Today is Wednesday, April 24, 2024

Constitution Statutes Executive Issuances Judicial Issuances Other Issuances Jurisprudence International Legal Resources AUSL Exclusive

Republic of the Philippines

EN BANC

G.R. No. L-1867 April 8, 1950

CARMEN DE LA PAZ VDA. DE ONGSIAKO, petitioner,

Jose Dacquel and Florencio Florendo for petitioner.

TORRES, J.:

The question raised primarily in this appeal by certiorari is as to whether or not contracts of tenancy, entered into by
petitioner and respondents prior to the date when Republic Act No. 34 became effective, are governed by the
provisions thereof and not by the provisions of Act No. 4054 and Commonwealth Act No. 178, which were in force
when those contracts were signed.

At first blush, it would seem that the above query should be answered in the negative, on the ground that, as
contended by counsel for petitioner, the application of the provisions of Republic Act No. 34 — which amended
those of Act No. 4054 as amended by Commonwealth Act No. 178 — (a) "clearly and palpably impair the obligation
of contracts which is prohibited by the Constitution"; and (b) give said Republic Act No. 34 a retroactive effect, which
would also "be contrary to section 10 of Bill of Rights of the Constitution."

It appears that during the period of June to July, 1946, pursuant to the provisions of section 8 of Act No. 4054, as
amended by Commonwealth Act No. 178, petitioner and respondents entered into tenancy contracts, which, among
other things, provided for a 50-50 division of the crop, under a stipulation of the effect that the petitioner-land-owner
would exclusively shoulder the planting expenses which shall not be more than ten planters for every hectare, the
wages for each planter to be determined at the prevailing rate generally charged in the community, and that in
return, the tenant shall solely defray the harvesting expenses (Translation of Tenancy Contracts, Annex B).

A short time thereafter, that is, on September 30, 1946, Republic Act No. 34 was approved by the Congress of the
Philippines, and on November 12, 1946, by Proclamation No. 14, the President of the Philippines made effective the
provisions of said Act No. 4054, known as "The Philippine Rice Share Tenancy Act," as amended by said Republic
Act No. 34, "to be in full force and effect throughout the Philippines."

During the liquidation of the palay crop for the agricultural year 1946-1947, the herein respondents-tenants sought
the application of the provisions of the new law on the crop division, by filing the corresponding complaints with the
Tenancy Law Enforcement Division, on the ground that in the harvest of present agricultural year (1946-1947), they
could not agree on: (a) the liquidation of the crop; (b) the division thereof; (c) the apportionment of their expenses;
and (d) the settlement of their accounts.

The Tenancy Law Enforcement Division, after going over the facts and the question involved, found that, although
according to the contracts between respondents and petitioner, it was stipulated that the division of the crop would
be on the 50-50 basis, in the light of the provisions of section 7(a) of Republic Act No. 34, such stipulations is
against public policy, and therefore, the crop division should be on the 55-45 basis in favor of the tenants, as
provided in the amendatory law.

The ruling of the Tenancy Law Enforcement Division was appealed to the Court of Industrial Relations, which, in its
decision (Annex D), sustained the findings and conclusion of the Tenancy Law Enforcement Division of the
Department of Justice, and ruled that the division of the share of the tenants and landlord should be on the basis of
55-45, respectively. The court further found that inasmuch as the stipulation made in paragraph 12 of the tenancy
contracts, to the effect that the respondents herein, not being against public policy, the law or the morals, said
division would be "from the net produce, after deducting the seedlings and threshing expenses."
Unlike the indifferent attitude shown by the Spanish Government in the Philippines towards the fate of the laboring
class — whether they were tillers of the land or earning their wages in a factory — even prior to the adoption of our
Constitution, the Philippine Government, under the American regime, had, from time to time, shown its deep
concern over the well-being of the wage earners. Our statute books are witness to that fact; they contained
legislation enacted and intended to ameliorate the conditions of the laboring man. The administration, under the
leadership of Manuel L. Quezon, became social justice minded, and implementing his strong advocacy of social
justice, the framers of our Constitution, in section 5 of Article II of our fundamental law, adopted the principle that
"the promotion of social justice to insure the well-being and economic security of all the people should be the
concern of the State." Since then, the government has always been, by fast strides, drawing near its goal — the
amelioration, the well-being of the conditions of the working man.

