The Characteristic, Process and Ethics of Research

THE
CHARACTERISTICS,
PROCESSES AND
ETHICS OF
RESEARCH
Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical. Research is based
on direct experience or
observation by the researcher.
2. Logical. Research is based on
valid proceduces and principles.
3. Cyclical. Reseach is a cyclical
process because it starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes
proven analytical procedures in
gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study
5. Critical. Research exhibits
careful and precise judment.
6. Methodical. Research is
conducted in a methodical
manner without bias using
systematic method and
procedures.
7. Replicability. The research
design and procedures
Seven Steps of the
Research Process
Step 1. Define and develop
your topic (Research Problem).
Seven Steps of the
Research Process
Step 2. Find background
information about your chosen
topic (Review of Related
Literature).
Seven Steps of the
Research Process
Step 3. Plan your research
design including your sample
(Methodology).
Seven Steps of the
Research Process
Step 4. Gather necessary data
using open ended questions (for
qualitative research) and close
ended questionnaire or paper
pencil test questionnaire (for
quantitative research)
Seven Steps of the
Research Process
Step 5. Process and analyze
data using statistical tools.
Seven Steps of the
Research Process
6. Formulate new insights gained
(for qualitative research)
conclusions (for quantitative
research) and recommendations.
7. Define new problem
Research Ethics
Research ethics are guidelines for
the responsible conduct of
research which educates and
monitors researchers to ensure
high standard.
Ethics in Research
1. Informed Consent. This is required
to secure in order to protect the
rights of the participants in your
study. Inform your participants about
the criteria and participation to the
study will be completely voluntary.
Ethics in Research
2. Honesty. It reports data, results,
methods and procedures, and
publication status. Do not fabricate,
falsify and misrepresent the data.
Ethics in Research
3. Objectivity. Avoid bias in
experimental design, data analysis,
data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing,
expert testimony, and other aspects
of research.
Ethics in Research
4. Integrity. Keep your promises and
agreements; act with sincerity; strive
for consistency of thought and action.
Ethics in Research
5. Carefulness. Avoid careless errors
and negligence; carefully and critically
examine your work and the work of
peers. Keep good records of research
activities.
Ethics in Research
6. Openness. Share data, results,
ideas, tools and resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
Ethics in Research
7. Respect for Intellectual Property.
Honour patents, copyrights,
trademarks, trade secrets and other
forms of intellectual property.
Ethics in Research
8. Confidentiality. Protect
confidential communications, such as
papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade
or military secrets, and patient
records.
Ethics in Research
9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to
educate, mentor, and advise others.
Promote their welfare and allow them
to make their own decisions.
Ethics in Research
10. Responsible Publication. Publish
in order to advance reseach and
scholarship, not to advance your own
career.
Ethics in Research
11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect
your colleagues's opinion, treat them
fairly and do not outsmart them
Ethics in Research
12. Social Responsibility. Strive to
promote social acceptance and
prevent or mitigate social harms
through research, public education,
and advocacy.
Ethics in Research
13. Non Discrimination. Avoid
discrimination against colleagues or
students on the basis of sex, race,
etnicity, or other factors that are not
related to their scientific competence
and integrity.
Ethics in Research
14. Competence. Maintain and
improve your own professional
competenceand expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take
steps to promote competence in
science as a whole.
Ethics in Research
15. Legality. Know and obey

relevant laws and institutional and
government policies.
Ethics in Research
16. Animal Care. Show proper
respect and care for animals when
using them in research
Ethics in Research
17. Human Subjects Protection.
When conducting a research on
human subjects, minimize harms and
risks and maximize benefits; respect
human dignity; privacy, and anonymity.
Rights of Research
Participants
1. Human Rights. They are moral
principles or norms that describe certain
standards of human behavior and
regularly protected as natural and legal
rights.
Rights of Research
Participants
2. Intellectual Property. It protects
creation of mind, which have both a
moral and a commercial value.
Rights of Research
Participants
3. Copyright Infringement. It is the
use of production of copyright-
protected material without permission
of the copyright holder.
Rights of Research
Participants
4. Voluntary Participation. People
must not be coerced into
participating in research process.
Rights of Research
Participants
5. Anonymity. It is the protection of
people's identity through not
disclosing their name or not exposing
their identity.
Rights of Research
Participants
6. Privacy. It is someone's right to keep
his personal matters and relationships
secret. It is the ability of an individual
to seclude him from disturbance of any
research activity.
Plagiarism
Refers to the act of using
another person's ideas, works,
processes, and results without
due credit.
ACTIVITY 1
Directions. Answer the questions briefly.
Write your answers on a clean sheet of
paper.
1. Why is research practical and realistic?
2. Explain briefly. Research starts with a
problem and ends with a new problem.

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15. Legality. Know and obey

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