ENGENEERING DIVISION

MINERALENGENEERING COURSE

ENGLISH V

Day course, Class B, 3rd level

PROJECT PROPOSAL

TOPIC: Environmental problems arising from the company

Jindal Africa

Name: Teacher:
Eufrásia Cecília Bento MA. David Colaço Costantino

Tete, April 2023

 I. PERSONAL AND ACADEMIC INFORMATION/ COVER
Institution: Instituto Superior Politécnico de Tete
Project Supervisor: MA. David Colaço Constantino
Academic level: 3rd
Student name: Eufrásia Cecília Bento
Data: April 2023
Title project proposal: studies of environmental problems caused by blasting by
Jindal mining company, Chingodzi Tete since 2018-2021
ABSTRACT

The mining industry is one of the basic sectors of the economy, being considered a source of
income and a contributor to the country's growth rates. Despite generating several negative
environmental impacts, mainly for neighboring communities, the importance of mining for
society is undeniable. The noise pollution generated in the detonation can lead to conflicts
between the mining company and the neighboring population, directly interfering with their
quality of life. : ultrathrowing, noise, dust, vibration, changes in the physical, chemical and
biological properties of the medium. Perceptions about the environmental problems of each of
the parties involved are generally divergent. The party involved in mining, when informed
about the discomfort caused by the activity, is able to interfere in the process of managing
socio-environmental impacts in order to seek solutions that minimize conflict situations.
Explosive substances are compounds or mixtures of chemical compounds which, when
deliberately or accidentally initiated by heat, impact, friction or shock, rapidly decompose,
releasing enormous amounts of energy into the environment at high speed in the form of gases
at high temperature. and high pressure. As for the speed of chemical reactions, explosive
substances can be classified as deflagrating (slow) or detonating (fast). In the mining industry,
detonating explosives are currently used, with bulk or packaged emulsions being more widely
used. These impacts affect, in addition to the employees of the quarry itself, the community that
lives around it, in the case of quarries located in urban areas. There are also impacts generated
on the fauna and flora in the region. To mitigate such impacts, it is first necessary to quantify
them, in order to adopt the best mitigation measure. For this, some tests are carried out that
measure the level of dust in the vicinity of the establishment, in addition to the noise level, ultra
particle release and vibrations produced at the time of the explosion. With regard to the
production of dust and the release of particles, layers of vegetal curtain are adopted that act as a
barrier between the explosion and what one wants to protect, retaining the passage of dust and
containing the release of particles in the vicinity. In addition, it is necessary to evacuate the
surroundings of the dismantling area, warn the population close to this area and maintain
audible warnings throughout the procedure.
Keywords: Mining, environmental, impact, explosive

Índex
1. Introduction............................................................................................................5

2. STATEMEN OF THE PROBLEM.........................................................................6

2.1.Research Questions...............................................................................................6

2.2.Research Hypotheses............................................................................................6

3..JUSTIFICATIVE OF THE PROBLEM.................................................................7

4.ACADEMIC AND PERSONAL INTEREST OF THE TOPIC..............................8

5. OBJECTIVE...........................................................................................................8

5.1.main objective of the Project................................................................................8

5.2.Specific objective..................................................................................................8

6.THEORICAL BACKGROUND..............................................................................9

6.1 Dismantling of rocks.............................................................................................9

6.2. Explosives............................................................................................................9

6.2.1. Explosive substances........................................................................................9

6.3.Equipment...........................................................................................................10

6.4. Dismantling of rocks by explosives......................................................................10

6.5.Environmental problems.....................................................................................12

6.5.1.ultra release......................................................................................................12

6.5.2. Causal factors..................................................................................................13

6.5.2. Visual pollution...............................................................................................13

6.5.2.1. causal factors of visual pollution.................................................................13

6.5.3. Ground pollution.............................................................................................13

6.5.3.1. Consequences of soil contamination...........................................................13

6.5.3.2. ground vibration..........................................................................................14

