JAVA Means DURGASOFT

1. Introduction

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Java was Introduced in 1996 January.But it was started by Sun MicroSystems in 1991. At
that time Sun MicroSystems had a requirement to prepare a software electronic consumer
devices in 1991.They need a programming language to prepare those devices.30 members
team with James Gosling & patrickNaughton starts "Green" project.For this project they
need a simple programming language that is simple,tight coded and architectural neutral
programming language.

How can we justified that programming language is Simple....?

Ans:The electronic consumer devices with less memory,less power,less execution time the
programming language which is used to prepare these devices must be simple programming
language.

For Example:I want to prepare stack operation in "C"

Stack Output:

1.push ----> 15 to 20 lines of code we need

2.pop ----> 15 to 20 lines of code we need

3.peep ----> 15 to 20 lines of code we need

--------------------------------------------------

Total ----> 45 to 60 lines of code we need

JAVA:

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To perform stack operations.

Ex:

Stack s=new Stack();

s.push("A");

s.pop();

s.peep();

-----------------------------

4 lines of code we need to write stack operations in Java

To write less no.of instructions in a programming language,then that is called as tight coded
programming language.It achieving more complex requirements.

Q)What is Architectural Neutral?

Ans:Number of electronic devices manufactures are available in now a days like

Panasonic,LG,Sony,Samsung...etc.They have their own remote controllers.Each remote
controller have their own hardware Architecture.These architecture differ from
manufacturer to manufacturer.If they want my software,after the demonstration,then I sell
my product to Sony Company(If it accept my Quotation).

If my software is compatible to,then there is no possible to run my software on H2 and H3

hardware devices.Then my business is down.If I wanna to go to improve my business,my
software product should not compatible to only one hardware i.e my software is hardware
independent.It increases my business.It is called "hardware neutral software" in another
way.

To prepare this hardware independent software,I used programming language.This

programming language should be common to all hardware systems.That programming
language is called as independent "Architectural Neutral Programming language".

Operating System independent ===> platform Independent.

In 1991,one programming language is famous at that time i.e PASCAL it is implemented by

"Niclous Wirth" (Invented of Pascal).

He gave a software to James Gosling on the base of PASCAL programming

language(Procedure Oriented programming language).But James Gosling expected object
oriented programming language.So he rejected the solution given by Niclous Wirth.

Because all the team members came from Object Oriented

background.Because of this mismatch they rejected the PASCAL Programming Language

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solution.So in 1992,December,James Gosling and his team create a new programming

language.

James Gosling always likes to see a "Oak Tree" through his cabin
window.Immediately he thought to put this "Oak" name for his new programming
language.But his team rejected this name.Because this "Oak PL" is already existed.So all
the Green Project people think a new name for a new Programming language.

While they are doing Green project,they used to go a cafeteria in Sun

MicroSystems.They drank a Coffee daily that is named as "JAVA".So they decided to keep
"JAVA" is a name for new programming language.

Java is one of Island in Indonesia.Java is famous for coffee trees.So that

symbol for Java T.B is Coffee cup and a saucer with flames.

Dec 1992:

The first product prepared on Java is "*7".It is a remote controller.But unfortunately,no

customer had an internet to take this product upto 1994.It is a failure product.

In the middle of 1994,very good boom is available for "www" internet.People

are identified a key role for www is "browser".The name of this browser is "Musaik".It is
prepared by "Mark Anderson".He is an under graduate student.He went to Netscape
communication to prepare "Musaik Browser".He got a stipend 6.25$ per hour at Netscape
Communication.

Then Sun MicroSystems decided to prepare its own browser.So patrik Naughton
and Janadhan paine in 1995,Dec prepared "Hot Java" browser using Java programming
language.

Sun MicroSystems got very good reputation for this "Hot Java Browser". The key
concept for this browser is "Applets" so in January 23,1996--->JDK 1.0 version released.

Now Java 8.0 version is introduced in Mar 2014

Java Details:

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Home SUN Mc Systems.[ Oracle Corporation]

Author James Gosling.

Objective To prepare simple electronic consumer
goods.
Project Green
First Version JDK1.0 [1996,Jan]
Used version some org JDK5.0, some other JAVA6
Latest Version JAVA7,JAVA8
Type of Software open source software.
Strong Features Object-oriented, Platform Independent,
Robust, Portable, Dynamic, Secure..

