the Messages

X
Benefits Reliability Different paths Alternate path Only the missing parts need to be retransmitted 9

Disadvantage of Segmentation

Disadvantage added level of complexity. Analogy: 100 page letter one page at a time Separate envelopes Sequencing

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Components of the Network

Devices (hardware) End devices, switch, router, firewall, hub Media (wired, wireless) Cables, wireless mediums Services (software) Network applications, routing protocols, processes, algorithms 11

End devices

End devices or hosts: The source or destination of a message.

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Source Address: 209.67.102.55 Destination Address: 107.16.4.21 209.67.102.55 107.16.4.21

Each host is identified by an address. IP (Internet Protocol) address (later) 13

Servers and Clients

Client Server

A host client, a server, or both. Software determines the role. Servers provide information and services to clients e-mail or web pages Clients request information from the server. 14

Intermediary Devices

switch or hub routers

switch or hub

Intermediary devices: Connectivity to and between networks Examples: Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points) Internetworking Devices (routers) Communication Servers and Modems Security Devices (firewalls)

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Network Media

Network media: The medium over which the message travels. Metallic wires - electrical impulses. Fiber optics pulses of light Wireless electromagnetic waves.

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Network Media

Different media considerations: Distance it will carry signal Environment it works in Bandwidth (speed) Cost

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Local Area Network (LAN)

Local Area Network (LAN) An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing services and applications to people within a common organizational structure, such as a single business, campus or region.

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Wide Area Network (WAN)

T1, DS3, OC3 PPP, HDLC Frame Relay, ATM ISDN, POTS

Wide Area Networks (WANs) Leased connections through a telecommunications service provider network. Networks that connect LANs in geographically separated locations Telecommunications service provider (TSP) interconnect the LANs at the different locations. Voice and data on separate networks or converged networks

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The Internet A Network of Networks

ISPs (Internet Service Providers) Often also TSPs Connect their customers to the Internet. The Internet ISPs connected to other ISPs 20

CENIC ISP for K-12, Community Colleges, CSU and UC

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Network Representations

Network Interface Card (NIC) Ports and interfaces (used interchangeably) Physical Port Interface - Connect to individual networks.

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Protocols

Protocol

Protocol Rules that govern communications. Protocol suite - A group of inter-related protocols Example: TCP/IP

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Message uses Multiple protocols (encapsulated)

Protocols
HTTP Header Data

Frame Header

IP Header

App TCP Header Header Data

Frame Trailer

Message: Data Multiple protocols 25

Multiple protocols (encapsulated)

Protocols
HTTP Header Data

Frame Header

IP Header

App TCP Header Header Data

Frame Trailer

Encapsulation Process of adding a header to the data or any previous set of headers. Decapsulation Process of removing a header. 26

Example: Protocol IPv4

Frame Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header Data Frame Trailer

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209.67.102.55

107.16.4.21

Frame Header

IP Header

TCP Header HTTP Header Data

Frame Trailer

209.67.102.55 107.16.4.21

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Protocols

Networking protocols suites include rules for: Format Accessing the media Error detection Setup and termination 29

Protocol Suites and Standards

Early days proprietary network equipment and protocols. Now Industry standards Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Examples: 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11 (WLAN) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet standards RFCs (Request for Comments) Example: TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP 30

Example: RFC 791 IPv4

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Interaction of Protocols

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Protocol that governs interaction between web server and a web client.

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Interaction of Protocols

segment

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Responsible for controlling the information exchanged between the server and the client: Size of data Flow control Reliability 33

packet

Internetwork Protocol (IP) Assigns the appropriate source and destination addresses, Original source address of host Final destination address of host Used by routers in selecting the best path 34

Interaction of Protocols

frame

Network access protocols (Data link and Physical layer protocols) Format and physical transmission of data on the media.

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Technology-Independent Protocols
Frame Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header Frame Trailer

IP Packet IP Packet
Ethernet T1, DS3, OC3 PPP, HDLC Frame Relay, ATM ISDN, POTS Ethernet

IP is a protocol that will travel over different types of media.

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Using Layered Protocols

Layered Model

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Benefits of a Layered Model

Using a layered model: Fosters competition Prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below. Provides a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities.

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Protocol and Reference Models

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Protocol and Reference Models

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is the most widely known internetwork reference model. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released the OSI 41 reference model in 1984, was the descriptive scheme they created.

TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Model and Protocol Suite is an open standard. 42

The Communication Process - Encapsulation

Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header

Data

Data Link Trailer

Server HTTP Data

Encapsulation Process of adding control information as it passes down 43 through the layered model.

The Communication Process - Decapsulation

Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header

Data

Data Link Trailer

Client HTTP Data

Decapsulation Process of removing control information as it passes 44 upwards through the layered model.

Wireshark will let us examine protocols!

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The Communication Process

Protocol Data Unit (PDU) - The form that a piece of data takes at any layer. PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite. Data - Application layer PDU Segment - Transport Layer PDU Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU Frame - Network Access Layer PDU Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium

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Layer 2 Data Link Frame

Dest. MAC Dest. MAC Add 0B-20 FF-FF 0B-31 00-10 Source MAC Add 0C-22 00-20 0A-10 Type 800

Layer 3 IP Packet
Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer

The sending host builds message with multiple encapsulations.

Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header

Data

Data Link Trailer

The receiving host receives the message with multiple decapsulations.

Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Header

Data

Data Link Trailer

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Getting Data to the Right Application

Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) contains a port number which represents the application or service carried in the IP packet. Destination port destination application Source port source application 48

Getting Data to the Right Application

Destination port number tells the OS (TCP/IP) stack which application to hand the data to. Examples: 80 = HTTP (www) 23 = Telnet 20, 21 = FTP 49 25 = SMTP

Chapter 2 Communicating Over the Network

CIS 81 Networking Fundamentals Rick Graziani Cabrillo College [email protected] Last Updated: 9/7/2008