A

MI
NORPROJECTREPORT

ON

“
HOMEAUTOMATI
ONUSI
NGTVREMOTE”

SUBMI
TTEDTO

RAJI
VGANDHIPROUDYOGI
KIVI
SHWAVI
DYALAYABHOPAL(
M.P)

(
UNI
VERSI
TYOFTECHNOLOGYOFMADHYAPRADESH)

I
NPARTI
ALFULFI
LLMENTOFTHEREQUI
REMENTFORTHEAWARDOFTHEDEGREEOF

BACHELOROFENGI
NEERI
NG

I
N

ELECTRONI
CSANDCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

SUBMI
TTEDBY

ANSHUKUMARSI
NGH(
0902EC163D02)

MADHUKUMARI(
0902EC163D05)

VI
SHALSI
NGHCHAUHAN(
0902EC151114)

SHI
VMOHAN(
0902EC151098)

UNDERTHEGUI
DANCEOF

PROF.D.
KRAGHAV

DEPARTMENTOFELECTRONI
CSANDCOMMUNI
CATI
ONENGI
NEERI
NG

RUSTAMJII
NSTI
TUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,
TEKANPUR,
GWALI
OR,
M.P
 CERTI
FICATE0FCOMPLETI
ON

Thisi
st ocerti
fythatthepr
ojectenti
tl
edas“HOMEAUTOMATI ONUSING
TVREMOTE”hasbeencompl et
edsuccessful
lyundermyguidanceand
superv
ision.Ther epor
tembodiestheresul
tofthei
rworkandinvest
igat
ion.
Iti
sthereforerecommendedandf orwardedforsubmissi
on.

Submi
tt
edby
:- Gui
dedby
:-

AnshuKumarSi
ngh Mr
.D.
KRaghav

(0902EC163D02) dept
t.of
ece

Madhukumar
i

(
0902EC163D05)

Vi
shal
singhchauhan

(
0902EC151114)

Shi
vmohan

(
0902EC151098)
DR.ANJANAGOEN

HEADOFDEPARTMENT
 ELECTRONI
CSANDCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bef
orepr
esent
ingthepr
ojectreportweher
ebyplaceouracknowl
edgement
towar
dsthosewithoutthem t
heproj
ectwasnotpossibl
e.

Wear
edeepl
yindebt
edtowardsMr
.D.
KRaghavforgi
vi
ngust
he
oppor
tuni
tyt
oworkont
hispr
oject
.

Weexpr essourprofoundgrat
itudet oourprofessorforhisvaluabl
e
guidanceandencouragementandal soforhisgeneralco-operat
ion,expert
comment s,generoushospit
ali
tyandgui danceextendedt owardsus,whi ch
hasbeenagr eatsourceofinspi
rationtoust hr
oughoutt hecourseoft he
pr oject
.

Wewoul dal
sothankourpr i
ncipal,Mr.ArvindJainandourHeadof
depart
ment(El
ectroni
cs)Dr.AnjanaGoenf ortheuseofthecol
legeand
depart
mentalf
acil
i
tiesforourproject.Al
so,weext endawordoft hanksto
thedepart
mentsupportstaffandl abassist
ant sf
orthei
rhel
pwitht helab
equi pment.

Ev
eni
fweputal
louref
for
ttotheconci
se,t
hewordofacknowl
edgement
i
tsel
fwi
llr
equi
remorespacethanther
estoft
herepor
t.

Wet
hankal
lthosewhoareassociat
edwithusincomplet
ingthepr
oject
whichf
ormedthesteppingst
oneinthepr
oject.

ANSHUKUMARSI
NGH(
0902EC163D02)
MADHUKUMARI(
0902EC163D05)
VI
SHALSI
NGHCHAUHAN(
0902EC151114)
SHI
VMOHAN(
0902EC151098)
 CONTENTS
I
ntr
oduct
ion
Ci
rcui
tdi
agr
am
Componentl
i
st
Componentdescr
ipt
ion
Wor
king
Concl
usi
on
bi
bli
ogr
aphy
 I
NTRODUCTI
ON
HomeAutomat
ionusi
ngTVRemoteisasimpl
eproject
,wher
ean
oldTVRemotei
susedtocont
rol
dif
fer
entappl
i
ances.