6.5.3.3. Causal factors...............................................................................................14

6.5.3.4.. Main variables that affect vibration levels..................................................15

6.5.4. Noise pollution...............................................................................................15

6.5.4.1.noise..............................................................................................................15

6.5.4. Causal factors..................................................................................................16

6.5.5. Atmospheric pollution....................................................................................16

6.5.5.1 Causal factors................................................................................................17

6.6.Environmental impacts.......................................................................................17

7. Methodology.........................................................................................................19

7.1. Feasibility of the work.......................................................................................19

7.2.Plan of Work.......................................................................................................20

8.REFERENCE........................................................................................................21

9.0. WEBOGRAPHY...............................................................................................22
1. Introduction
The mining industry is one of the basic sectors of the economy, being considered a
source of income and a contributor to the country's growth rates. Despite generating
several negative environmental impacts, mainly for neighboring communities, the
importance of mining for society is undeniable. As an example, the advantages related
to physical capital, such as the supply of raw materials for civil construction, and
social capital, such as the generation of jobs and income to the community, which,
when associated with adequate environmental management planning, function as a
pole. strategy for local and regional development.

The noise pollution generated in the detonation can lead to conflicts between the
mining company and the neighboring population, directly interfering with their
quality of life. Although the occurrence of structural damage from this impact is rare,
it is one of the main reasons for complaints and complaints, since noise levels greater
than 120 dB produce unpleasant effects such as irritability, fear and, mainly, fright
caused by unexpected events. Studies referring to this phenomenon, together with the
need not only to minimize the harmful effects on the environment, but also to improve
the quality of life of the population residing in the neighboring area, constitute an
important practice that must accompany the planning and execution of rock blasting
works.

In this context, among the considerable range of impacts that mining causes, those
caused on the anthropic environment, such as those arising from explosives used in
rock blasting operations, are of paramount importance. Involving considerable risks,
sometimes with fatal consequences, associated with the release of fragments, such
operations generate vibrations, transmitted through the ground and through the
atmosphere (noise), causing discomfort and damage to existing structures 2 in the
mine itself, as well as those in its surroundings (DALLORA NETO & FERREIRA,
2006; SILVA,
2. STATEMEN OF THE PROBLEM

It is known that the rock blasting process using explosives, whether for mining
purposes, or even urban works, causes adverse impacts on the environment, such as
the release of gases that can eventually be toxic, dust, particle dispersion. in the
atmosphere, ultra launches, atmospheric overpressure (blows of air), ground
vibrations, mainly. Vibrations are present everywhere and anywhere you can imagine.
According to physicists, they are in every atom of our body, they are present in every
grain of the universe, even a stationary object vibrates at low frequency. In specific
situations these low frequency vibrations can be amplified when subjected to an
external agent.

2.1.Research Questions
What are the studies of environmental problems caused by blasting by Jindal mining
company, Chingodzi Tete since 2018-2021?

2.2.Research Hypotheses
I. Excessive use of explosives that have a rate of propagation or energy
dissipation
II. Bad planning in making fire plans
III. The physical properties of matter when disassembled
IV. No use of detonation delays
V. Elevated temperature
3.JUSTIFICATIVE OF THE PROBLEM
The rock blasting with the use of explosives, used to fragment the rocky mass, when
carried out without carrying out an adequate planning of the activity, causes human
and environmental discomfort, considering that it harms not only the health of the
workers exposed to this activity but also the health of the surrounding population, in
addition to causing damage to built structures and the environment. This exposure can
be configured through harmful effects, such as: ultrathrowing, noise, dust, vibration,
changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of the medium.
Perceptions about the environmental problems of each of the parties involved are
generally divergent. The party involved in mining, when informed about the
discomfort caused by the activity, is able to interfere in the process of managing
socio-environmental impacts in order to seek solutions that minimize conflict
situations. It is important to point out that mining activities involving blasting cause
serious damage to the environment, not only from an environmental point of view, but
also socio-economically and politically.
4. ACADEMIC AND PERSONAL INTEREST OF THE TOPIC
The project is focused on contributing to research related to environmental problems
in the handling of an exhibit for dismantling, since it is one of the most discussed
topics currently in sustainable development projects (in academies, organizations,
companies, among others, from a personal point of view, it illustrates information that
will be able to maintain the welfare of society.

