Chapter 3: Structure of State

Introduction: According to Garner: "State is a community of people live in a

definite form of territory free of external control and possessing an organized
government to which people show habitual agreement.

The structure of a state encompasses the intricate framework through which

governmental authority is organized, administered, and exercised within a defined
geographical territory. Understanding the structure of a state involves delving into
its various components, including governmental institutions, systems of law,
distribution of power, and mechanisms for representation and governance. It is a
multifaceted concept that reflects the complex interplay between historical,
cultural, social, and political factors within a given society.

At its core, the structure of a state aims to establish a stable and functional system
of governance that serves the interests and meets the needs of its citizens. This
often involves the division of powers between different branches of government,
such as the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each with distinct roles
and responsibilities. Additionally, states may adopt various forms of government,
ranging from democratic systems to authoritarian regimes, further influencing their
structural dynamics.

Figure: Diagram of Structure of Sate

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The science of politics and the art of politics are two distinct branches of study,
and should he kept so; just as the science of mechanics is a very different matter
from the art of engineering. One may be an adept in the science, and yet utterly
unskilled in the art—quite unable to apply the conclusions of the science to the art.
Now the science of politics, by whatever name known, is very little studied at the
present day by our statesmen. They even affect to despise it. On the other hand
men of science, or as they have been styled, “cloistered economists,” are prone to
imagine themselves capable of solving all kinds of political problems simply by
the aid of scientific research, without any practical experience whatever of the facts
and conditions of the situation.

Moreover, the structure of a state is shaped by its legal framework, which defines
the rights and obligations of both the government and its citizens. This includes
constitutional provisions, statutory laws, and judicial interpretations that establish
the rules governing the exercise of power and the protection of individual liberties.

To comprehend the complexity of state structures, it is essential to explore the

interrelationships between formal institutions and informal practices, as well as the
influence of external factors such as international treaties and global geopolitics.
Furthermore, the evolution of state structures over time reflects ongoing processes
of social change, economic development, and technological advancement,
illustrating the dynamic nature of governance systems.

Administrative divisions of state:

Administrative divisions, also known as administrative units or territorial

subdivisions, are geographical areas established for the purpose of governance and
administrative management within a country or region. These divisions are
typically delineated based on factors such as population size, geography, historical
boundaries, cultural considerations, and administrative efficiency. The structure
and nomenclature of administrative divisions vary widely across different
countries, depending on their respective political systems, history, and societal
needs.

Administrative divisions of state including, core areas, peripheral and frontier

zones, and capitals, can be organized and categorized as follows:
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 Core Areas of State Administrative Divisions

States are typically divided into a hierarchy of administrative units to facilitate

efficient governance and service delivery. These divisions vary by country, but
some common core areas exist across different systems. Here's a breakdown of
these core areas:

1. Top-Level Divisions:
 This is the broadest level of division, often called states, provinces, regions, or
emirates.
 These divisions have a significant degree of autonomy and may have their own
legislatures or executive bodies.
 They handle broad functions like education, healthcare, infrastructure
development, and law enforcement within their jurisdiction.
2. Middle-Level Divisions:
 These are subdivisions of the top-level divisions, known as districts, counties,
prefectures, or mandals.
 They serve as intermediaries between the top level and the local level.
 Their responsibilities often include implementing policies set by the top level,
overseeing local administrations, and collecting taxes.
3. Local-Level Divisions:
 This is the most granular level, encompassing municipalities, towns, villages, or
communes.
 These divisions are closest to the citizens and handle day-to-day matters like
sanitation, waste management, local permits, and community services.
 They may have elected officials or representatives who report to the middle-level
divisions.

Fig: Government system

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The Peripheral Zone of administrative divisions

The Peripheral Zone of administrative divisions within a state typically refers to

the outermost regions or areas that are often less densely populated and may have
distinct characteristics compared to the central or core areas. This zone often plays
a crucial role in the overall administrative framework of a state, albeit with its own
unique set of challenges and opportunities.

Here's a detailed description of the Peripheral Zone:

Geographical Characteristics: Peripheral zones are usually situated on the

outskirts or borders of a state. They may encompass rural areas, remote territories,
border regions, or areas with challenging terrain such as mountains, forests, or
deserts. The geography of these zones often influences their economic activities,
infrastructure development, and connectivity.