HomeAut omationisaconceptwhereasi ngledeviceisusedto

controlmany aspects ofa home l i
ke swi t
ching on and off
dif
ferentappl
iances,moni
tori
ngtemperature,fi
realar
ms,garage
doorset c.I
nt hisproj
ect
,ar emotecont r
olisusedt ocontrol
(si
mpl y ON and OFF) sev eralappl
iances or dev i
ces,thus
achievi
ngasimpl ehomeautomationsy
stem.

Remot e contr
ols ar
e one ofthe commonl yfound devi
ces i
n
almostallhomes.Theyhelpusoper at
inganappl
iancel
ikeTV,Air
Conditi
oning,VCR,etc.Themainf eatur
eofar emotecontrolis
thatiti
sspeci f
ictoadev i
ce.Forexampl e,aTVremotecontrol
unitcanonlybeusedf ort
hatcor
respondingTV.

Butinthi
spr oj
ect
,wehav edesignedanCD4017basedHome
Automati
onusingTVRemot e,whereasi
ngler
emoteisusedt
o
contr
oldif
fer
entdevi
ces(
possibl
etocont
rol
moredevi
ces)
.
CI
RCUI
TDI
AGRAM
 COMPONENTLI
ST
STEPDOWNTRANSFORMER(
1)
I
C CD4017(
1)
I
RXTSOP1738(
1)
 TRANSI
STORBC548(
1)
TRANSI
STORBC558(
1)
RELAY(
1)
I
N4001DI
ODE(
5)
LED(
RED,
GREEN)
CAPACI
TOR(
0.1,
100MF)
RESI
STORS(
5)
BULBLED(
1)
HOLDER(
1)
CONNECTOR(
1)
 COMPONENTDESCRI
PTI
ON
TRANSFORMER
Transf or
mer sareabl et owor kint woregimes, asv ol
tagestep- upand
voltagest ep-downt ransformer .Thestep-downt r
ansfor merconv ertsthe
highv olt
age( HV)andl owcur r
entf r
om theprimar ysi detothel owv ol
t age
(LV)andhi ghcur rentv alueont hesecondar ysi de.Thi str
ansfor mertype
hasawi deappl i
cationi nelectronicdevicesandel ectr i
calsystems.Wheni t
comest ot heoper ationv oltage,thestep-uptransf ormerappl i
cat i
oncanbe
roughl ydividedint wogr oups:LV( volt
agesupt o1kV)andHVappl i
cat i
on
(voltagesabov e1kV) .Thef ir
stLVappl icati
onr eferst othetransformer sin
electronicdev ices.Suppl yingtheel ect
roniccircuit
sr equiresal owv ol
tage
value( e.
g.5V, evenlowerv aluesnowaday s)
.

CD4017

TheCD4017ist
heoneofthemostpopul
arDecadeCount
er(
Div
idedby10
Count
er)
.Iti
sa5StageDi
videby10JohnsonCount
erwit
h10Decoded
output
s.Ithasawi desuppl yvol
tagerangef r
om 3Vto15Vandi s
compatibl
ewi t
hTTL.I thasamedi um speedofoper
ati
on,ty
picall
y5Mhz.
It
sappli
cat i
onsincludesindustr
ialel
ectroni
cs,r
emotemeteri
ng,
automotive,medicalelect
roni
cs,inst
rumentati
onandalar
m systems

PI
NFUNCTI
ONS

Vcc
Iti
sthesupplyvolt
ageter
minaloft
heI
C.Bei
ngaCMOSI
Cithasawi
de
suppl
yvol
tagerangefr
om 3Vto15V.

Vss
Itisthe gr
ound pi
n orcommon pi
n oft
he I
C CD4017.Itshoul
d be
connect
edtothenegat
ivet
ermi
nal
oft
heDCPowersuppl
yorbat
ter
y.

Q0–Q9
Thesearethe10decodedoutput
softheCD 4017I
C.Oneoft
he10
decodedout
put
smaybehighatati
me.

Cl
ock
Itisthecl
ockpinofthecount
er.Q0goeshi
ghduri
ngtheri
seoft
hefir
st
clockcycl
e.Q0goeslow andQ1goeshighdur
ingther
iseoft
hesecond
clockcycl
e,andsoon.
.

