Assistant Professor, EEE (CUET) Electronics – I Reference Book ➢ Electronic Devices – Thomas L Floyd
➢ Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory – Robert L. Boylstad
This presentation slide only contains the overview of the related topics. Students are advised to take decent class notes and read thoroughly from the prescribed text books Introduction ➢ As you learned in Chapter 4, a transistor must be properly biased in order to operate as an amplifier
➢ DC biasing is used to establish fixed dc values for the transistor currents and voltages called the dc operating point or Quiescent point (Q – point)
➢ In this chapter, several types of bias circuits are discussed
➢ This material lays the groundwork for the study of amplifiers, and other circuits that require proper biasing DC Operating Point DC Operating Point DC Operating Point DC Operating Point DC Operating Point DC Operating Point Linear Operation ➢ Bias establishes the operating point (Q- point) of a transistor amplifier; the ac signal moves above and below this point
➢ For this example, the dc base current is
300 µA. When the input causes the base current to vary between 200 µA and 400 µA, the collector current varies between 20 mA and 40 mA Waveform Distortion ➢ A signal that swings outside the active region will be clipped
➢ For example, the bias has established
a low Q – point
➢ As a result, the signal will be clipped
because it is too close to cutoff Waveform Distortion Performance Q. A signal that swings outside the active area will be
a) Clamped
b) Clipped
c) Unstable
d) All of the Voltage – Divider Bias A practical way to establish a Q-point is to form a voltage – divider from VCC
R1 and R2 are selected to establish VB.
If the divider is stiff, IB is small compared to I2. Then,
Performance Q. A stiff voltage divider is one in which
a) There is no load current
b) Divider current is small compared to load current
c) The load is connected directly to the source voltage
d) Loading effects can be ignored
Voltage – Divider Bias Voltage – Divider Bias Performance Q. Assuming a stiff voltage-divider for the circuit shown, the emitter voltage is –
a) 4.3 V
b) 5.7 V
c) 6.8 V
d) 9.3 V Loading Effects of Voltage-Divider Bias The dc input resistance of the transistor is proportional to βDC so it will change for different transistors. When a transistor is operating in its linear region, the emitter current (IE) is βDC IB . When the emitter resistor is viewed from the base circuit, the resistor appears to be larger than its actual value because of the dc current gain in the transistor. That is, RIN(BASE) = VB / IB = VB / (IE / βDC). Loading Effects of Voltage-Divider Bias Determine the dc input resistance looking in at the base of the transistor in following figure, βDC = 125 VB = 4 V Performance Q. For the circuit shown, the dc load line will intersect the y-axis at (neglecting IB)
a) 5.0 mA
b) 10.0 mA
c) 15.0 mA
d) 20.0 mA Voltage – Divider Bias The unloaded voltage divider approximation for VB gives reasonable results
A more exact solution is to Thevenin the input circuit
Thevenin Resistance, RTH Performance Q. If you Thevenize the input voltage divider, the Thevenin resistance is
a) 5 KΩ
b) 6.67 KΩ
c) 10 KΩ
d) 30 KΩ Voltage – Divider Bias Voltage – Divider Bias A pnp transistor can be biased from either a positive or negative supply. Notice that (b) and (c) are the same circuit; both with a positive supply Voltage – Divider Bias Performance Q. For the circuit shown, the emitter voltage is –
Q-Point Stability Over Temperature: The above equation shows that the collector current is dependent to some extent. This can be minimized by making RC >> RB / βDC and VCC >> VBE.
βDC varies directly with temperature, and VBE varies inversely with temperature. As the temperature goes up in a collector-feedback circuit, βDC goes up and VBE goes down. The increase in βDC acts to increase IC. The decrease in VBE acts to increase IB which, in turn also acts to increase IC.
As IC tries to increase, the voltage drop across RC also tries to increase. This tends to reduce the collector voltage and therefore the voltage across RB, thus reducing IB and offsetting the attempted increase in IC and the attempted decrease in VC. Performance Q. The circuit shown is an example of
a) base bias
b) collector-feedback bias
c) Emitter bias
d) voltage-divider bias Fault Analysis a) Fault 1: Resistor R1 Open
b) Fault 2: Resistor RE Open
c) Fault 3: Base Internally Open
d) Fault 4: Emitter Internally Open
e) Fault 5: Collector Internally Open
f) Fault 6: Resistor RC Open
Collector Internally Open g) Fault 7: Resistor R2 Open Fault Analysis Overview Overview Overview Performance Determine the meter reading.