Population Density and Demographics: Compared to the core or central regions

of a state, the peripheral zones typically have lower population densities. However,
they might be inhabited by specific demographic groups such as indigenous
peoples, ethnic minorities, or communities with distinct cultural identities.
Demographic patterns in these areas can influence social dynamics, governance,
and resource allocation.

Economic Activities: Economic activities in the Peripheral Zone are often

centered around agriculture, forestry, mining, and other natural resource-based
industries. Traditional livelihoods may prevail alongside emerging sectors such as
ecotourism or renewable energy. However, economic development in these areas
may face challenges such as limited infrastructure, market access, and investment.

Infrastructure and Services: Infrastructure development in peripheral zones may

lag behind compared to urban or central areas. Basic amenities such as roads,
electricity, healthcare facilities, and educational institutions may be inadequate or
less accessible. Governments and development agencies often prioritize
infrastructure projects to improve connectivity and service delivery in these
regions.

Administrative Framework: The administrative structure governing peripheral

zones may vary depending on the state's governance system. They may have their

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own local governments, administrative bodies, or special development authorities
tasked with addressing the unique needs and challenges of these regions.
Devolution of power and resources to local authorities can enhance governance
and promote grassroots participation in decision-making processes.

Strategic Importance: Despite their peripheral location, these zones may hold
strategic importance for the state in terms of security, border management, or
geopolitical considerations. Ensuring stability and development in these areas is
essential for maintaining territorial integrity and fostering national cohesion.

The Peripheral Zone of administrative divisions represents the outer regions of a

state with distinct characteristics, including geographical, demographic, economic,
and administrative aspects. Addressing the developmental needs and challenges of
these areas is vital for achieving inclusive and sustainable growth across the entire
state.

The frontier zone of administrative divisions

The frontier zone of administrative divisions within a state typically refers to the
border regions that mark the outer limits of the state's governance and influence.
These areas often possess distinct characteristics due to their proximity to
neighboring jurisdictions or international boundaries. Here's a detailed description
of the frontier zone:

Geographical Significance: The frontier zone encompasses territories that are

geographically located at the periphery of the state. These areas might include
rugged terrains, remote valleys, mountain ranges, deserts, or dense forests, making
them challenging to govern and access.

Border Proximity: Frontier zones are often situated adjacent to neighboring

states, provinces, or countries. Consequently, they may experience unique socio-
political dynamics shaped by cross-border interactions, trade, migration, and
occasional disputes over territorial sovereignty or resources.

Cultural Diversity: Due to their borderland status, frontier zones frequently

exhibit rich cultural diversity. They serve as meeting points for different ethnic
groups, languages, and traditions, fostering a mosaic of identities and lifestyles.
This diversity can contribute to both cultural enrichment and occasional tensions
arising from inter-group relations.

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Economic Activities: Economic activities in frontier zones are influenced by their
proximity to borders. Cross-border trade, smuggling, and informal economic
exchanges are common features, often driven by differences in pricing, regulations,
or availability of goods and services between neighboring jurisdictions.
Additionally, frontier regions may rely on specific industries such as agriculture,
mining, or tourism, which capitalize on their natural resources and geographical
advantages.

Security Concerns: Frontier zones frequently pose security challenges for state
authorities. They may be vulnerable to illegal activities such as smuggling, human
trafficking, or terrorism, necessitating heightened surveillance and law
enforcement measures. Moreover, border disputes or tensions with neighboring
states can occasionally escalate, requiring diplomatic efforts to maintain stability
and prevent conflicts.

Capitals of administrative divisions:

The capitals of administrative divisions within a state or country are vital centers
for governance, culture, and often economic activity. These capitals typically serve
as the seat of government for the respective administrative regions. The discussion
of capitals can vary greatly depending on the country or region in question, so I'll
provide a general overview:

National Capital: This is the capital city of the entire country and is usually the
most significant in terms of political, economic, and cultural importance. Examples
include Washington D.C. in the United States, London in the United Kingdom, and
Paris in France.

State Capitals: Within a country, individual states or provinces often have their
own capitals. These capitals serve as the administrative hubs for the state
governments and are usually where the governor's office and state legislative
bodies are located. Examples include Albany in New York (USA), Mumbai in
Maharashtra (India), and Sydney in New South Wales (Australia).

Provincial Capitals: In some countries, especially those with a federal system,

provinces or regions have their own capitals. These capitals may have similar

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functions to state capitals but operate at a more regional level. Examples include
Edmonton in Alberta (Canada), Perth in Western Australia (Australia), and Munich
in Bavaria (Germany).