Java Evolutions:

Version Code Name Enhancements

1.JDK1.0[Jan,23,1996] OAK Language Introduction

2.JDK1.1[Feb,19,1997] ----- Java Beans,Inner classes
RMI,JDBC,Reflection API
3.JDK1.2[Dec,8,1998] Playground Strictfp,Swing,CORBA,
Collection Framework
4.JDK1.3[May,8,2000] Kestrel Updations on RMI,JNDI
5.JDK1.4[Feb,6,2002] Merlin Regular Expression, NIO,
assert keyword,JAXP,...
6.JDK5.0[Sep,30,2004] Tiger Autoboxing, var-arg method,
static import,Annotations,..
7.JAVA SE6[Dec,11,2006] Mustang JDBC4.0,GUI updations,
Console class.
8.JAVA SE7[July,28,2011] Dolphin Strings in switch
'_' symbol in literals
try-with-resources
9.JAVA SE8 [Mar,18,2014] spider interface improvements
Lambda Expression
Date-Time API
Updations on Collections

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Differences between Java and Others[C and C++]

1.C and C++ are Static programming Languages But Java is a dynamic
programming language:

If any programming language allows memory allocation at compilation time then that
programming language is called as Static programming language.

Ex: C and C++

In C and C++,memory will be allocated for the primitive data Types at compilation time
only.

If any programming language allows memory allocation at runtime then that programming
language is called as Dynamic Programming language.

Ex: JAVA

In Java applications,memory will be allocated for the primitive dataTypes at runtime

only,because,in Java applications objects will be created at runtime.

2.C and C++ are required pre-processor but Java is not required pre-processor:

In case of C and C++,the complete predefined library in the form of header files.

Ex:stdio.h

conio.h

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math.h

If we want to include header files in C and C++ applications we have to use "#include<>"
statements.

Ex: #include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<math.h>

If we compile C and C++ application,pre-processor will recognize #include<> statements

and pre-processor will load the specified header files content to the memory at compilation
time, this type of loading is called as "Static loading".

In C and C++ applications,it is mandatory to use header files and #include<> statement so
that pre-processor is required in C and C++.

In case of Java,the complete predefined library is provided in the form of "packages".

Ex: java.util

java.io

java.net

In Java applications,if we want to include packages then we have to use "import"

statement,not #include<> statement.

Ex: import java.util.*;

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

when we compile java files compiler will recognize import statements, where compiler will
check whether the specified packages are available or not,if not, compiler will rise an error
like "package java.util does not exist".If the specified package is available in java predefined
library then compiler will not load package content to the memory, at runtime JVM will load
the required classes or interfaces of the specified package, this type of loading is called as
"Dynamic Loading".

In Java, include<> statements are not available, so that,Pre-Processor is not required in

Java.

Q)What are the differences between #include<> statement and "import"

statement?

1.#include<> statement is available in C. import statement is available in Java.

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2. #include<> statement can be used to import statements can be used to include

include the predefined library specified with the predefined library specified with
header files. packages.
3. #include<> statements will be recognized import statements will be recognized by the
and executed by the pre-processor. compiler.
4. #include<> statement will provide static import statement will provide dynamic
loading. loading.
5. If we want to include more than one If we want to include more that one class or
header file in C and C++ applications then interface of the same package then it is
we have to use sufficient
more than one #include<> statements. to use single import statement with '*'
Ex: #include<stdio.h> notation.
#include<conio.h> Ex:import java.util.*;
#include<math.h>

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Internal Mechanism of ‘C’ Compilation

3.C and C++ are platform Dependent but Java is platform independent:

If any programming language allows its applications to compile and to execute on the same
operating system then that programming language is called as "Platform Dependent
Programming Language".

Ex: C and C++

If we compile C program on windows operating system then compiler will generate .obj or
.exe file with the same windows operating system representations.If we want to execute C
program then we must require the same windows operating system,this nature of C
programming language is "Platform Dependent Programming Language".

Compilation of “C”

If any programming language allows its applications to compile on one operating system
and to execute on another operating system then that programming language is called as
"Platform InDependent Programming Language".

Ex: JAVA

If we compile Java program on windows operating system then compiler will generate .class
file, it is neutral every operating system, which contains bytecode,it is an intermediate code,
it is not directly executable code. If we want to execute neutral bytecode then we must
require converters to convert neutral bytecode to the local operating system
representations.

To perform the above conversions and to make Java as platform independent programming
language,Sun MicroSystems has provided a tool called as "JVM"[Java Virtual Machine].

NOTE:Java is a platform independent programming language due to the

availability of JVM.

NOTE:Java is a platform independent programming language but JVM is platform

dependent tool.

