Mechanical Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering, Rabigh

King Abdulaziz University
Thermo-fluids
MEN 367
Prof. Mohamed Rady Dr. Abdullah Abuhabaya
 Contact Hours /Week C.U.
English Arabic
Course Title
Code Code Th. Pr. Tr. TCU

Thermo-fluids MEN 367 367 ‫ھـنﻣك‬ 2 2 1 3

Pre-requisites MATH 202 , PHYS 281

Course description
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, Various power and
refrigeration cycles, Heat transfer modes including steady and unsteady conduction, convection and
radiation, Flow statics and buoyancy, Mass, momentum and energy conservation, Bernoulli equations,
Internal and external flow.

2
 No. of Contact
List of Topics
Weeks Hours
Introduction and Basic Concepts 1 5

Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis 2 10

Properties of Pure Substances 2 10

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems 2 10

Mass And Energy Analysis of Control Volumes 2 10

The Second Law of Thermodynamics 1 5

Various power and refrigeration cycles 1 5

Heat Transfer Modes 2 10

Internal and external flow 2 10

3
 Assessment methods
Home work : 10%
Quizzes : 10%
Project/Reports/Labs/Others : 20%
Major Exam : 20%
Final Exam : 40%

Text book(s):
Yunus A. Cengle and Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach,
Mc Graw Hill 7th Edition, 2008.

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 Chapter 1
Introduction and Basic Definitions
Objectives
The objectives of Chapter 1 are to:
• Identify the unique vocabulary associated w ith
thermodynamics through the precise definition of basic
concepts to form a sound foundation for the
development of the principles of thermodynamics.
• Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as
system, state, state postulate, equilibrium, process, and
cycle.
• Review concepts of temperature, temperature scales,
pressure, and absolute and gage pressure.
The name thermodynamics stems from the G reek
w ords therme (heat)and dynamis (pow er), w hich is
most descriptive of the early efforts to convert
heat into pow er.

The first law of thermodynamics is simply an

expression of the conservation of energy principle, and
it asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property.The
second law of thermodynamics asserts that energy has
quality as w ell as quantity, and actual processes occur
in the direction of decreasing quality of energy.
 1-1 THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY

• Thermodynamics:The sci
ence of
energy.
• Energy:The abi
li
tyto cause changes.
• Conservation of energy principle:
During an interacti
on,energycan change
from one form to anotherbutthe total
amountofenergyremai nsconstant.
• Energycannotbe created ordestroyed.
• The first law of thermodynamics:An
expression ofthe conservati
on ofenergy
pri
nciple.
• The fi
rstl
aw assertsthatenergy i
sa
thermodynamicproperty.

8
 Application Areas of Thermodynamics

All activities in nature involve some interaction betw een

energy and matter;thus, it is hard to imagine an area that
does not relate to thermodynamics in some manner.
10
Application Areas of Thermodynamics

All activities in nature involve some interaction betw een

energy and matter;thus, it is hard to imagine an area that
does not relate to thermodynamics in some manner. 11
 1-2 IMPO RTANCE O F DIMENSIO NS AND U NITS

• Anyphysi
calquanti
tycan be characteri
zed bydimensions.
• The magni
tudesassi
gned to the di
mensi
onsare cal
led units.
• Some basi cdimensionssuch asmassm,l ength L,time t,and temperature T
are selected asprimary orfundamental dimensions,whi le otherssuch as
velocityV,energyE,and vol ume V are expressed i
n termsofthe primary
dimensi onsand are cal
led secondary dimensions,orderived
dimensions.
• Metric SI system:A si mple and l
ogi
calsystem based on a deci
mal
rel
ati
onshi p between the vari
ousunits.
• English system:Ithasno apparentsystemati cnumeri calbase,and vari
ous
uni
tsin thi
ssystem are rel
ated to each otherratherarbi
trari
ly.

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Importance of Dimensions and Units

W ork = Force  Distance

1 J = 1 N ·m
1 cal (calorie)= 4.1868 J
1 Btu (British thermal unit)= 1.0551 kJ
Di
mensi
onalHomogenei
ty

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 1-3 SYSTEMS AND CO NTRO L VO LU MES
•System:A quanti
tyofmatterora regi
on i
n space chosen forstudy.
•Surroundings:The massorregi
on outsi
de the system
•Boundary:The realori
magi
narysurface thatseparatesthe system from i
ts
surroundi
ngs.
•The boundaryofa system can be fixed ormovable.
•Systemsmaybe consi
dered to be closed oropen.
•Closed system (Control mass): A fi
xed amountofmass,and no masscan
crossi
tsboundary

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Open system (control volume)

Closed system (Control mass)

Isolated system
17
• Open system (control volume):A properly
selected regi
on i
n space.
• Itusuall
yencl osesa devi
ce thatinvol
vesmass
fl
ow such asa compressor,turbine,ornozzle.
• Both massand energycan crossthe boundary
ofa controlvolume.
• Control surface:The boundariesofa control
volume.Itcan be realorimaginary.

A control volume can involve fixed,

moving, real, and imaginary
boundaries.