County Capitals: In certain countries, particularly those with a decentralized

administrative structure, counties or similar administrative divisions may have
their own capitals. These capitals handle local governance within the county.
Examples include Nairobi in Nairobi County (Kenya), Atlanta in Fulton County
(USA), and Cardiff in South Glamorgan (Wales).

Municipal Capitals: Within counties or other administrative divisions,

municipalities or cities may also serve as capitals. These cities typically function as
the administrative centers for local government within their respective
municipalities. Examples include Cape Town in the City of Cape Town (South
Africa), Los Angeles in Los Angeles County (USA), and Birmingham in West
Midlands (England).

Each of these capitals plays a crucial role in the governance and administration of
their respective regions, and they often have unique histories, cultures, and
characteristics that contribute to their significance. Additionally, the relationships
between these different levels of capitals can vary depending on the country's
political structure and administrative organization.

Government

In political geography, the term "Government" refers to the system and institutions
responsible for the administration and governance of a particular territory or state.
It is the central authority that exercises authority, makes and enforces laws, and
provides essential services for the population within its jurisdiction. The
government's primary purpose is to maintain order, promote the welfare of its
citizens, protect the state's sovereignty, and manage relationships with other
nations.

Governments can take various forms, including:

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1. Democracy: A system where power is vested in the hands of the people, either
directly or through elected representatives. Citizens participate in decision-making
processes, such as elections, referendums, and public consultations.

2. Authoritarianism: A system where power is concentrated in the hands of a

single leader or a small group of elites. There is limited political pluralism and
opposition, and citizens have restricted participation in decision-making.

3. Monarchy: A system where a single ruler, often a king or queen, holds supreme
authority. Monarchies can be absolute (where the monarch has almost unlimited
power) or constitutional (where the monarch's powers are limited by a
constitution).

4. Theocracy: A system where religious leaders or religious institutions hold

political power and the government is based on religious principles.

5. Oligarchy: A system where a small, privileged

group holds political power and decision making
authority.

6. Anarchy: Although not a traditional form of

government, anarchy refers to a stateless society
without a centralized government or authority. Instead,
it relies on voluntary cooperation and decentralized
decision-making.

Types of Government

There are several types of government. They are discussed below:

1. Anarchy
 Definition: Anarchy is a stateless society without a centralized
government or authority. Instead, it relies on voluntary cooperation
and decentralized decisionmaking.

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  Absence of Hierarchy: Anarchic systems aim to eliminate
hierarchical structures and power dynamics, seeking to create a
society based on mutual aid, voluntary associations, and individual
autonomy.
 Challenges: Critics argue that anarchy may lead to chaos and lack of
social order, as there is no central authority to enforce laws or resolve
conflicts.
2. Theocracy
 Definition: A theocracy is a system where religious leaders or
religious institutions hold political power, and the government is
based on religious principles.
 Religious Authority: The government's policies and decisions are
influenced by religious doctrines, and religious leaders often play
significant roles in governance.
 Challenges: Theocratic governments may face challenges related to
religious intolerance and potential infringement of individual
freedoms if the state's laws favor one particular religion.
3. Oligarchy
 Definition: Oligarchy is a system where a small, privileged group
holds political power and decision-making authority.
 Rule by the Elite: Political power is concentrated in the hands of a
few wealthy or influential individuals or families.
 Challenges: Oligarchies often face criticism for perpetuating
inequality and prioritizing the interests of the ruling elite over those of
the general population.
4. Dictatorship
 Definition: Dictatorship is a system where one individual, the
dictator, holds absolute power and authority over the state.
 Authoritarian Rule: Dictators exercise near-total control over the
government, often suppressing political opposition and dissent.
 Challenges: Dictatorships can lead to human rights abuses, lack of
political freedoms, and a lack of accountability.
5. Monarchy:
 Definition: Monarchy is a system where a single ruler, often a king
or queen, holds supreme authority.
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 a. Absolute Monarchy
In an absolute monarchy, the monarch has almost unlimited power
and authority, with little to no checks on their decisions.
b. Constitutional Monarchy
In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch's powers are limited by a
constitution, and the country is typically governed by elected officials.
6. Democracy
 Definition: Democracy is a system where power is vested in the
hands of the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
 Challenges: Democracies require active citizen participation, and
challenges may arise in ensuring equal representation and preventing
the concentration of power.
c. Direct democracy
In a direct democracy, citizens participate directly in decision-making
processes, such as voting on laws and policies.
b. Representative democracy
In a representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to make
decisions on their behalf in the legislative body.
7. Republic
 Definition: A republic is a system where the country's political
leaders are elected by the citizens, and the government is based on the
rule of law.
 Representative Government: In a republic, representatives are
elected to make decisions on behalf of the people in the legislative
body.
 Challenges: Republics need strong institutions and an independent
judiciary to ensure the rule of law and protect individual rights.
8. Aristocracy
 Definition: Aristocracy is a system where political power is
concentrated in the hands of a small group of noble or privileged
individuals.
 Rule by Nobility: Aristocratic systems often prioritize the interests
of the ruling elite or nobility.