Cl
ockEnabl
e
Thisi
stheact
ivelow enabl
epinforcl
ocki
nput
.Ift
hisi
nputi
shi
ght
he
count
erwi
ll
notcountcl
ockcycl
es.

Car
ryOut
Thi
spi
nisusedtoi
ndicat
ethatthecountexceeds10.Thispi
ngoeslow
whent
heout
putQ5goeshighandgoeshighwhentheoutputQ0goeshi
gh.

Reset
Thi
sisther
esetpi
noft
heI
C.Whent
hispi
ngoeshi
gh,t
heout
putpi
nQ0
wil
lgohi
gh.

I
RXTSOP1738
TSOP17XXi sacommonl yusedI Rreceiv
erforInfraredPCM r emotecontr
ol
systems.Iti s used in TVs,DVD Pl ayers,Bur glarAl arms etc.This
componenti sbuil
twithPINDi ode,Preamplifi
erandi nt
ernalfi
lt
erforPCM
(PulseCodeModul at
ion)fr equencyandi tsepoxypackagei sdesi
gnedas
anI Rfil
ter
.Thesear eav ailablewithdi f
fer
entcar r
ierfrequenci
esoutof
whichTSOP1738i sv erycommonwhosecar r
ierfrequencyi s38KHz .The
output of TSOP17XX r eceivers can be di r
ectly connected to a
microcontr
oll
erormicroprocessorf orfurt
herpr ocessing

TheTSOP1738i samemberofI Rremotecontrolrecei

verseri
es.Thi
sIR
sensormoduleconsistsofaPI N di
odeandapr eampl i
fi
erwhichare
embeddedintoasinglepackage.TheoutputofTSOPi sacti
velow andit
giv
es+5V in offstate.When IR waves,from asour ce,with acentr
e
fr
equencyof38kHzincidentonit
,it
soutputgoeslow..

TRANSI
STOR
BC548

BC548isgeneralpurposesi
li
con,NPN,bi
polarjunct
iontransi
stor
.Iti
sused
foramplif
icat
ion and swit
ching pur
poses.The cur r
entgai n mayvary
between110and800.Themaxi mum DCcurrentgai
nis800.
I
ts equivalenttransi
stor
s are 2N3904 and 2SC1815.These equiv
alent
tr
ansistor
s howev erhav e di
ff
erentlead assi
gnments.The vari
ants of
BC548ar e548A,548Band548Cwhi chvaryinrangeofcur
rentgainand
othercharacter
isti
cs.

Thet ransistorterminalsr equireaf i

xedDCv oltaget ooperateinthedesir
ed
region ofi t
schar act er
isticcur ves.Thisisknown ast he biasi
ng.For
ampl if
icationapplications,thet ransi
storisbiasedsucht hatitispart
lyon
foralli nputconditions.Thei nputsignalatbasei sampl ifi
edandt akenat
theemi tt
er.BC548i susedi ncommonemi tterconf i
gurat
ionf orampli
fi
ers.
Thev oltagediv i
deri st hecommonl yusedbi asi
ngmode.Forswi tchi
ng
applicat i
ons,tr
ansi storisbi asedsot hatitremai nsfull
yoni fther
ei sa
signal atitsbase.Int heabsenceofbasesi gnal, i
tgetscompl etel
yoff.

BC558

BC558isagener alpurposePNPtransistor
.Itisusedinswitchi
ng
andamplif
ierappl
i
cati
ons.TheDCcurrentgainv ar
iesi
nrange110to
800.I
tisal
sousedasacompl ementfortransi
storsBC546toBC550.

Thet
ransi
stort
ermi
nal
srequi
reaf
ixedDCv
olt
aget
ooper
atei
nthe
 desir
ed regionofi t
schar act eri
sti
ccur ves.Thi sisknownast he
biasi
ng.Forampl i
fi
cati
onappl icat
ions,thetransist
orisbi asedsuch
thati
tispar tl
yonf oralli
nputcondi ti
ons.Thei nputsignalatbaseis
amplif
iedandt akenatt heemi tt
er.BC558i susedi ncommonemi tt
er
confi
gurationforampl ifi
ers.Thev ol
tagedi vi
deri st hecommonl y
usedbiasingmode.Forswi tchingappl i
cati
ons,transi
storisbiasedso
thati
tremai nsf ul
l
yoni ftherei sasi gnalatitsbase.Int heabsence
ofbasesignal,itgetscompl etelyoff.