5. OBJECTIVE

5.1. Main objective of the Project

Know the environmental problems caused by the use of exposure in the dismantling
of mineral aggregates for the mineral coal beneficiation process in the company Jindal
Africa.

5.2. Specific objective

I. Identify the possible causes of the generation of environmental problems;
II. Analyze the factors causing pollution by explosives in the environment:
III. Evaluate the authors' discussions regarding the problems that the environment
has been suffering from due to the misuse of explosives.
6.THEORICAL BACKGROUND

6.1 Dismantling of rocks

Rock blasting is a process that aims to break up rocks to attend subsequent mineral
processing processes. This process can be mechanical, hydraulic and explosive.

“The use of explosives is one of the most common operations in the rock blasting
stage, being associated with the efficiency of its technique that allows applicability in
the most varied types of rock masses, and the low cost in relation to mechanical
blasting.”Koppe et al. (2001),

6.2. Explosives

6.2.1. Explosive substances

Explosive substances are compounds or mixtures of chemical compounds which,
when deliberately or accidentally initiated by heat, impact, friction or shock, rapidly
decompose, releasing enormous amounts of energy into the environment at high speed
in the form of gases at high temperature. and high pressure. As for the speed of
chemical reactions, explosive substances can be classified as deflagrating (slow) or
detonating (fast). In the mining industry, detonating explosives are currently used,
with bulk or packaged emulsions being more widely used. These are characterized by
high detonation speeds, water resistance, high densities and produce large volumes of
gases, with very high temperatures and pressures (Bernardo, 2013). The Mozambican
mining industry is no exception to the rule, as the explosives currently used in coal
mines and in the various quarries are mostly emulsions and Anfo (explosive
composed of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil).

The discovery of emulsions for mining brought great advantages from the point of
view of safety in the production and handling of explosives and in the economy of
dismantling, as it allowed the reduction of costs by producing high specific energies
and by having a longer useful life ( Bernardo, 2013)
6.3.Equipment
The main equipment needed to carry out rock blasting does not necessarily involve
just the process of loading the holes and detonating the explosives, but starts much
earlier with cleaning the site and locating the holes, and extends to the use and
processing stage. In the cleaning process, hydraulic excavators are used, and
sometimes, this cleaning is carried out manually, removing rock fragments that may
hinder the next stages of the fire plan. After cleaning, the holes and their depths are
located with a topography team, using equipment such as a total station, rulers and
ropes. Once the holes are located, it is time to drill the massif for the insertion of the
explosives. This step requires the use of a drill whose dimensions of 34 rods and bits
are compatible with the diameter and depth of the holes specified in the fire plan.
Loading the holes with explosive material is done almost manually, and the explosive
material is transported by a specific tank truck, not requiring additional equipment
other than hand tools. After the explosion, it is necessary to use a hydraulic excavator
and dump trucks to load the detonated material. This excavator must have a shell with
dimensions compatible with the dimensions of the rock fragments resulting from the
detonation. When detonation results in rock fragments with dimensions larger than
expected, it is necessary to use equipment to break them into smaller fragments.
Currently, two pieces of equipment that are widely used are: the breaker hammer or a
steel ball.