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  Historical Significance: Aristocracies were more prevalent in feudal
societies, where landowners held significant power.
9. Democratic republic
 Definition: A democratic republic combines elements of democracy
and republicanism, where the country's leaders are elected by the
people.
 Representation and Rule of Law: Democratic republics feature
elected representatives making decisions while adhering to the rule of
law.
 Challenges: Balancing the principles of democracy with the rule of
law and ensuring accountability of elected representatives can be
complex.

Government institution and their political role in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, various government institutions play important political roles in the

functioning of the state. These institutions have specific responsibilities and
functions in the democratic governance of the country. Here's an overview of the
roles of the mentioned institutions:

1. Civil service

Civil service is a fundamental component of government institutions worldwide. It

refers to the body of employees working for government organizations and
agencies, tasked with implementing public policies, delivering public services, and
supporting the functioning of the state. The concept of civil service dates back
centuries, but its modern form emerged during the 19th and 20th centuries as
governments sought to establish professional bureaucracies to administer
increasingly complex societies.

Here are several key aspects to consider when discussing civil service as a
government institution:

Merit-Based Recruitment: Civil service systems typically emphasize merit-based

recruitment, where individuals are hired based on their qualifications, skills, and
abilities rather than political affiliation or nepotism. This ensures a competent and
impartial workforce dedicated to serving the public interest.

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Professionalism and Expertise: Civil servants are expected to
possess expertise in their respective fields, whether it be law,
finance, healthcare, education, or engineering. They undergo
training and professional development to enhance their skills
and knowledge, enabling them to effectively carry out their
duties and responsibilities.

Impartiality and Neutrality: Civil servants are expected to

remain politically neutral and impartial in their decision-making
processes. They serve the government of the day, regardless of their personal
beliefs or affiliations, and implement policies and laws enacted by elected officials.

Bureaucratic Structure: Civil service organizations often have a hierarchical

bureaucratic structure, with clearly defined roles, responsibilities, and reporting
lines. This structure helps ensure accountability, coordination, and efficient
operation within government agencies.

Service Delivery: Civil service plays a crucial role in delivering public services to
citizens, ranging from healthcare and education to transportation and social
welfare. Civil servants are responsible for implementing government programs,
enforcing regulations, and providing assistance to the public when needed.

2. Police

The police in Bangladesh, as in any country, is a crucial government institution

responsible for maintaining law and order, ensuring public safety, preventing and
investigating crimes, and upholding justice. The Bangladesh Police operates under
the Ministry of Home Affairs and plays a significant role in the country's
governance and security infrastructure.

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Here are some key aspects to consider when discussing the police as a government
institution in Bangladesh:

Organizational Structure: The Bangladesh Police is organized hierarchically,

with the Inspector General of Police (IGP) serving as the highest-ranking officer.
Below the IGP are various ranks of officers, including Additional Inspector
Generals, Deputy Inspector Generals, Superintendents of Police, Deputy
Superintendents of Police, and Inspectors, among others. The police force is
divided into different units, such as the Detective Branch (DB), Rapid Action
Battalion (RAB), Special Branch (SB), and various specialized units for dealing
with specific types of crimes.

Challenges and Criticisms: Like police forces in many countries, the Bangladesh
Police faces challenges and criticisms. These may include allegations of
corruption, abuse of power, excessive use of force, lack of accountability, and
politicization. Human rights organizations and civil society groups have raised
concerns about extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests, and torture in police
custody.