The legislation which particularly concerns the relations between landowner and tenant, has been the object of
constant attention on the part of the government, as shown in the various laws that have been successively enacted
for that purpose, and which, under those circumstances, may be considered as having the nature of remedial
legislation. That Republic Act No. 34 was enacted on that basis, is clearly shown in the recommendation of the
President for the passage of House Bill No. 582, which became Republic Act No. 34. It says:

This bill seeks to amend the Rice Share Tenancy Act in such a way to make the division of the crops more
equitable to the tenants . . . . The bill embodies the principal recommendations of the President of the
Philippines, as outlined in the message send by His Excellency to Congress. . . . The principal feature of this
bill is to increase the participation of the tenants in the production of the land that he is cultivating. This
participation is further increased as the productivity of the land decreases.

Contrary to the contention of counsel, Republic Act No. 34 is, therefore, not an ex post facto law, for it is well-known
that the prohibition of ex post facto laws applies only to criminal or penal, and not to civil matters.

It is well established that the constitutional prohibition of the passage of ex post facto laws applies only to
criminal or penal matters, and not to laws which concern civil matters or proceedings generally, or which
affect or regulate civil or private rights. Nor does such constitutional prohibition apply to laws affecting civil
remedies. The prohibition can not be evaded by giving a civil form to provisions and are in effect criminal as in
the guise of prescribing qualifications for holding office or praticing certain callings. (Ex parte Garland, 4
Wallace 33, 18 Law. ed., 366; Cummings vs. Missouri, 4 Wallace, 277, 18 Law. ed., 356.) (16 C.J.S., pp. 889-
891.)

Neither said Act impairs the obligation of contracts in violation of paragraph 10, section 1 of Article III of the
Constitution. Corpus Juris Secundum, summarizing the interpretations given by the American courts, says that
constitutional provisions against impairing the obligation of contracts do not prevent the same from being subject to
legislation enacted by the State in the proper exercise of its police power. Thus, at pages 701, 702, Vol. 16, it says:

The prohibition contained in constitutional provisions against impairing the obligation of contracts is not an
absolute one and it is not to be read with literal exactness like a mathematical formula. Such provision are
restricted to contracts which respect property, or some object or value, and confer rights which may be
asserted in a court of justice, and have no application to statute relating to public subjects within the domain
of the general legislation powers of the State, and involving the public rights and welfare of the entire
community affected by it. They do not prevent a proper exercise by the State of its police powers. By enacting
regulations reasonably necessary to secure the health, safety, morals, comfort, or general welfare of the
community, even the contracts may thereby be affected; for such matter can not be placed by contract
beyond the power of the State to regulate and control them.

Furthermore, it is very manifest that when our lawmaking body was considering House Bill No. 582, it undoubtedly
had in mind the circumstances and conditions surrounding the relations between landlord and tenant. It therefore,
could not have failed to take notice of the existence of contracts which stipulated a division of the crop on the 50-50
basis, and had the Congress intended to except those contracts from the operation of the new law (Republic Act No.
34), doubtless, it would have done so by inserting therein the corresponding provision; but on the contrary, it
expressly provided therein that a stipulation whereby "the tenant shall receive less than 55 per cent of the net
produce ...," is against public policy, which is equivalent to a declaration by the Congress that a stipulation in a
contract that the division of the crop shall be on the 50-50 basis, is against public policy.