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O pen Systems
 1-4 Properties of a System
• Property: Anycharacteri
sti
cofa
system.
• Some fami l
iarproperti
esare
pressure P,temperature T,vol
ume V,
and massm.
• Properti
esare considered to be
ei
therintensive orextensive.
• Intensive properties: Those thatare
independentofthe massofa system,
such astemperature,pressure,and
density.
• Extensive properties: Those whose
valuesdepend on the size— orextent
— ofthe system.
• Specific properties: Extensi
ve
properti
esperuni tmass.
Density and specific gravity
The w ieght of a unit volume is called specific w eight

Specific weight:
State and Equilibrium
Thermodynamics deals w ith equilibrium states.
Thermodynamic state:
•Specified by state variables: T, P, V, n (n=composition)
•State equation = relation betw een state variables T,P,V,n (ex:
PV=nRT)
•State function: system property that is only dependent on its
state.
State functions vs.Path functions :

•State functions:
Ex: E(T,V,n), P, V, n, H(P,T,n), S(T,V,n)
• Extensive sate functions: depend on n
• Intensive state functions: independent of n

•Path function: depends on the process path

Ex: W (work), q (heat)
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
The w ord equilibrium implies a state of balance.
In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced
potentials (or driving forces)w ithin the system.
Thermal equilibrium: the temperature is the same
throughout the entire system
Mechanical equilibrium: no change in pressure at
any point of the system w ith time.
Chemical equilibrium: chemical composition does
not change w ith time
The State Postulate
“The state of a simple compressible system is completely
specified by tw o independent, intensive properties.”
Processes and Cycles
Process:Anychange thata system undergoesfrom one equi l
ibri
um state to another.
Path:The seri esofstatesthrough whi ch a system passesduri ng a process.
To describe a processcompl etely,one should specifythe initialand fi
nalstates,aswel las
the path i
tfoll
ows,and the interacti
onswi th the surroundings.
Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process: W hen a processproceedsi n such a manner
thatthe system remainsi nfi
nitesi
mal l
yclose to an equili
bri um state atalltimes.
Basic Concepts
•Process: path follow ed during transformation
•Cycle: initial state = final state
•Isotherm: T = constant
•Isobare: P = constant
•Isochore: V= constant
•Adiabatique: q=0
The Steady-Flow Process

Steady: no change with time.

Uniform: no change with location
over a specified region.
Temperature and The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if tw o bodies are in

thermal equilibrium w ith a third body, they are also in thermal
equilibrium w ith each other.

By replacing the third body w ith a thermometer, the zeroth law

can be restated as two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both
have the same temperature reading even if they are not in
contact.
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40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Temperature Scales
Temperature Scales
1.9 Pressure
1.9 Pressure
 Absolute, gauge, and vaccum pressures
• Absolute pressure:The actualpressure ata gi ven posi ti
on.Itismeasured rel ati
ve to absol
ute
vacuum (i.e.,absolute zero pressure).
• Gage pressure:The di fference between the absolute pressure and the l
ocalatmospheri c
pressure.Mostpressure-measuri ng devicesare cali
brated to read zero i
n the atmosphere,and so
theyindicate gage pressure.
• Vacuum pressures:Pressuresbel ow atmosphericpressure and are measured byvacuum gages

Throughout this text, the

pressure P w ill denote
absolute pressure unless
specified otherw ise.
Variation of Pressure with Depth
The negative sign is due to our taking the positive z direction to be upward
so that dP is negative when dz is positive since pressure decreases in an
upward direction.

W hen the variation of density with elevation is known, the pressure difference
between points 1 and 2 can be determined by integration to be:
Pascal’s law: The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal
plane in a given fluid regardless of geometry, provided that the
points are interconnected by the same fluid.
Noting that P1 = P2 since both pistons are at the same level (the effect of small height differences is
negligible, especially at high pressures), the ratio of output force to input force is determined to be:
1–10 THE■

MANOMETER
Consider the manometer shown in Fig. 1–45 that is used to
measure the pressure in the tank.

Then the pressure at point 2 is determined directly

from Eq. 1–19to be

where is the density of the fluid in the tube.

1–11 THE BAROMETER AND ATMOSPHERIC
■

PRESSURE
Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer;thus, the atmospheric pressure is often
referred to as the barometric pressure.
Problem
Problems
 A large fraction of the thermal energy generated in the engine of a car is rej
ected to the air by the radiator
through the circulating water. Should the radiator be analysed as a closed system or as an open system?Explain.

Answer:

 A can of soft drinkat room temperature is put into the refrigerator so that it will cool. Would you model the can
of soft drinkas a closed system or as an open system?Explain.

Answer:

 For a system to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, do the temperature and the pressure have to be the same
everywhere?

Answer: For a system to be inthermodynamic equilibrium,the temperature has to be the same throughout but the pressure does
not.However,there should be no unbalanced pressure forces present.The increasing pressure with depth ina fluid,for example,
should be balanced byincreasing weight.

 Define the isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric processes.

Answer: A process during which the temperature remains constant is called isothermal;a process during which the pressure
remains constant is called isobaric;and a process during which the volume remains constant is called isochoric.

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Problems
 W hat is a steady-flow process?

Answer: A process is said to be steady-flow if it involves no changes with time anywhere withinthe system or at the system
boundaries.

 A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston–cylinder device. The piston has a mass of 4kg and a cross-
sectional area of 35 cm2. A compressed spring above the piston exerts a force of 60 N on the piston. If the
atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa, determine the pressure inside the cylinder.

Answer:

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