Reforms: Efforts to reform the Bangladesh Police have been ongoing. Various
initiatives have been introduced to improve professionalism, transparency, and
accountability within the force. Reforms have included training programs, the
establishment of internal oversight mechanisms, and the adoption of technology for
better policing practices. However, progress in these areas may vary, and
challenges persist.

Role in Society: The police in Bangladesh play a multifaceted role

in society. Beyond law enforcement, they are involved in
maintaining public order during protests and demonstrations,
providing security for public events, assisting in disaster

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management, and implementing government policies related to security and crime
prevention. Additionally, the police often collaborate with other agencies, such as
intelligence services and the judiciary, to address various security challenges.

Community Policing: In recent years, there has been an emphasis on community

policing as a means to improve police-community relations and enhance crime
prevention efforts. Community policing initiatives aim to involve local
communities in identifying and addressing security concerns, fostering trust
between the police and the public, and promoting cooperation in crime prevention
activities.

Legal Framework: The Bangladesh Police operate within a legal framework that
includes various laws, regulations, and codes of conduct governing their actions.
The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), Penal Code, and other relevant laws
outline the powers and responsibilities of the police in conducting investigations,
making arrests, and maintaining public order. However, concerns have been raised
about the misuse of these powers and the need for greater adherence to legal
standards and human rights principles.

The Bangladesh Police serve as a vital government institution responsible for

maintaining law and order, ensuring public safety, and upholding justice. While
facing challenges and criticisms, efforts to reform the police force continue, with a
focus on professionalism, accountability, and community engagement.

3. Central Bank (Bangladesh Bank)

The Central Bank of Bangladesh,

commonly known as Bangladesh Bank,
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is indeed a pivotal institution within the governmental framework of Bangladesh.
As the country's central bank, it plays a crucial role in formulating and
implementing monetary policy, regulating and supervising the banking sector,
issuing currency, managing the country's foreign exchange reserves, and promoting
overall economic stability and growth.

Here's a deeper dive into Bangladesh Bank's role and functions within the context
of being a government institution:

Monetary Policy Formulation and Implementation: Bangladesh Bank is

responsible for formulating and executing monetary policy in line with the
government's objectives. It uses various tools such as setting interest rates, reserve
requirements, and open market operations to control money supply, inflation, and
promote economic stability.

Banking Regulation and Supervision: Bangladesh Bank acts as the regulatory

authority for the banking sector in Bangladesh. It formulates and enforces
regulations to ensure the soundness and stability of banks and financial institutions.
This includes monitoring banks' liquidity, solvency, and adherence to prudential
norms.

Issuance and Management of Currency: Bangladesh Bank has the sole authority
to issue currency notes and coins in Bangladesh. It manages the circulation of
currency, ensures its integrity, and works to combat counterfeiting.

Foreign Exchange Management: Bangladesh Bank manages the country's

foreign exchange reserves and regulates the foreign exchange market. It intervenes
in the market to stabilize the exchange rate and ensure the smooth functioning of
international trade and payments.

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Financial Stability and Crisis Management: Bangladesh Bank plays a crucial
role in maintaining financial stability within the country. It monitors systemic
risks, develops contingency plans, and intervenes when necessary to mitigate
financial crises and safeguard the stability of the financial system.

Developmental Functions: Besides its regulatory and supervisory roles,

Bangladesh Bank also engages in various developmental activities aimed at
promoting financial inclusion, expanding access to finance, and fostering economic
development. This includes initiatives to support microfinance, SMEs, and
agricultural credit.

Government Banking Operations: Bangladesh Bank serves as the banker and

fiscal agent to the government. It manages the government's accounts, facilitates
domestic borrowing through the issuance of treasury bills and bonds, and provides
advisory services on fiscal matters.

Overall, Bangladesh Bank functions as a key pillar of the government's economic

policy framework, playing a critical role in ensuring monetary stability, financial
sector resilience, and overall economic development in Bangladesh. Its actions and
policies have a significant impact on the country's economy and financial system,
making it an integral part of the government's institutional structure.

4. Election commission

The Election Commission of Bangladesh is a vital government institution

responsible for overseeing the electoral process in the country. Established under
the provisions of the Constitution of Bangladesh, it operates independently to
ensure free, fair, and transparent elections at all levels of government. Here's a
discussion on the Election Commission of Bangladesh:

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Constitutional Mandate: The Election Commission of Bangladesh derives its
authority and responsibilities from the Constitution of Bangladesh. It is mandated
to conduct various types of elections, including national parliamentary elections,
local government elections, and elections for other statutory bodies.

