Introduction to Internet of Things

Prof. Sudip Misra

Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Lecture - 22
Introduction to Arduino- I

So, in this lecture we are going to get some hands on of ardunio programming, so this
lecture and the next one as well. So, two lectures are completely devoted to ardunio
programming. So, in the first lecture, you are going to get some of the ideas about the
basics of arduino and in the second one some of the examples about how the
programming can be done with ardunio. So, before we proceed further I would like to
remind you a few things that ardunio is very much popular. At present it is used in for
different implementations of IoT throughout the world arduino devices are very much
cheap, they are low resource consuming and that is why they are very much popular for
use in implementation of internet of things.

So, in the first module, we have seen different things we have understood the concepts of
internet of things, basic concepts the overall philosophy of internet of things. We have
also seen that there are different types of sensors, different types of sensing possible,
different types of actuators that principles behind different types of sensing, different
types of actuation. We have seen that there are different types of networks that are
possible for use for adoption for use in IoT, different types of communication devices
standards can also be used for communicating in internet of things.

So, having understood those how can we use these concepts for building a real internet
of things may be in a smart phone scenario at home to improve some of the you know
daily tasks that we do at home. Or in a smart homes smart cities scenario like in a smart
hospital smart you know smart transportation connected vehicles and so on. So, of are all
these we need to take help of different IoT devices. And one of the very popular once is
arduino. So, arduino if you have to use for the building of internet of things, you have to
by this which are very cheap and then you have to program these and this is what I am
going to teach you in this particular course.

So, with me actually I have Mr. Anandroop Mukharjee who is going take over and Mr.
Mukharjee is going to take you through the hands on of arduino programming through
the from the starting from the basics to the little bit moderately advance concepts of
arduino programming.

(Refer Slide Time: 03:33)

So, I would like to show you first how a arduino device looks like. So, this is the arduino
UNO. So, arduino UNO arduino has different variants they all have different you know
differences in specifications and so on. So, this is the arduino UNO. And this is this
device that has to be program, this has to be programmed. As you can see over here this
is very small in size and it can be very much integrated with this internet of things you
know when you are trying to implement internet of things it can be implemented on top.
So, this device actually you know the difference sensors that you have you know learnt
in this particular course.

So, these different sensors can be fitted to this device, the different actuators can be fitted
to this device, and this sensors the different sensors and the different actuators in after
fitting the data that is received from the sensors. These can be sent through the
communication unit in this which Anandroop is going to talk about, and how this data
can be disseminated and can be sent for further analytics further storage and so on.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:08)

Hello, I am Anandhroop Mukharjee. I am the TF for this course. I will be taking you
through the basic features of arduino in this lecture. So, to start off with as you already
have heard arduino has become very popular nowadays. So, first of all the main reasons
is it is an open source programmable board with a built in microcontroller and the
software IDE. And this software IDE will help you change the behavior of the
microcontroller according to your needs. So, it accepts analog as well as digital signals
which can be given as inputs and it will give outputs which are mainly digital. So, no
extra hardware is required to load a program into the controller board. So, for the people
who have work with 8051 series microcontrollers 8085 microprocessors, they must have
remembered that you needed an extra programmer to actually program the processor
board and they are well lots of interfacing ICs and all those things are not required with
the arduino base systems.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:02)

So, to start off with there are few basic variations of the arduino boards they have there
are ATMEGA328 base microcontroller, they have ATMEGA32u4 four series
microcontrollers, they have ATMEGA2560 series microcontrollers and then there are
ATMEGA91SAM3X8E series microcontrollers. So, these are some of the core
microcontrollers as you can see if you focus on this IC this arduino board, so we are
using a UNO board to give a demonstration. So, this is the IC chip. and basically all the
other once are either the voltage converters or interfacing ICs which are required for the
input output functions with this ATMEGA series chip.

(Refer Slide Time: 06:57)

So, basic features of arduino UNO they operate at a voltage of five volt with the clock
speed of 16 megahertz, and they have 14 normally arduino UNO has 14 digital input
output pins, 6 analog input pins, 6 PWM pins, 1 UART that is universal asynchronous
receiver and transmitter. And the interface is mainly via USB of ATMEGA16u2.