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Compilation of JAVA

4.Multiple inheritance is not possible in Java:

The process of getting variables and methods from one class to another class is called as
Inheritance.

The main objective of inheritance is to provide "Code Reuseability".

There are two types of inheritances at basic level of Object orientation.

1.Single Inheritance

2.Multiple Inheritance

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1.Single Inheritance:

The process of getting variables and methods from only one super class to one or more
no.of subclasses is called as Single Inheritance.

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2.Multiple Inheritance:

The process of getting variables and methods from more than one super class to one or
more no.of sub classes is called as Multiple Inheritance.

If we declare same variable with different data and same method with different
implementation at both the super classes in multiple inheritance and if access that variable
and that method in sub class then which super class variable will be accessed and which
super class method will be accessed is a confusion state.

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Java is a simple programming language,it should not allow confusion oriented feature,so
that multiple inheritance is not possible in Java

5.pointers are available in C and C++ but pointers are not possible in JAVA:

pointer is a variable, it able to store the starting address location of a dataStructurer,where

the dataStructurer may be a variable,an array or another pointer variable.

Pointers are not possible in JAVA, because

1.Pointer variables will be recognized and initialized at the time of compilation, pointer
variables must require static memory allocation but JAVA is following dynamic memory
allocation.

2.Pointer variables could be supported by static programming languages.

3.Pointer variables are suitable for platform dependent programming language but Java is
platform independent programming language.

4.pointer variables will reduce security for the application data but Java is more secure
programming language,it has to provide very good security for the application data.

5.Pointers will increase confusion to the developers but Java is a simple programming
language, it should not provide confusion to the developers.

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6.Destructors are required in C++ but Destructors are not required in JAVA:

In Object Oriented programming languages, it is convention to create objects at beginning

in order to store data and it is convention to destory object at the end of our application.

In Object Oriented Programming language,to create objects we will use "constructor" and to
destroy objects we will use destructors.

In case of C++,developers must take responsibility to create objects and to destroy object,
with this, developers must require both constructors and destructors.

In case of Java, Developers should take responsibility only to create object, not to destroy
objects will be destroyed automatically by an implicit tool called as "Garbage Collector".

Due to the availability of "Garbage Collector" in Java it is not required to use Destructors in
Java.

Due to the unavailability of "Garbage Collector" in C++,it is required to use Destructors in

C++

7.Operating overloading is not possible in Java:

Declaring one operator with multiple operations or functions is called as

OperatorOverloading.

Operator overloading is not possible in Java,because,

1.Operator overloading is a rarely used feature in the application development.

2.Operator overloading is able to increase confusion to the developers.

NOTE:Java has declared some few predefined operators like +,*...as overloaded operators
implicitly,but Java has not given any environment to do operator overloading explicitly at
developers level.

Ex: int a=10;

int b=20;

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int c=a+b;// + operator is used to perform arithmetic addition.

String str1="abc";

String str2="def";

String str3=str1+str2;//here + is used for String concantation.

8.C,C++ are following "call by value" and "call by reference" parameter

passing mechanism but Java is following only "call by value" parameter
passing mechanism.

In any programming language,if we pass primitive data as parameters to the methods then
the parameter passing mechanism will be call by value.

In any programming language,if we pass address location as parameter to the methods

then the parameter passing mechanism will be "call by reference".

In the case of C and C++,if we pass pointer variable as parameter to the methods then the
parameter passing mechanism will be "call be reference" because, pointer variable are able
to store address location directly.

In the case of Java,if we pass reference variables as parameter to the methods then the
parameter passing mechanism will be call by value only,because,in Java application
reference variables are able to store object reference variable value,which is not address
location.

9.In C and C++,2 bytes of memory is allocated for integer and 1 byte of
memory is allocated for characters but in Java 4 bytes of memory is allocated
for integers and 2 bytes of memory is allocated for character.

In general,in C and C++,memory allocation for the primitive dataTypes is not fixed,which is
variable depending on type of operating system which we used.

In case of Java,memory allocation for the primitive dataTypes is fixed irrespective of the
operating system which we used.In case of Java,4 bytes of memory is allocated for integers
and 2 bytes of memory is allocated for characters.

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Java Features:

To expose the nature of Java, Java has given the following features:

1.Simple

2.Object Oriented

3.platform Independent

4.Arch.Neutral

5.Portable

6.Robust

7.Secure

8.Dynamic

9.Distributed

10.Multi Threaded

11.Interpretive

12.HighPerformance

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1.Simple:

Java is a simple Programming language,

Java has eliminated all the confusion oriented features like multiple inheritance,operator
overloading,pointers...