Composition: The Election Commission is typically composed of a

Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other Election
Commissioners appointed by the President of Bangladesh. The CEC
heads the commission and is responsible for its overall functioning.

Independence: The Election Commission is designed to operate independently of

the executive branch of government to ensure impartiality and fairness in the
electoral process. This independence is crucial for maintaining public trust and
confidence in the electoral system.

Roles and Responsibilities:

- Organizing Elections: The primary role of the Election Commission is to

organize and conduct elections across the country. This includes setting electoral
schedules, preparing voter lists, and overseeing polling processes.

- Voter Registration: The Commission is responsible for maintaining accurate

voter lists and registering eligible voters.

- Monitoring Election Campaigns: The Election Commission monitors election

campaigns to ensure compliance with electoral laws and regulations, including
campaign finance rules.

- Ensuring Fairness: It is tasked with ensuring that elections are conducted fairly,
transparently, and without any undue influence or manipulation.

- Resolving Disputes: The Commission adjudicates disputes related to the

electoral process, including complaints of electoral malpractice and violations of
election laws.
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Challenges and Criticisms:

- Despite its constitutional independence, the Election Commission has faced

criticism for alleged bias and lack of neutrality in some instances.

- Concerns have been raised regarding the accuracy of voter lists and allegations
of voter fraud and irregularities during elections.

- The Commission has also faced challenges related to ensuring equal

participation of all political parties and candidates in the electoral process.

Reforms and Improvement Efforts:

- Efforts have been made to enhance the transparency and efficiency of the
electoral process through reforms such as the introduction of electronic voting
machines (EVMs) and voter education initiatives.

- Civil society organizations and international observers often play a role in

monitoring elections and advocating for improvements in the electoral system.

The Election Commission of Bangladesh plays a crucial role in ensuring the

integrity and legitimacy of the electoral process in the country. While it faces
challenges and criticisms, ongoing efforts to strengthen its independence and
improve electoral procedures are essential for maintaining public trust and
confidence in Bangladesh's democracy.

5. Public service commission

The Public Service Commission (PSC) in Bangladesh is a vital government

institution responsible for recruiting civil servants for various government
positions. Established under the provisions of the Constitution of Bangladesh, the
PSC operates independently from the executive branch of the government. Its

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primary objective is to ensure that the recruitment process for civil service
positions is fair, transparent, and based on meritocracy.

Here are some key aspects of the Public Service Commission in Bangladesh:

Constitutional Mandate: The PSC derives its authority from the Constitution of
Bangladesh. Article 137 to 141 of the Constitution outlines the establishment,
functions, and powers of the Public Service Commission.

Appointment of Civil Servants: One of the primary functions of the PSC is to

conduct examinations and interviews to select candidates for various government
positions. These positions range from administrative roles to technical and
professional positions across different ministries, departments, and agencies of the
government.

Merit-Based Recruitment: The PSC is committed to ensuring that the recruitment

process is based on merit, competence, and qualifications. It conducts
examinations, both written and oral, to assess the candidates' suitability for
different positions. The commission is responsible for setting the standards for
these examinations and ensuring that they are conducted fairly.

Autonomy and Independence: The PSC operates independently from the

executive branch of the government. This independence is crucial to maintain the
integrity of the recruitment process and to prevent political interference in the
selection of civil servants.

Regulation and Oversight: Apart from recruitment, the PSC also oversees the
proper implementation of rules and regulations related to civil service

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appointments. It ensures that appointments are made in accordance with the law
and that the principles of equity, fairness, and transparency are upheld.

Disciplinary Actions: The PSC also plays a role in disciplinary matters

concerning civil servants. It has the authority to conduct inquiries into allegations
of misconduct or malpractice by government officials and to recommend
appropriate disciplinary actions.

Advisory Role: The commission may also advise the government on matters
related to civil service reforms, including changes to recruitment procedures,
training programs, and personnel policies.

Public Accountability: Despite its autonomy, the PSC is ultimately accountable to

the people of Bangladesh. It is expected to operate transparently and to uphold the
highest standards of integrity and professionalism in its activities.

Overall, the Public Service Commission in Bangladesh plays a crucial role in

ensuring the efficiency, effectiveness, and integrity of the civil service. By
upholding the principles of meritocracy and independence, it contributes to
building a capable and accountable public administration that serves the needs of
the citizens.