RELAY

Relayisanel ectr
omagneticdev i
cewhi chi susedt oi solatetwoci rcuit
s
el
ect r
ical
lyandconnectt hem magnet ically.Theyar ev eryusef uldev i
ces
andal low oneci rcui
ttoswi tchanotheronewhi let heyar ecompl etel
y
separate.Theyar eoftenusedt oint
erf
aceanel ectroni
cci rcuit(
wor kingat
alowv ol
tage)t oanelect
ri
calcircui
twhi chwor ksatv er yhighvoltage.For
exampl e,ar elaycanmakea5VDCbat t
erycircui
tt oswi t
cha230VAC
mai nscircui
t.Thusasmal lsensorcir
cuitcandr ive,
say ,af anoranel ectri
c
bulb.

Arel
ayswi tchcanbedi v i
dedi ntot wopar t
s:inputandoutput.Thei nput
sect
ionhasacoi lwhi
chgener atesmagnet i
cf i
eldwhenasmal lvoltage
fr
om an el ectroni
c ci
rcuiti s appli
ed toi t
.Thi svolt
age is cal
l
ed t he
oper
ating v olt
age.Commonl y used relays are avai
labl
ei n dif
ferent
conf
igurat
ionofoper ati
ngv ol
tagesl i
ke6V,9V,12V,24Vet c.Theout put
sect
ionconsi stsofcontactorswhi chconnectordisconnectmechanically
.
Inabasi cr
elayther
ear ethreecontact
or s:nor mal l
yopen( NO),normall
y
closed( NC)andcommon( COM) .Atnoinputst ate,theCOM i sconnected
toNC.Whent heoperati
ngvoltagei
sappl iedt her elaycoilgetsenergi
zed
andt heCOM changescont actt oNO.Di ff er
entr elayconf i
gurat
ionsare
availablel i
ke SPST,SPDT, DPDTet c,whi ch hav e diff
erentnumberof
changeov ercontact
s.Byusi ng pr
opercombi nation ofcont act
ors,the
electricalcir
cuitcan be switched on and of f.Geti nnerdet ai
l
s about
structureofar el
ayswi t
ch.

DI
ODE
I
N4001
Adi odei
sadev icewhichall
owscurrentfl
ow t
hroughonl
yonedirect
ion.
Thati st
hecurrentshoul
dalway sf
low fr
om theAnodetocathode.The
cathodeter
minalcanbei denti
fi
edbyusingagr eybarasshowni nt he
pict
ureabove.

For1N4001 Diode,t he maxi

mum cur rentcar r
ying capaci
tyis 1A it
wit
hstandpeaksupt o30A.Hencewecanuset hisincircui
tst
hatar e
desi
gnedforlessthan1A.Ther ev
ersecurrenti
s5uAwhi chisnegl
igi
ble.I
t
canwithst
andreversevol
tagepeakupto50V.