(Refer Slide Time: 07:26)

So, the board details are as you can see from this figure you have a USB connector to
which you connector ATMEGA board to your PC it. The best thing about this is the
interfacing is very easy you can connect your system arduino baseboard to a either a
window base pc or a macintosh or (Refer Time: 07:51) or Linux base system. So, this is
the USB connector then you have the power connector to power on the device in
standalone mode; otherwise if you connected to a pc address power from the pc itself.
And this is the analog reference pin you have 14 digital pins which can be used as input
and output. As you can see starting from 0 to 13, these are the fourteen input output pins.
And over here you have 6 analog pins A 0 to A 5 which can receive analog inputs and
these are some of the power connectors you have 5 volt, 3.3 volt and ground connection
and so on. So, these are just some of the basic components of the arduino.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:36)

Now, the arduino IDE is basically an open source software, the arduino system itself is
an open source system, the hardware’s specifications are available you can in fact, if you
have fabrication facilities you can actually fabricate your own arduino device. So, this
arduino IDE is an open source software that is used to program the arduino board. So, it
is based on the variations of C and C plus plus programming languages and it can be
freely downloaded from the arduinos official website.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:10)

So, the basic set up is the power from the board is derive as you can see the power from
the board is derive from the PC using the USB. So, if you are initially for testing
purposes you will be connecting it to the PC to upload your program and when you are
running at in standalone mode when your program has been uploaded on this board you
can run it from this power supply input. You plug in a DC adapter of 5 volts and it is
going to work fine Then next will launch the IDE then select the board type.

So, let me show you, so over here IMI arduino IDE. As you can see so you have from
basic functionalities; this is the code verification button; this is code upload button. Then
you have the file menu you can create a new sketch a sketch is actually the program you
write for an arduino then you can open an existing program open recent programs and so
on. You even have examples basic examples provided with the IDE which can work with
various arduino base board.

Now moving on to this sketch the most important part is this tool. Whenever you connect
arduino board, so I have connected my arduino board to my PC. Now, from this tool
these are the available boards you can see since I am using an arduino UNO it has been
automatically selected, but in case it is not automatically selected you can choose the
appropriate board arduino UNO. Now, for my MAC the port is already this USB modem
1421 you can see arduino UNO has already in selected. So, now, you are all set. One
more important thing is over here you can see this button this is the serial monitor this is
one of the good features are arduino that while executing serial programs, you do not
need to have an external consoler that kind of software, you can just use the inbuilt serial
monitor to view the program.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:55)

So, now the once the board and the ports have been appropriately selected as I have told
you select the board then the corresponding port in your PC. For windows base systems
it will be more or less direct it will show you a com base port it may be cam 4, 10, 15
anything you choose it appropriately.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:12)

Then I have already shown you this. So, your arduino sketch as you remember the
program which is written in to the arduino for written for the ardunio is called a sketch.
So, it consists mainly of two parts one is the setup and one is called the loop. Setup is
analogs to for normal mean C, C plus plus based program the main function you use it is
analogs us to the setup function in arduino. And as the name suggest the loop function it
is used for iteratively looping over instances.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:54)

So, more or less common from file you click on new it will open a new file and you can
tryout various examples and sketches.

(Refer Slide Time: 13:06)

So, have also covered this one, this is the verify button. So, the main feature is prior to
uploading your code if you have syntax errors or any such logical errors it will be caught
during verification, it will say your compilation as field. Once you pass this verification
check you can upload your code.

(Refer Slide Time: 13:37)

Now, this we talked about this is the serial monitor whatever data is transmitted through
the serial port is printed on the serial monitor.

(Refer Slide Time: 13:43)

So, sketch structure as I have told you it consists of two parts a setup part and the loop
part. The function setup is the point where the arduino compiler actually starts the code.
So, it is just like analog as to the main function in C and C plus plus and various input
output variables pin modes whether you need to as you remember you have 14 digital
input output pins. So, you have to explicitly tell your system whether you want to use the
pin in a read mode or the input mode or the output mode then the loop function is used
for iteration.

So, in this example code you can see you just use a serial port the inbuilt serial port. So,
we just write serial dot begin 9600 and 9600 is the baud rate. So, you can have various
baud rates will come to that will cover that in the consecutive lectures you can have
various baud rates for different systems, but 9600 is more or less the commonly use baud
rate for most of the systems and within void loop you want to iteratively loop this hello
arduino. So, this serial dot println that is if you write serial dot print it just prints the
hello arduino string otherwise if you write println ln is actually new line. So, it will print
hello arduino in the new line.

So, prior to this we will look at the sample code. So, as you can see in this hello arduino
code within the word setup we have written serial dot begin 9600 and within void loop
we have just written serial dot println hello arduino. Now, prior to doing anything we
verify the code as you can see it is compiling the sketch. If your code compilation is
correct, so its correct just shows how much memory it is using in those. If you are in
error, suppose I delete this semicolon. Now, again I verify the sketch, it will give an
error. So, this is the good practice prior to uploading blindly, you just verify your code.
Now, the code verification is successful, the ports have already been chosen, I upload my
code. So, it is now compiling the sketch and it is uploading at to the arduino board.