Java applications will take less memory and less execution time.

Java is using all simplified syntaxes of C and C++.

2.Object-Oriented:

Java is Object-Oriented Programming language,because it able to store the data in the form
of objects.

3.platform Independent:

Java is platform independent programming language,because it able to allow its

applications to compile on one operating system and it will execute on another operating
system.

4.Arch.Neutral:

Java is Arch.Neutral Programming language because it able to allow its applications, to

compile one hardware arch.system and to execute on another hardware arch.system.

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5.Portable:

Java is portable programming language because it able to allow its applications on any
operating system and also to execute on any hardware system.

6.Robust:

If any programming languages is having very good at memory management system and
also exception handling features then that programming language is called as Robust
programming language.

Java is Robust programming language,because,

Java is having very good at memory management System that is

HeapMemory,StackArea,Method Area.. and also memory management system will take only
at runtime in Java.

java is having very good at exception handling mechanisms due to the availability of very
good predefined library to represent each and every exceptional features.

7.Secure:

Java is a very good secure programming language,because,

Java is having a separate component like "securityManager" as part of JVM to provide

implicity Security.

Java is having a separate middle ware service in the form of "JAAS"

[java Authentication and Authorization Service] to provide web Secuirty.

Java has provided implementation for all the network security algorithm to provide network
security.

8.Distributed:

If we design any Java application with out using client-server arch. then that

application is called as "standalone application".

If we design any Java application using client-server arch. then that

application is called as "Distributed application".

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9.Multi-Threaded:

Thread is a flow of execution to perform a particular task.

There are two types of thread Models:

1.Single Thread Model

2.Multi Thread Model.

Single Thread Model will allow only one thread at a time to perform tasks,it increase
execution time,it decrease application performance.

Multi Thread model is able to allow to create and execute more then one thread at a time,

it will reduce application execution time,it will improve application performance.

Java is a multi threaded programming language,it will provide very good environment to
design and execute more than one thread at a time.

11.Interpretive:

Java both compilative and inteprative programming language. because,

1)To check use provided syntax voilations we must require compilation for Java program.

2)To execute Java program,we must require an interpreter inside JVM.

12.HighPerformance:

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Java is a high performance programming language due to its rich set of features like
Robust,Dynamic,Secure,object oriented,platform Independent...

Java Programming Format:

To design java applications,we have to use the following Structure.

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Comment Section:

 As part of java applications development,it is convention to provide description about

our application before starting application implementation,here the description may
contain objective of implementation,Author details,Clients information,dead line
details,module details...
 In the above context,to descrobe the above information we have to use Comment
Sction,where we have to use Comments.

There are three types of comments in java:

1.Single Line Comment:

It will allow the description with in a single line.

Syntax:

//------description-------

2.Multi Line Comment:

It will allow the description in more than one line.

Syntax:

/*

----

---Description----

----

*/

3.Documentation Comment:

It will allow the description in more than one page.

Syntax:

/*

*---------------

--------

*-------

*/

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In general we will utilize documentation comment to prepare API documentation but it is not
suggestable or recommended.

NOTE:API documentation is a document,which contains the description about

classes declarations,constructors declarations,variables declarations,method
declarations....

To simply API documentation,JAVA has provided a predefined tool in the form "javadoc".

C:\abc\Employee.java

/* Programme for preparing JAVADOC*/

public class Employee{

public static final String eid;

public String ename;

public float esal;

public String eaddr;

public Employee(String eid,String ename,float esal,String eaddr){}

public void add(String eid,String ename,float esal,String eaddr){}

public void search(String eid){}

public void delete(String eid){}

c:\abc>javadoc Employee.java

In java applications,to describe metadata JDK5.0 version has provided a new feature called
as "Annotation".

Q)To describe metadata in java applications,already we are using comments then

what is the requirement to go for "Annotations"?

Ans:In java applications,if we provide metadata by using comments then that metadata will
be available upto .java file,it will not be available upto .class files and upto RUNTIME of our
application,because,LexicalAnalyzer will remove the provided commented metadata from
Java application as part of compliation.

As per the application requirement,if we want to bring the metadat upto .java file,upto
.class file and upto RUNTIME of our application then we have to use "Annotation".

Q)In Java applications to provide metadata at runtime we are able to use XML
documents but what is the requirement to go for annotations?

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Ans:To provide metadata upto runtime of our java applications if we use XML documents
then we are able to get following problems:

1)We must learn XML technology.

2)We have to check whether XML documents are located properly or not.

3)We have to check whether XML tags are formatted properly or not.