6. Census Commission

The Census Commission in Bangladesh serves as a vital government institution

responsible for conducting population censuses and collecting demographic data at
regular intervals. Here's a discussion on the role, functions, structure, and
significance of the Census Commission in Bangladesh:

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### Role and Functions:

Conducting Population Census: The primary function of the Census Commission

is to conduct the decennial population census, which provides comprehensive data
on the population size, distribution, demographics, and socio-economic
characteristics of the country's inhabitants.

Data Collection and Analysis: The Commission collects,

compiles, and analyzes demographic data, which is crucial
for policymaking, planning, resource allocation, and
development initiatives at various levels of governance.

Providing Statistical Information: It disseminates

statistical information derived from census and demographic
surveys to government agencies, researchers, policymakers, academia, and the
general public to facilitate evidence-based decision-making and research.

Ensuring Data Accuracy and Integrity: The Commission ensures the accuracy,
reliability, and integrity of census data through rigorous data collection
methodologies, quality control measures, and verification processes.

Conducting Special Surveys: Apart from the decennial census, the Commission
may conduct special surveys on specific demographic, social, or economic aspects
to address emerging needs, monitor trends, or gather detailed information on
particular population segments.

### Structure:

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Central Authority: The Census Commission operates under the authority of the
Ministry of Planning or a similar government body responsible for statistical
affairs and population census.

Organizational Structure: It typically comprises a hierarchical structure with

administrative, technical, and support staff organized into departments or divisions
responsible for different aspects of census operations, data analysis, and
dissemination.

Expertise and Resources: The Commission may enlist the expertise of

statisticians, demographers, researchers, and field personnel to ensure efficient
planning, execution, and analysis of census activities.

### Significance:

Basis for Policy Formulation: Census data serves as a fundamental basis for
formulating policies, programs, and development strategies in various sectors such
as education, healthcare, infrastructure, and social welfare.

Resource Allocation: Accurate population data obtained through censuses

influences resource allocation decisions by governments, ensuring equitable
distribution of resources based on population size, demographics, and socio-
economic indicators.

Monitoring Socio-Economic Trends: Census data enables monitoring of socio-

economic trends, urbanization patterns, migration flows, employment dynamics,
poverty levels, and other critical indicators, facilitating timely interventions and
adjustments in policy priorities.

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International Comparisons: Census data provides benchmarks for international
comparisons, enabling Bangladesh to assess its demographic profile, development
progress, and socio-economic standing relative to other countries.

Foundation for Research and Analysis: Researchers, academics, and analysts

rely on census data for conducting studies, analysis, and forecasting in diverse
fields such as economics, sociology, public health, urban planning, and
environmental studies.

The Census Commission in Bangladesh plays a pivotal role in gathering,

analyzing, and disseminating demographic data essential for informed decision-
making, planning, and development efforts across various sectors of the economy
and society. Its activities are critical for ensuring effective governance, resource
allocation, and socio-economic progress in the country.

Conclusion

Understanding the structure of the state and the various types of government is
essential for comprehending the diverse political landscapes across the world.
Governments serve as the central authority in any given territory or state,
responsible for administration, law enforcement, and the provision of essential
services. Bangladesh, like many other nations, relies on a range of government
institutions to maintain stability and uphold democratic principles. These
institutions, including the civil service, police, central bank, election commission,
public service commission, and census commission, have specific roles in ensuring
governance, law enforcement, economic stability, and transparent elections. In a
democratic system, it is vital that these institutions remain impartial and free from
political influence to maintain the rule of law and the best interests of the nation
and its citizens.

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References:

Urban Politics: Policy and Administration by David Healey and Mark Davies

Wikipedia.org

Pounds, Norman J.G. 1972. Political Geography

https://www.libertarianism.org/essays/structure-state

Adhikari, Sundeepta. 2002. Political Geography

Libertarianism.org

Britannica.com

United Nations. (2013). Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses.

https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/docs/P&R%20publication/P&R2017.pdf
World Bank. (2004). Decentralization in Uganda: Explaining Successes and Failures in the Local
Government Reforms. Retrieved from

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/15113/296470UG0Decen10Box3
45600B01PUBLIC1.pdf
Sharma, B. R. (Ed.). (2013). Decentralization, Local Governance, and Social Wellbeing in India:
Do Local Governments Matter? Springer.

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