6.4. Dismantling of rocks by explosives

According to Cavadas (2012), Explosives are a mixture of substances, fuels and
oxidants, which when properly initiated, result in a very fast exothermic reaction that
generates a series of gaseous products at high temperature, chemically more stable
and occupying a larger volume. than the one occupied by the explosive, that is, an
expansion occurs generating enormous pressures inside the massif where the
explosive was inserted, thus causing the rupture of the material or rock, this rupture
will give us rocks of different granulometries and after the two occurrences we will
move on to the next phase of ore processing.

The rock blasting process with the use of explosives corresponds to a set of
interdependent activities, in which each step will contribute to the desired result, that
is, rock blasting with an adequate degree of fragmentation and the least possible
generation of environmental impacts. In order to carry out dismantling using
explosives, it is necessary to make a detonation plan that meets the requirements for
the desired quality of fragmentation, in addition to minimizing the possibility of
generating environmental problems.

This type of blasting is generally used in hard rocks, which in choosing another type
of blasting for its fragmentation would entail more costs and effort on the part of the
personnel responsible for such work.

For a better understanding of the operating aspects of rock blasting, Dallora Neto &
Ferreira (2006) say that they occur through cyclical processes that comprise the
drilling of the rock mass in predetermined diameter and distances, the introduction of
explosives in the holes, the detonation of this explosive and the removal of the rock
thus fragmented
Fig. 1. Rock blasting activity flowchart

6.5.Environmental problems
Environmental problems correspond to the materialization of the side effects of a
detonation, and these impacts are strongly influenced by the quality of drilling, rock
characteristics, delay times, type of explosives, detonation sequence, weather
conditions, presence of water, etc.

The main environmental problems resulting from this activity include water pollution,
soil contamination, visual pollution, air pollution, ultra-throwing particles, ground
vibrations.

The number of dismantles to be carried out per week or day is one of the aspects that
is directly related to the capacity and probability of generating nuisances in the
communities neighboring the enterprise, and consequently generating environmental
problems, so one must evaluate the best alternative between carrying out few large
teardowns per week or several smaller teardowns throughout the week.
In general, it is recommended to carry out the dismantling preferably in the fewest
possible days and, if possible, at the same times, so that the communities start to
anticipate the dismantling and are not surprised by the vibrations and noise, thus the
possibility of discomfort and frights reduce, and also reduce the possibility of
complaints through the populations.

6.5.1.ultra release
Ultrathrowing of particles is the projection or disposal of particles or pieces of rock
from detonations by means of explosives.

Although the main cause of deaths related to the use of explosives is due to the
occurrence of ultra-launching, atmospheric overpressure and noise potentially cause
damage to properties and unexpected noise, becoming one of the main reasons for
complaints and complaints from the population neighboring the operation. of
dismantling (SOUZA et al., 2013).

6.5.2. Causal factors

Detonation is one of the main causes of the ultra-throwing of particles, since after this
process several rock fragments are thrown at long distances from the pit. Operational
errors in the fire plan also contribute to the release of these fragments.

6.5.2. Visual pollution

Visual pollution associated with rock blasting is mainly linked to mining activities.
This occurs by altering the natural landscape, modifying the relief and creating large
caves, where an entire ecosystem once existed. In addition, there are changes in
drainage networks, wind movements and air conditions.

The need for rehabilitation of these areas is notorious, requiring strong planning to
start a vegetation cover and provide a more suitable environment for living beings to
live there again.

6.5.2.1. causal factors of visual pollution

1. Existence of pits
2. Deforestation

3. Microparticles that cause discomfort or vision loss

6.5.3. Ground pollution

6.5.3.1. Consequences of soil contamination

➢ Poor plant development:

➢ Loss of soil fertility: making it impossible to practice agriculture in the area.

➢ Acidification: the gradual reduction of soil Ph negatively affects soil vegetation as

well as the development of microorganisms in the soil and subsoil.

➢ Soil erosion:

➢ Destruction of inhabitants:

➢ Contamination of water resources.

6.5.3.2. ground vibration

Ground vibration is mainly linked to the use of explosives, secondly to the use of
heavy machinery, the use of large belt conveyors for loading ore.