4)We have to check whether we are using right parsing mechanism or not to access the
data from XML documents.

To Overcome all the above problems we have to use a java alternative that is
"Annotations".

Example:

If we want to design any servlet by using XML document then we have to provide almost all
10 lines of code in XML file.

web.xml:

<web-app>

<servlet>

<servlet-name>ls</servlet-name>

<servlet-class>LoginServlet</servlet-class>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>

<servlet-name>ls</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

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LoginServlet.java

public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet{

--------

If we design any servlet by using annotations then it is sufficient to provide only one line of
java code[Annotation]

@webServlet("/login")

public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet{

--------------------

NOTE:In JAVA/J2EE applications,we can utilize annotations as an alternative for XML tech or
XML documents.

XML-Based Tech Annotation Based Tech

JDK 1.4 JDK 5.0 and above

JDBC 3.0 JDBC 4.0
Servlets2.5 Servlets3.x
Struts1.x Struts2.x
JSF1.x JSF2.x
Hibernate3.2.2 Hibernate3.2.5
Spring2.x Spring3.x
EJBs2.x EJBS3.x

2.Package Section:

 Package is a collection of related classes and interfaces as single unit.

In java,packages will provide the following advantages

1.Modularity

2.Abstraction

3.Security

4.Sharability

5.Re usability

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There are two types of packages in java:

1.Predefined packages

These packages are provided by java along with software.

Ex: java.io

java.util

java.awt

2.User-defined Package

 These packages are provided by the developers as per their

application requirements.
 To declare user defined packages in java program we have to use "Package section".

If we want to declare user defined packages in java programme then we have to use
the following Syntax.

package Package_Name;

where package declaration statement should be first statement

after comment section in java program.

Where package_Name must be unique,it should not be duplicated and it should not
be sharable.

To provide package names,Java has a given convention like to include our company
domain name in reverse.

Ex:

package com.durgasoft.icici.transaction;

com.durgasoft---->company domain name in reverse

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icici--------->client name/project name

transaction---->module name

Q)Is it possible to provide more than one package declaration statements

with in a single java file?

Ans:No,it is not possible to provide more than one package declaration statements
with in a single java file,because,always package declaration statement must be first
statement in java file

Ex:

abc.java

package p1;----valid

package p2;--->Invalid

package p3;--->Invalid

import Section:

 In general,we are able to design java applications by distributing all the classes and
interfaces over multiple no of packages.
 In the above context,if we want to use a particular package classes and interfaces in
the present java file,first,we have to make available that package provided classes
and interfaces to present java file.
 To make available a particular package provided classes and interfaces to the
present java file,we have to import the respective package to present java file

To import a particular package into present java file,we have to use the following
syntaxes.

import package_Name.*;

It will import all the classes and intefaces from the specified package.

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Ex:

import java.io.*;

import package_Name.Member_Name;

It will import only the specified class or interface from the specified package.

Ex:

import java.io.BufferedReader

Q)Is it mandatory to import packages to use classes and interfaces of a particular

package in present java file?

Ans:No,It is not mandatory to import packages in java file inorder to use the classes and
interfaces of a particular package,because it is possible to use classes by using their fully
qualified names without using "import" statements.

NOTE:Specifying classes along with their package names is called as Fully

qualified name.

Ex:java.io.BufferedReader,java.util.ArrayList

java program with import statement:

import java.io.*;

BufferedReader br=new BufferefReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

java program with out import statement:

java.io.BufferedReader br=new java.io.BufferedReader(new

java.io.InputStreamReader(System.in));

NOTE:In java files,we are able to provide at most one package declaration
statement but we are able to provide more than one import statement.

classes/interfaces section:

 In java applications,the main purpose of classes and interfaces is to represent all real
world entities like Persons,Animals,Students,Customers,Account....
 In java program,to write classes and interfaces we have to use classes/interfaces
section.
 In java files,we are not having any restrictions about the no classes and interfaces,it
is possible to provide any no of classes and interfaces with in a single java file but it
is suggestable to provide one class or one interface per java file.

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Note:In java,a single .java file may contains more than one class but a
single .class file contains only one class or one interface.

Main class Section:

The purpose main() method in java application is,

1.To manage application logic in java applications.

2.To define starting point and ending point for the application execution.

Note:In general,main() method starting point is the starting point of the

application execution and main() method ending point is the ending point of
the application execution.

 In java applications,we will provide main() method in a class called as "Main Class",it
is mandatory for each and every java application beacuse main() method is
mandatory to start application execution.

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