In People vs. Pomar (46 Phil. 440) and in Philippine National Bank vs. Vda. e Hijos de Angel Jose (63 Phil., 814),
this court, citing article 1255 of the Civil Code, says that the rule in this jurisdiction is that the contracting parties may
establish any agreements, terms, and conditions they deem advisable, "provided they are not contrary to laws,
morals or public policy"; and while we have searched in vain for a concrete definition of the term "public policy," in its
treatise on the law of contracts, in dealing with agreements against public policy, American Jurisprudence gives a
summary of the doctrines laid down by the American courts on this matter. It says —
 xxx xxx xxx

It is a general rule that agreements against public policy are illegal and void. Under the principles relating to
the doctrine of public policy, as applied to the law of contracts, courts of justice will not recognize or uphold
any transaction which, in its object, operation, or tendency, is calculated to be prejudicial to the public welfare,
to sound morality, or to civic honesty. The test is whether the parties have stipulated for something inhibited
by the law or inimical to, or inconsistent with, the public welfare. An agreement is against public policy if it is
injurious to the interests of the public, contravenes some established interest of society, violates some public
statute, is against good morals, tends to interfere with the public welfare or safety, or, as it is sometimes put, if
it is at war with the interests of society and is in conflict with the morals of the time. An agreement either to do
anything which, or not to do anything the omission of which, is in any degree clearly injurious to the public and
an agreement of such nature that it cannot be carried into execution without reaching beyond the parties and
exercising an injurious influence over the community at large are against public policy. There are many things
which the law does not prohibit, in the sense of attaching penalties, but which are so mischievous in their
nature and tendency that on grounds of public policy they cannot be admitted as the subject of a valid
contract. The question whether a contract is against public policy depends upon its purpose and tendency,
and not upon the fact that no harm results from it. In other words, all agreements the purpose of which is to
create a situation which tends to operate to the detriment of the public interest are against public policy and
void, whether in the particular case the purpose of the agreement is or is not effectuated. For a particular
undertaking to be against public policy actual injury need not be shown; it is enough if the potentialities for
harm are present. Where the precise question as to whether or not a particular agreement is against public
policy has not been determined, analogous cases involving the same general principle may be looked to by
the courts in arriving at a satisfactory conclusion." (12 Am. Jur., pp. 662-664.)

It would thus appear that, while it is the inherent and inalienable right of every man to have the utmost liberty of
contracting, and agreements voluntarily and fairly made will be held valid and enforced in the courts, the general
right to contract is subject to the limitation that the agreement must not be in violation of the Constitution, the statute
or some rule of law (12 Am. Jur., pp. 641-642).

Finally, Sutherland, in his well-known Treatise on Statutory Construction, says:

The intent of a statute is the law. If a statute is valid it is to have effect according to the purpose and intent of
the lawmaker. The intent is the vital part, the essence of the law, and the primary rule of construction is to
ascertain and give effect to the intent. The intention of the legislature in enacting a law is the law itself, and
must be enforced when ascertained, although it may not be consistent with the strict letter of the statute.
Courts will not follow the letter of a statute when it leads away from the true intent and purpose of the
legislature and to conclusions inconsistent with the general purpose of the act. Intent is the spirit which gives
life to a legislative enactment. In construing statutes the proper course is to start out and follow the true intent
of the legislature and to adopt that sense which harmonizes best with the context and promotes in the fullest
manner the apparent policy and objects of the legislature. (Vol. II, Sutherland, Statutory Construction, pp.
693-695.)

The above disposes of the first error assigned by the petitioner in her brief..

As regards the second error, it appears that counsel for petitioner, in making the corresponding assignment, admits
that the finding of the Court of Industrial Relations, that the sum of P25 should be the contribution of the petitioner
for planting and cultivation expenses for every hectare of land planted, is based "on the preponderance of
evidence." Rule 44 of the Rules of Court, governing the procedure to be followed in appeals from an award, order of
decision of the Court of Industrial Relations to the Supreme Court, provides that "only questions of law, which must
be distinctly set forth, may be raised in the petition" for certiorari from an award, order or decision of the Court of
Industrial Relations (section 1 and 2; section 14 of Commonwealth Act No. 103). This Court is not, therefore,
empowered to look into the correctness of the findings of fact in an award, order or decision of the Court of Industrial
Relations.

With the denial of the petition, the decision of the Court of Industrial Relations is hereby affirmed, with costs.

Moran, C.J., Ozaeta, Pablo, Tuason, and Montemayor, JJ., concur.

The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation