TRADE PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE : INSTALLATION OF SANITARY APPLIANCES IN A FEMALE HOSTEL

PRESENTED BY : MAMBOLEO MAXWELL ODIALO

EMAIL : [email protected]

INDEX NUMBER : 6161040083

PHONE NUMBER : 0700066589

SUPERVISOR : MR. JOHN NDURURU

INSTITUTE NAME : THE SIGALAGALA NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

DEPARTMENT : BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

COURSE : CERTIFICATE IN PLUMBING

ADM NO : CP21S/3539

COURSE CODE : 1305

PRESENTED TO : THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL

EXAM SERIS : JULY 2023

DECLARATION

I Mamboleo Maxwell Odialo I declare that this project is my original work and it has never been
presented by anyone to Kenya National Examination Council. It is meant for presentation to the Kenya
National Examination Council (KNEC) for the award in Plumbing Certificate.

NAME : MAMBOLEO MAXWELL ODIALO

SIGNATURE : ...........................................

DATE : ......................................................

SUPERVISOR : MR. JOHN NDURURU

SIGNATURE : ..............................................

DATE : ...........................................................
DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this project to my dearest parents Mr. Isaac Odiala and Mrs. Caroline Odiala for
their financial support and moral support all through of my study. I also dedicate my thanks to my dear
brothers and sisters who has always been there whenever I needed them. May the Almighty God bless
them abundanly.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to give special thanks to the Almighty God for the gift of life he has given me and
enable me to reach this far. I also thanks my parents for the financial support for paying fees on time
and other basic needs I needed in writing of this project. I also want to thank my supervisor,Mr.
NDURURU for his sacrify in terms of time, guidance, resources and many others to make sure that this
project is successful. May the Almighty God bless them abundanly.
Table of contents
DECLARATION.....................................................................................................i

DEDICATION.....................................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................viii

CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................................6

1.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................6

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT.................................................................................................6

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.............................................................................................................7

1.3 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................7

1.4 AREA OF THE STUDY...............................................................................................................7

1.5 RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY...................................................................................................7

CHAPTER TWO...............................................................................................................................8

2.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................8

2.1 Sink............................................................................................................................................8

2.2 Bath tubs..................................................................................................................................8

2.3 Urinals......................................................................................................................................9

2.4 Flushing cisterns....................................................................................................................9

2.5 Water closets.........................................................................................................................10

2.6 Wash basin..............................................................................................................................11

CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................12

BLOCK DIAGRAM...........................................................................................................................12

Soil Appliances..............................................................................................................................12

Waste Appliances.........................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................................14

4.0 Testing and result analysis....................................................................................................14

4.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................14

4.3 Suggestion for further improvement.................................................................................14

CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................15

5.0 Recommendation and conclusion......................................................................................15

5.1 Recommendation.................................................................................................................15

5.2 Conclusion............................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Sanitary appliances are fitting used for collection and discharge of soil or waste matter. The appliances
are group into two groups i.e (i) soil appliances, (ii) waste appliances.

When you consider the contributions that Plumbing and sanitation make of the quality of our lives,the
much of the other things that we do just seems much less significant. People have known for long time
that leaving human waste in open air near living space can cause sickness.

The 1880s market the widespread introduction of the flush toilets and development of a variety of
terms "Including water closet" to refer to device. Water closet is a term clearly separate a room with a
flush toilet from a room with a tub or shower which has been designed for bathing and may be known
as a "bathroom."

The sanitary appliances helps, improve hygiene in many regions by moving waste away from inhabited
buildings and areas,and pipes which was run from the tank to the water closet helps to remove fowl
gasses in old civil engineering department.

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 To bring in water
 To install a suitable water closet
 To provide good health condition in the hostel
 To prevent entry of foul gasses from the sewer of the building

To facilitate quick remove of foul water

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Installation of sanitary appliances in the female hostels.

1.3 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY

 Lack of the storage house where Plumbing sanitary fittings are kept
 Lack of equipment which can facilitate to smooth running of this project

Finance

1.4 AREA OF THE STUDY

This project is executed in the department of civil engineering convenience within the Sigalagala
National Polytechnic.

1.5 RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY

To enable we the students of civil department to be able to have an idea on the installation of sanitary
fitting and Plumbing.
CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION
Sanitary fittings are used to maintain hygiene in a building and places where hygiene is necessary. There
are different sanitary fittings available in the market.

The fittings are mostly used in buildings for efficient collection and removal of waste water to the house
drain.

This fittings are as follows;

i. Sinks
ii. Bath tubs
iii. Urinals
iv. Water closet

Flushing cisterns

2.1 Sink
A sink is used in the kitchen or laboratory. These may be made of glazed fire clay metal or stainless steel.
They are manufactured in various sizes and shapes. However rectangular shapes is common in kitchens.
It has drain board attached to it.

The outlet pipe provided with a grating of brass or nickel,may discharge over floor trap.

2.2 Bathtub
Are usually made of iron or steel coated with enamel or plastic material. They also made of cast-in-situ
concrete finished with marble chips.

It has a length varying from 1.7m to 1.8m, width between 0.7m to 0.75m and depth near waste pipe
varying from 0.43m to 0.45m. The overall height may vary between 0.58m to 0.6m. It is provided with
outlet and overflow pipes, usually of 40mm diameter. A trap with a proper water seal is used at the
outlet.

2.3 Urinals
Urinals are usually of two types

i. Bowl type

Slab or stall type

A stall urinal normally has more than one unit, with a center spacing of 0.6m to 0.7m.

The bowl best type of urinal are made of enameled fire clay,marble and cement.

The content of urinals are collected and discharged into the soil pipe through the floor trap.
Automatic flushing cisterns are generally provided for stall type urinals which operates at regular
interval of 10 to 15 minutes.