LED
LI
GHTEMI
TTI
NGDI
ODE
The“LightEmitt
ingDi ode”orLEDasitismor ecommonlycal
led,i
s
basi
callyj
ustaspeci ali
zedtypeofdi
odeast heyhavev
erysimilar
el
ectri
calchar
acteristi
cstoaPNj unct
iondiode.Thi
smeanst hatan
LEDwi l
lpasscurrentinitsforwar
ddir
ecti
onbutblockthefl
owof
curr
entinthereversedirect
ion.
Li
ghtemitti
ngdiodesaremadef rom aver
yt hi
nlayeroff
airl
yheavi
ly
dopedsemiconductormateri
alanddependingont hesemiconduct
or
mater
ialusedandt heamountofdoping,whenf or
wardbiasedanLED
wil
lemitacolouredli
ghtataparti
cul
arspectralwavel
ength.
Whent hediodeisfor wardbiased, el
ectronsfrom the
semiconductorsconduct i
onbandr ecombi newithholesfrom the
val
encebandr eleasingsuf f
ici
entener gytoproducephot onswhi ch
emitamonochr omat i
c(singlecolour)oflight
.Becauseoft hi
st hin
l
ayerar easonablenumberoft hesephot onscanl eavethejunction
andradiateawaypr oducingacol ouredlightoutput.
Thenwecansaythatwhenoperat
edinafor
wardbiased
di
rect
ionLi
ghtEmit
ti
ngDiodesaresemi
conduct
ordevicest
hat
conv
ertel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gyi
ntol
i
ghtener
gy.
Theconst r
uctionofaLightEmit
ti
ngDiodeisverydif
ferentfrom t
hat
ofanor mal si
gnaldi
ode.ThePNj unct
ionofanLEDissur roundedby
atransparent,har
dplasti
cepoxyresi
nhemispheri
calshapedshellor
bodywhi chprotect
stheLEDf r
om bothvibr
ati
onandshock.
Surprisi
ngly,anLEDjunctiondoesnotact uall
yemitthatmuchl i
ght
sotheepoxyr esi
nbodyisconst ruct
edinsuchawayt hatthephotons
ofli
ghtemi ttedbythejunctionareref
lect
edawayf rom the
surroundingsubstrat
ebaset owhichthediodeisatt
achedandar e
focusedupwar dst
hrought hedomedt opoft heLED,whichitsel
facts
l
ikeal ensconcentrati
ngt heamountofl i
ght.Thi
siswhyt heemi t
ted
l
ightappear stobebrightestatthetopoft heLED.
Howev er,notallLEDsaremadewi thahemispheri
calshapeddome
fortheirepoxyshel l
.Someindi
cationLEDshav earectangul
aror
cyli
ndricalshapedconstruct
ionthathasaflatsurf
aceont oport
hei
r
bodyisshapedi ntoabarorarrow.General
l
y ,
allLED’
sar e
manuf acturedwi t
htwolegsprotrudingf
rom thebott
om ofthebody
.
Also,nearl
yallmodernli
ghtemit
tingdiodeshav et
heircat
hode,(–)
terminali
denti
fi
edbyeitheranot
chorf latspotonthebodyorbythe
cathodeleadbeingshortert
hantheotherast heanode(+)leadis
l
ongert hanthecathode(k).
Unli
kenor mal incandescentl
ampsandbul bswhichgener atelar
ge
amount sofheatwheni ll
uminated,thelightemitt
ingdiodepr oduces
a“cold”gener ati
onofl i
ghtwhichleadst ohigheffici
enciesthanthe
normal “
lightbulb”becausemostoft hegener at
edener gyradiat
es
awaywi thinthev isi
blespect
rum.BecauseLEDsar esolid-
state
devi
ces, theycanbeext r
emelysmal landdur abl
eandpr ov i
demuch
l
ongerlampl i
fet hannormalli
ghtsour ces.

Li
ghtEmi
tt
ingDi
odeCol
our
s

Sohowdoesal i
ghtemi t
tingdi odegetitscolour.Unlikenormal si
gnal
diodeswhichar emadef ordet ecti
onorpowerr ectifi
cati
on,andwhi ch
aremadef rom eitherGermani um orSili
consemi conductor
mat er
ial
s,LightEmi t
ti
ngDi odesar emadef rom exot i
csemi conductor
compoundssuchasGal l
ium Ar senide(GaAs),Gal l
ium Phosphide
(GaP),Gall
ium ArsenidePhosphi de( GaAsP),Sil
iconCar bi
de( Si
C)or
 Gal
l
ium I
ndi
um Ni
tri
de(GaI
nN)all
mixedtoget
heratdi
ff
erentr
ati
os
t
oproduceadi
sti
nctwavel
engt
hofcolour
.
Diff
erentLEDcompoundsemi tli
ghtinspecifi
cregionsoft hev i
sibl
e
l
ightspectrum andt herefor
epr oducediff
erentint
ensitylevels.The
exactchoiceoft hesemi conductormat er
ialusedwi l
ldeterminet he
overal
l wavelengthofthephot onlightemissionsandt hereforethe
resul
tingcolourofthelightemi tt
ed

CAPACI
TOR
Electr
olyt
icCapacit
orsaregeneral
lyusedwhenv eryl ar
gecapaci t
ance
valuesarerequi
red.Hereinst
eadofusi ngaver
ythi nmet all
i
cf i
l
ml ayerf
or
oneoft heelect
rodes,asemi-l
i
quidelectr
oly
tesolutionintheform ofajel
ly
orpasteisusedwhi chservesasthesecondelectrode( usual
lythe
cathode).
Thedi el
ectri
cisav erythi
nl ayerofoxidewhichisgrownelect
ro-
chemi cal
l
y
i
npr oductionwiththethicknessoft hefil
m bei
nglessthantenmicrons.
Thi
si nsulati
nglayerissot hinthati
tispossibl
etomakecapaci t
orswitha
l
argev al
ueofcapaci tancef orasmal lphysi
calsi
zeasthedist
ance
betweent heplates,disverysmal l.