Now, the code has been uploaded to the arduino board since the function of this program
is to print hello arduino on the serial port iteratively will open the serial monitor. As you
can see, it is printing hello arduino right. So, it is actually quite fast. We can actually
modify it will put up function call delay let us say delay of 1 second. So, this thousand
days actually the delay in milliseconds will put of a delay of 1 second. The code has been
verified we upload data again. Now, again we open the serial monitor. Now, you can see
now the delay has been in case. So, it prints after 1 second. So, I hope this was easy.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:17)

Now, let us move on to the next menu. So, like other programs arduino also supports
various data types you have void, int, Boolean, byte, word, float, array, string-object,
long. char, unsigned, char, it is somewhat similar to your normal c programs. So, arduino
has lots and lots of libraries since it is an open source flat form collaboratively people
also people and companies and organizations they upload their own arduino libraries

(Refer Slide Time: 18:37)

So, for most of the functions will obviously, get easy access to various libraries. So, as
you already know the pins can be configured to act as input or output depending on your
requirement. So, to do this, this function pin mode is used. So, you can see this syntax is
pin mode, pin comma mode.

(Refer Slide Time: 19:23)

So, this pin is the number, the pin number actual pin number on the arduino board as you
can if you focus on this board, you will see various pin numbers are written over here 1,
2, 3 since these are the digital pins it is also written digital. So, in the pin mode against
the pin you just write the number of the pin. So, it is that simple and the mode use a
straight input or output if you want the pins to work in input mode like you are
connecting various sensors to it which you will acquire sensor a inputs you put the pin in
input mode. And if you want to actuate something maybe a light or LED or a motor, you
put the pin in output mode.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:04)

So, various arduino function libraries you have digital write, so which writes high or low
values to a digital pin. Whenever since you have to remember this thing mainly works on
a binary logic you either have a high voltage or a low voltage corresponding to 1 or 0.
So, your digital write it either writes a high or low value to the pin then analog read
function, it reads an analog function analog input from the analog pins, you have six
analog pins. Then character function you have various character functions to check
whether it is a character or a digit. So, you can see the various functions isdigit, isalpha,
isalphanumeric, isxdigit, islower and various of the functions you can use to check
whether the input is the character or a number or a alpha numeric combination and so on.
So, this next one you have already covered this delay function. So, you will find it is one
of the most versatile and commonly use functions in arduino. So, input is taken in
milliseconds as you recall we put 1000 for the delay. So, 1000 milliseconds converts to 1
second.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:19)

So, next one is will use a arduino and the normal bread board to switch on and off a
LED.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:34)

Now, we have got a LED. We have got a arduino board as you remember these are just
basics of electronics. So, for a LED the longer terminal is the positive one, whereas the
shorter is the ground. So, we connect the longer terminal to one port, other to the ground.
Across this LED we connect 220 ohm resistance in series prior to taking input from the
arduino board. So, this is LED blink.
So, if you concentrate on the setup part within the setup you see the pin mode selected is
12 and it has been selected has output. Basically translates to pin 12 built act as output.
So, we will connect the LED to pin 12. Whereas, in the void loop you can see this digital
write if you recall digital write either writes high or low values to a particular pin. So,
digital write 12 5 means you are writing high value to the digital pin to pin 12 and you
gave a delay of for 1 second then again you put the pin 12 to low then again a delay. So,
this will calls the LED to blink on and off with 1 second delay each.

Now if you come back to the processer board, so we have connected the LED and the
resister on the bread board from one side of the bread board we connect a jumper cable
to pin 12 one the arduino and for the other since this side was the negative side or the
ground we connected to a ground. So, we simply connect this to ground pin. So, again
refreshing we have just created the simple circuit. We verify our board is arduino UNO,
the port is already selected, we verify our code. Now, the code has been verified we
upload our code. Just as soon as the code is uploaded, you will see the LED starts
blinking with a delay of 1 second right.

Now for easier checks, you can always use pin 13, pin 13 is by default for arduino UNO
at least is connected to the inbuilt LED. So, I mainly check validity of a code based on
pin 13, you would not require external interfaces then. So, if you focus on the arduino
board this small LED over here, this is the inbuilt LED or the indicator. Now, uploaded
my code, the same function you saw on the external LED is being applied on this code, I
will just change the pin number from 12 to 13.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:21)

(Refer Slide Time: 25:28)

So, we have covered these things, we have connected pin 12 and the other side to the
ground. We uploaded the load the code and uploaded it.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:31)

So, this was it. So, in the next part, we will go into more details of arduino programming.

For now thank you.