According to Geraldi (2011) a portion of the energy generated by the detonation of

the explosive will break down and launch the rocky material, while a second portion
of that energy will pass directly to the rocky mass in the form of unstable shock
waves, high speed (body waves), which propagate through the rock mass, in wave
form, causing vibrations, until the energy is dissipated.

6.5.3.3. Causal factors

Several factors that affect soil vibration will be described in this section. Load is one
of the important factors affecting soil vibration. Excessive loading increases ground
movement because energy from the explosives that is insufficient to break the rock
load will be converted into vibration. Quantity of explosive; The weight of the lagging
load is the most important factor controlling the intensity of ground vibration. The
greater the amount of charge detonated per delay, the greater the vibrations. There is
an optimum length beyond which further increments in the rod column serve no
useful purpose. Smaller rod strings less than 20 times the hole diameter can result in
more ground vibrations. Ground vibration levels are reduced by using delay
detonators because each delay generates

own wrists. The propagation of ground vibration is strongly influenced by the

lithology of the rock mass. As the rock massifs are homogeneous, the ground
movement waves travel through strata of different acoustic impedances. Dispersion of
ground motion waves at discontinuities reduces peak vibration levels. The distance
and conditions of the structures also affect the soil vibration, as the unloading distance
increases, the particle velocity and the frequency of the soil vibrations decrease due to
the absorption, dispersion and dissipation of the elastic waves.

6.5.3.4.. Main variables that affect vibration levels

The variables that affect the characteristics of the vibrations are practically the same
that influence the result of rock blasting and that are present in the fire plane, and can
be classified into two groups: uncontrollable and controllable by users of explosives.

According to Jimeno et al. (2003), the uncontrollable variables are the local geology,
the geomechanical characteristics of the rock mass to be detonated, as well as the
distance between the dismantled area and neighboring areas, which have a great
influence on the vibrations. . In homogeneous rock masses, vibrations propagate in all
directions, but in complex geological structures, present in most cases, wave
propagation can vary with direction and, consequently, change vibration levels. The
presence of soil layers on rocky substrates generally affects the intensity and
frequency of vibrations, as they have different modulus of elasticity from rocks and
present discontinuities between the different layers.
6.5.4. Noise pollution

6.5.4.1.noise
This type of pollution is not only harmful to humans due to hearing problems, but also
to the region's fauna, which is removed to other locations and causes a complete
change in the cycles of the food and reproductive chains.

According to Ferreira (2006), sound and noise are not synonymous. Noise can be
defined as a type of sound, but on the other hand sound is not necessarily noise. The
variation in atmospheric pressure that falls within the range of frequencies to which
the ear responds is defined as sound

Defining atmospheric overpressure as all propagation of an elastic wave through the

air, Eston (1998) considers noise as overpressure located in the frequency range
between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz and considered unpleasant according to some human
criteria. Overpressures with frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasound and those
with frequencies above 20,000 Hz, ultrasound. He also considers the use of the term
'blow of air' to be conceptually wrong, considering that such terminology implies
displacement of matter.

6.5.4. Causal factors

Several factors that affect air overpressure will be described in this section. Load is
one of the important factors affecting air overpressure. If the load is less than ideal,
the gaseous energy is dissipated into the atmosphere without doing useful work,
causing flyrok and air burst. This early release of gases generates high amplitude air
waves. It has been reported that strong air blast overpressure can be produced by
adjacent face movement during blasting.

the spacing between holes is less than the distance traveled by a sound wave during
the delay time between adjacent hole targets. Explosives that produce more gaseous
energy than shock energy, such as ANFO, are more likely to produce gas ejection and
thus produce larger amplitude air blast overpressure. The levels of air blast created
due to blasting are a function of the amount of containment efficiency. Whenever top
priming is performed, the probability of air blast generation will increase.