Electrol
yti
cCapacitor
Themajorit
yofelectrol
yti
ct ypesofcapaci t
orsarePolar
ised,
thatistheDC
volt
ageappli
edtot hecapacit orter
mi nal
smustbeoft hecorr
ectpolarit
y,
i
.e.posi
ti
vetotheposi t
ivetermi nalandnegativet
othenegati
v eter
mi nalas
anincor
rectpol
arisati
onwi llbreakdownt heinsul
ati
ngoxidelayerand
permanentdamagemayr esult.
Allpol
ari
sedel
ectr
oly
ticcapaci
tor
shavethei
rpolar
itycl
earl
ymarkedwit
ha
negati
vesignt
oindi
catethenegati
vet
erminalandthispol
ari
tymustbe
fol
lowed.
Elect
rolyticCapaci torsaregener al
l
yusedi nDCpowersuppl ycircuitsdue
totheirlargecapaci tance’sandsmal lsi
zetohelpreducether i
pplev ol
tage
orforcoupl inganddecoupl i
ngappl i
cat i
ons.Onemai ndisadv antageof
elect
rolyticcapaci t
orsi stheirElectr
ol yt
icCapacit
orsaregener allyused
whenv erylargecapaci tancev aluesar erequi
red.Herei
nst eadofusi nga
verythinmet all
i
cf i
lml ayerforoneoft heelectr
odes,asemi -li
quid
elect
rolytesol uti
oni nthef orm ofaj ell
yorpasteisusedwhi chser vesas
thesecondel ectrode( usuall
yt hecat hode).
Thedi el
ectri
cisav erythi
nl ayerofoxidewhichisgrownelect
ro-
chemi cal
l
y
i
npr oductionwiththethicknessoft hefil
m bei
nglessthantenmicrons.
Thi
si nsulati
nglayerissot hinthati
tispossibl
etomakecapaci t
orswitha
l
argev al
ueofcapaci tancef orasmal lphysi
calsi
zeasthedist
ance
betweent heplates,disverysmal l.

RESI
STOR
Ther esistorisapassiveel ect
ricalcomponentt ocreateresist
anceinthe
fl
owofel ect r
iccurr
ent.Inalmostal lel
ectri
cal networksandel ect
roni
c
cir
cuitst heycanbef ound.Ther esist
anceismeasur edinohms.Anohm i s
theresist ancethatoccurswhenacur r
entofoneamper epassest hr
ougha
resi
storwi thaonev ol
tdr opacr ossit
st er
mi nals.Thecurrentis
proporti
onal tothevol
tageacr osst heterminal ends.Thi
sr ati
ois
represent edbyOhm’ slaw:

Resist
orsareusedf ormanypurposes.Af ewexampl esi ncl
udedel i
mi t
el
ectri
ccurrent,voltagedi
vi
sion,heatgener at
ion,
mat chingandl oadi ng
ci
rcuit
s,contr
ol gain,andfi
xtimeconst ants.Theyarecommer cially
avai
lablewit
hr esistancev
aluesov erarangeofmor et hannineor dersof
magnitude.Theycanbeusedt oasel ectri
cbrakestodi ssi
pateki netic
energyfrom t
rains,orbesmal l
erthanasquar emil
li
met erforelect r
onics.