2.4 Flushing cisterns

Are used for flushing out water closet and Urinals. These are made of either cast iron or porelain. For
Indian type WC cast iron flushing cistern is normally used, fixed at about over 2m above the floor level.
For Euro flow pear type porelain cisterns are normally used, fixed at about 60cm above floor level. The
low - level flushing cisterns,made of porcelain are decent in look and operate very easily by simply
turning a handle.

Flushing cisterns are of two types;

i. Valveless siphonic type

ii. Valve fitted siphonic type

Bell - type flushing cistern commonly used with Indian type closets,is the typical example of the valveless
siphonic cistern. A bell - type flushing cistern consist of the following parts;

i. A bell or dome
ii. A float
 iii. A lever with a chain
iv. Inlet, outlet and overflow pipe
v. Cast iron casing

The bell is connected to a flushing chain through a lever. The float is set that when the discharge level is
reached,the float rod closes the inlet cock. When chain is pulled,the bell is lifted up,thus splashing the
water. The splashing of water takes away some air with it, causing a partial vacuum in the top of the
bell. Siphonic action thus starts,and water in the cistern enters the bell through holes provided at its
bottom.

When the tank is emptied,air enters from the bottom and siphonic action is broken. The lowering of the
float results in the opening of the cock and water thus enters the cistern.

It should be noted that the chain should be released immediately after the pull, otherwise the pasial
vacuum caused by splashing water may be destroyed by the entry of air from the flush pipe.

The capacity of a bell - type flushing cistern may vary between 5 to 15 litres.

2.5 Water closet

Are designed to receive and discharge human excreta directly from the person using them. The
appliances is connected to the soil pipe by means of a suitable trap. It is usually connected to a flushing
cistern to flush the closet and discharge the human excreta to the soil pipe. Water closet are of three
types.

The following are the requirement of a good water closet;

i. It should be convenient in use by person of all ages both old as well as children.
ii. The size of the pan should be such that the urine,as well as the facal material; does not rall
outside the pan.
iii. The trap should be such that water does not splash when the excreta falls in the water.
iv. Urine should not splash outside the pan.
v. Fecal matter should flow easily in the trap without sticking to the water. For that the surface of
pan should be achieved effectively with the use of a small quantity.
vi. Flushing should be achieved effectively with the use of a small quantity.
vii. Fecal material should not be for plainly visible before flushing.
viii. The water in the trap should provide an effective and air - tight seal.
ix. The pan should be of durable material so that it does not crack with the passage of time.

2.6 Wash basin

Are usually made of pottery or porcelain. Sometimes they are also made of porcelain - enameled cast
iron, pressed steel or plastic especially where the number of users is more.

An ordinary wash basin is mounted on brackets fixed on the wall, while a pedestal - type basin is
mounted on a pedestal rising from the wall. They are available in different shapes and sizes

Sanitary fittings

Normally,a wash basin is provided with two taps - one for hot water and other for cold water mounted
at its top. It has an oval shaped bowl, with an overflow slot at the top.

The waste pipe with a metallic strainer is provided at the bottom of the bowl. The waste pipe has a trap
at its bottom.
CHAPTER THREE

3.0 BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.1 Soil appliances

Soil appliances remove different types of solid water material. Example of soil appliances includes;

 Toilet or other type of water closet

 Bidets (either pedestal or well hung)
 Urinals (bowl type,slab stall, squatting,syphojet or waterless)
 Slop sinks(found in hospitals and used for emptying and washing bedpans and urine bottles)
 Bedpan sink(again found in hospital)

3.2 Waste water appliances

Are primarily used to collect and remove water once it has been used.

Example of waste water appliances includes;

 Wash basins
 Wash troughs
 Sinks
 Showers
 Bath tub

Drinking fountains
There appliances should have a durable, smooth, easily cleaned and non-absorbent surface. They
are typically made of non-cording material, such as ceramic,China, porcelain,iron or pressed steel or
plastic.
CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Testing and result analysis

4.1 Introduction
As I did research for materials,I discovered that most readily available metal detectors are very
expensive and cannot be afforded especially by people that need them. This design however is a low
cost readily affordable metal detector and can easily be procured by whoever may need it. The system is
also very reliable.

However, the resulting design is easy to carry and meet with the standard of what is available in the
market. This system can also be used in teaching young upcoming engineers about the installation of
sanitary appliances.

In the implementation of this project,a combination of bottom up and top down design approach was
used. A number of subsystems were designed, implemented and intergrated to achieve the final results.

4.3 Suggestion for further improvement

The following suggestions will greatly improve the development of this system if they are taken into
consideration

1. The system should serve as a stepping stone for a more intense in sanitary appliances installation.

2. I encourage the government to sponsor researches in this area to help researchers achieve deep and
better equiped with modern and sophisticated equipment researches in this area of study.
CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Recommendation and conclusion

5.1 Recommendation
I wish to recommend that this project be used in school hostels to teach students some hygiene
associated equipments and how to use some of this significant that was carried out in order to solve a
vital problem that had been an issue in the society.
5.2 Conclusion
Sanitary appliances are fittings used for collection and discharge of soil or waste matter.

These appliances are grouped into two;

I. Soil appliances

Waste appliances

Soil appliances used for collection and discharge of excreta matter. Include; urinal.

Waste appliances used for collection and discharge of water after use. Include;wash basin, kitchen
sink

At the time of purchase it should be checked that all exposed surface of sanitary ware is coated with
an impervious non crazing which is thoroughly fused with body and should possess on impervious.

The glaze finished on sanitary ware is generally white but it may be finished in glaze of any colour. It
should have high gloss. It's surface should not have wavy finish, warpage, discoloration, blisters or
pinholes, bubbles e.t.c and these should not be visible to naked eye