6.5.5. Atmospheric pollution

Air pollution can be caused by airborne materials and also by toxic gases. In addition
to the environmental impact, dust and gases are harmful to human health and can
mainly cause respiratory diseases. The release of toxic gases, in turn, contributes to
the greenhouse effect by forming a layer loaded with particles that cause
meteorological and climate changes at local scales.

according to Alelvan (2016) “Atmospheric pollution can also have an effect on

vegetation, where there is a coating of particulate matter on the leaves, filling the
stomata and inhibiting the process of photosynthesis and transpiration. Air pollution
from fine materials is caused at various times during the blasting operation. In the
process of drilling and cleaning the hole with compressed air and blasting, a powdery
material is released which remains suspended in the air for a period of time.”

6.5.5.1 Causal factors

The mining blasting dust particle floating in the air is closely related to the fine
material that resulted from the mining blasting process. A hypothesis was initially
formulated about the generation of fines (dust) in the blasting process, in which the
crushing close to the blast hole plays an important role.

The crushing of the rock in the vicinity of the blast hole occurs due to the enormous
pressure caused by the detonation of the explosive. Several rock and blast parameters
affect dust generation. Rock type is obviously the most important parameter. In highly
porous rocks during blasting, greater energy dissipation results in considerable
crushing and fines production. Increasing the number of joints can increase the
amount of dust produced. Some aspects to consider about the causes of air pollution:

1. Land movement caused by the detonation

2. Exhaust of gases through the mouth of the hole when the cover is projected
3. Collision between projected fragments

6.6.Environmental impacts
Among the environmental problems caused by rock blasting in the open using
explosives, the most significant are the release of particles together with a large
production of dust and noise at the time of detonation

These impacts affect, in addition to the employees of the quarry itself, the community
that lives around it, in the case of quarries located in urban areas. There are also
impacts generated on the fauna and flora in the region. To mitigate such impacts, it is
first necessary to quantify them, in order to adopt the best mitigation measure. For
this, some tests are carried out that measure the level of dust in the vicinity of the
establishment, in addition to the noise level, ultra particle release and vibrations
produced at the time of the explosion. With regard to the production of dust and the
release of particles, layers of vegetal curtain are adopted that act as a barrier between
the explosion and what one wants to protect, retaining the passage of dust and
containing the release of particles in the vicinity. In addition, it is necessary to
evacuate the surroundings of the dismantling area, warn the population close to this
area and maintain audible warnings throughout the procedure. With regard to noise,
the adoption of a plant curtain also acts as an acoustic insulator, in order to reduce
interference in the fauna and inconvenience to the neighboring populatio
1

7. Methodology
To carry out this research work, the following methodology was followed:

 Review of available bibliography;

 Visit to the project site;
 Information analysis, data discussion and preparation of the dismantling
project.

The first part consisted of a bibliographical review of the various techniques related to
the blasting of rocks with explosives, including the peculiarity of rock masses,
particularly with regard to the four main lithological formations of the study area,
namely soil, sandstone/siltstone, dolerite and coal. A visit was made to the site of the
Ncondezi mine project, in the central province of Tete, in the district of Moatize, to
obtain additional information on the geological formations, their geotechnical
characteristics as well as the geological-structural behavior. This information was
provided by the company through the Definitive Feasibility Study of the project
(Ncondezi, 2012)

As a third phase, the geological data and explosives available in the region were
compiled and analyzed in order to calculate the technical parameters in each case,
proceeding, if possible, with their optimization.

7.1. Feasibility of the work

It is estimated that the annual consumption of explosives is 402,528.87kg (four
hundred and two thousand, five hundred and twenty-eight, eighty-seven) kilograms
distributed in 239,118.19kg (two hundred and thirty-nine thousand, one hundred and
eighteen, nineteen) kilograms of Emulsion (bottom load) and 163,410.68kg (one
hundred and sixty-three thousand, four hundred and ten, sixty-eight) kilograms of
Hydrogel (column load) respectively Table 1.