BULB
ALEDl amporLEDl ightbul bisanel ect r
iclightf orusei nlightf i
xturest hat
producesl i
ghtusingl i
ght-emi tti
ngdi ode( LED) .LEDl ampshav eal ifespan
upt o25t i
mesl ongert hani ncandescentl amps, andar esigni fi
cantly
mor eef f
icientthanmostf luorescentl amps, withsomeLEDchi psabl et o
emi tupt o303l umensperwat t(ascl aimedbyCr eeandsomeot herLED
manuf act urer
s).Howev er
, LEDl ampsr equireanel ectronicLED
dri
v erci rcuitwhenoper at
edf r
om mai nspowerl ines, andlossesf rom t hi
s
cir
cui tmeant heef fi
ciencyoft helampi slowert hant heef f
iciencyoft he
LEDchi psi tuses.Themostef fi
cientcommer ciall
yLEDl ampshav e
effi
cienci esof200l umensperwat t(lm/ w) .Commer cial
lyav ail
ableLED
chipshav eeffi
cienciesofov er220l m/ w.TheLEDl ampmar ketispr ojected
togr owbymor ethant welve-foldov ert henextdecade, fr
om $2bi lli
oni n
thebegi nningof2014t o$25bi l
li
oni n2023, acompoundannual gr owt h
rate(CAGR)of25%.Asof2016, LEDsuseonl yabout10%oft heener gyan
i
ncandescentl ampr equir
es.

HOLDER
Lamphol derisadev i
cewhi chmechani callysupport
sandpr ovides
electri
cal connectionsf oracompat i
bleelect r
icl
amp.Socket sallowlamps
tobesaf elyandconv enient
lyrepl
aced( r
e-lamping).Therearemany
differ
entst andardsf orlamphol der
s, i
ncludingearlydefactostandardsand
l
at erstandardscr eatedbyv ari
ousst andardsbodi es

WORKI
NG
IR LED emi tsi nfrared l i
ght ,and used i n TV r emotes.Thi sI nf
rared i
s
recei
v edbyt her ecei v
erTSOP17XX( TSOP1738usedi nTV) .TSOP17XX
recei
v est hemodul atedI nfrar
edwav esandchangesi tsout put.TSOPi s
avail
abl ei n many f requency r anges l ike TSOP1730, TSOP1738,and
TSOP1740 et c.Lastt wo di git
sr epr esentt he frequency ( i
n Khz )of
modul at edIRr ays,onwhi chTSOPr esponds.Li keforexampl eTSOP1738
reactswheni tr eceiv est heI Rradiat
ionmodul atedat38Khz .TSOPout put
i
sact iv elow,meansi tbecomesLOW whenI Risdet ected.Inthisremote
controlledswi t chci rcuitwear eusingTVr emot etoON/ OFFt heACl i
ghtby
pressinganybut tonofr emot e,andusi ngtheTSOP1738atr ecei
verend.
Receiv erci r
cui tisconnect edtoAC appl iancev iaRelay,sot hatwecan
controlt helightr emot ely.Wehav eusedI C4017t oconv er
titintoapush
ON,push OFF swi tch.Go t hr
ough t hi
s articlet o understand theIR
Transmi tt
erandRecei ver.

Normall
ywhenwepr essanybuttonofTV/DVDplayerremot e,Lightglows
and as soon as we r el
ease Butt
on,itbecomes OFF.Now i tcan be
conver
tedintoaPUSHONandPUSHOFFt oggl
eswi t
chusi ngI CCD4017.
ICCD4017i saCMOSdecadecount erI
C.Itcanproduceout putatthe10
pinssequent
iall
y,i
.e.itpr
oducesoutputonebyoneatt he10out putpins.
Outputisswitchedtoonepi ntoanotherbyappl
y i
ngacl ockpul seatpin
14.

Whenf ir
stl
y,poweri sappliedtoI C4017,out putatPI N 3( Q0)i sHI GH,
whenwepr essthebut t
onofI Rremot e,thenaLOW t oHIGHcl ockpulsei s
appliedtoPIN14( fi
rstclockpulse)andout putatQ0becomesl owandPI N
2(Q1)becomesHI GH.PI N2t ri
ggerst heRELAYmodul e,andt heACl ight
becomesON.Nowt hi
sposi t
ionwillremai nuntilthenextclockpulse.Ifwe
presst heButtonofI Rr emot eagain( secondcl ockpulse),outputatQ1
becomesLOW andQ2becomesHI GH.Thi swi lldeact
ivatetheRel ayand
switchof ft
helight
.AndbecauseQ2i sconnect edtotheRESETpi n15of
4017,i twil
lresettheICandagai nout putatQ0becomesHI GH andQ2
becomesLOW ( i
nit
ialstate)
.Soitwor kslikeat oggleswitch.