Table 1: Consumption of explosives in mining concession 331C

Type of Description Qty/hole Number of Qty. Qty. Annual

explosive (Kg) holes/day Explosive Explosive
per day (kg) (kg)

Background Emulsion 1 2.36 53 655.12 239,118.19

load

Hydrogel column 8.45 53 447.70 163,410.68

load

Total 10,81 1102.82 402,528.87

Source: GMC, S.A. 2021

7.2.Plan of Work
Table 2. fire plan parameters

DRILLING PARAMETERS
Slope (rad) 18
 Distance, A (m) 2.22
Spacing, S (m) 2.78
Bench height, H (m) 5.56
Packing, T (m) 1.11
Drilling below the floor, G (m) 1.11
Hole length, H1 (m 6.96

Source: GMC, S.A. 2021

LOADING PARAMETERS
Total load length, CTC (m 5.85
Bottom Load Length, BCL (m) 2.89
Column Load Length, CCL 2.96
Bottom Load, CF (kg) 12.37
Column load, CC (kg) 8.46
Total load per hole, Ctf (kg) 20.83
Total volume per hole, V (m³) 34.31
Specific volumetric consumption, Cev (kg/m3) 0.61
8.REFERENCE
ALELVAN, M. GIOVANNA. et al. (2016). Impactos Ambientais E Metodologias
Assiciadas Ao Uso De Explosivos Para Escavação de rochas. Porto Alegre,.

BERNARDO, P. A. M. (2004). Impactes Ambientais do Uso de Explosivos na

Escavação de Rochas, com Ênfase nas Vibrações. Tese para obtenção do grau de
Doutor em Engenharia de Minas. I. S. T. – U. T. L. Lisboa.

DALLORA NETO & FERREIRA, C.; G.C. (2006). Controle de vibrações geradas
por desmonte de rocha com explosivos. Estudo de caso: calcário Cruzeiro, Limeira
(SP). Revista Geociências,São Paulo, Rio Claro, v. 25, n. 4, p. 455-466

1. FERREIRA, G. D.; NETO, C. D. (2006).Impactos Ambientais Associados ao

Desmonte de Rocha com Explosivos. Revista Geociências. São Paulo, Rio Claro, v.
25, n. 4, 473 p.,.

2. GERALDI, J.L. P. O (2011).ABC das Escavações de Rocha. Rio de Janeiro:

Interciência,

JIMENO, C. L.; JIMENO, E. L.; BERMÚDEZ, P. G. (2003). Manual de

Perforación y Voladura de Rocas. Madri: Instituto Tecnológico Geominero de
España,

3. KOPPE J.C. et al. (2001) Monitoramento Geofísico de Desmonte de Rocha

com Utilização de Explosivos em Condições de Risco Elevado em Zona Urbana.
Revista Escola de Minas. Ouro Preto, v. 54, n. 4, 280 p.,..

4. Ncondezi Coal Company Mozambique Lda (2012). Estudo Definitivo de

Viabilidade, (versão não publicada). Tete, Moçambique. p. 93

5. SOUZA, et al. (2013) Tecnologia mineral sob a perspectiva ambiental e da

sustentabilidade. Programa de Pós-graduação em Tecnologia Mineral , PPGTM –
Unipampa, Caçapava do Sul, RS,.

9.0. WEBOGRAPHY
WHO. Health aspects of air pollution. Results from WHO project “Systematic review
of health aspects of air pollution in Europe”. WHO Regional Office for Europe,
Available on: http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf. Accessed: 10th April
2023.

SUGIYAMA, Y. et al. Numerical simulations on the attenuation effect of a barrier

material on a blast wave. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries.
Toyama, Japan. Vol. 32, 135 -143p. April 2023.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950423014001399 Available at:
cess at: 12 April. 2023.