CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

In the generation of electricity, the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers

is termed ―Electricity Generation‖ while the other processes are electric power transmission and

electricity distribution. The importance of generation of electricity was revealed when it became

apparent that electricity was useful for providing heat, light and power for human needs.

Electricity has been generated for the purpose of powering human technologies for at least 120

years from various sources of energy (Markvart, 2019). The first power plants were run on wood,

while today, we rely mainly on petroleum, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric and nuclear power and

a small amount of hydrogen, solar energy, tidal harness, wind generators and geothermal

sources.

Solar energy is the energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic

radiation, which requires no medium for its transmission (Coker, 2019).

In solar energy, the sun has been acknowledged as the major source of energy to life on our

planet since ancient times. The energy supply from the sun is truly enormous on average’s the

Earth’s surface receives about 1.2 x 1017W of solar power (Kreider and Kreith, 1997). This

means that in less than one hour enough energy is supplied to the Earth to satisfy the entire

energy demand of the human population over the whole year.

The term ―photovoltaic‖ comes from the Greek (PV: photo meaning ―light‖ and ―voltaic‖,

meaning electrical, from the name of the physicist Volta, after whom the measurement unit volts

are named. The term ―photovoltaic‖ has been in use in English since 1849.
Indeed, it is the energy of sunlight assimilated by biological organisms over millions of years

that has made possible the industrial growth as we know it today. Energy source such as

photovoltaic are needed to help reduce the levels of green house gases in the atmosphere and

alleviate this global warming. Photovoltaic power generation is reliable, involve no moving

parts, the operation and maintenance costs are very low. And also, it creates no atmospheric

pollution.

The most commonly known solar cell is configured as a large-area p-n junction made from

silicon. As a simplification, one can imagine bringing a layer of n-type silicon into direct contact

with a layer of p-type silicon. In practice, p-n junctions of silicon solar cells are not made in this

way, but rather, by diffusing an n-type doping into one side of a p-type wafer (or vice versa)

(Duncan, 1997).

Due to the erratic power supply in the country, which is becoming unbearable each day with its

effect on the business and energy, solar powered systems can be used as substitute where there is

need for constant supply of power.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The problem statement is irregular electric power supply; the battery will be constantly charged

during day periods without affecting the integrity of the battery during night periods when it will

be used as an alternate source if supply from the national grid fails.

1.3 Aims and Objective

The aim of this project is Development and Installation of Solar Powered System which is

backed up with the following objectives.

 To enlighten and expose the student to relevance of solar in electricity generation.

 To develop a solar system with at least 18 working hours after fully charge.

 To install a charge controller so as to prevent backflow of current thereby protecting the

solar panel.

 To ensure the project is done with a reasonable cost of production.

1.4 Economic Importance

Its power source is reliable.

The operation and maintenance cost are minimal.

Its power generation is noiseless because of the absence of moving parts.

1.5 Scope of the study

The scope of this project is limited to the Development and Installation of Solar Powered

System. Other applications of solar energy will be neglected.

1.6 Limitations of The Project

It has been a tradition that in every project work there must be a limitation to limit the work,

since we are students, we will also encounter these problems but overcoming this problems will

make us successful at the very end. Some of the problems that limited this project work were;

 Level of literacy.

 Financial limitations
  Time constraints

 Limited equipment.

 Level of literacy: Base on the fact that the person carrying out this project is a student,

with little knowledge of the project work, he will find it difficult to acquire information

necessary in bringing out the improvement of the work he encountered.

 Limited equipment: Notwithstanding, efforts were made to use all the necessary

material and equipment gotten so as to make the project work worthwhile.

 Financial Constraint: Due to the costs of this project, it was a bit difficult to raise the

total money necessary to complete this project.

 Time Constraints: The time needed to fully complete this project was considered short,

it also served as a constraint factor.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0.1 Electricity generation

This is the process of generating electrical energy from other sources of primary energy. The

fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered during the

1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday (ITSJ 2001). His basic method is

still used today: electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper

between the poles of a magnet. Mankind has been generating electricity on an industrial scale

since 1881. The first power plants used hydroelectric power and coal power.
An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical

energy in the form of alternating current.

Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature but occasionally, a

rotating armature is used with a stationary magnetic field; or a linear alternator is used. The main

aim is to move and drive the rotor by any method and techniques to produce power.

Alternators generate electricity using the same principle as DC generators, namely, when the

magnetic field around a conductor changes, a current is induced in the conductor. Typically, a

rotating magnet, called the rotor turns within a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an

iron core, called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF

(electromotive force), as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn. The rotating magnetic

field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Often there are three sets of stator windings,

physically offset so that the rotating magnetic field produces a three-phase current, displaced by

one-third of a period with respect to each other.

Fig 1.0 showing an Alternator. Source: www.homemade-circuits.com

2.1 Methods and Techniques of Power Generation

Coal Power Generation

Steam coal, also known as thermal coal, is used in power stations to generate electricity. Coal is

first milled to a fine powder, which increases the surface area and allows it to burn more quickly.

In these pulverized coal combustion (PCC) systems, the powdered coal is blown into the

combustion chamber of a boiler where it is burnt at high temperature (see diagram below). The

hot gases and heat energy produced converts water – in tubes lining the boiler – into steam.

Coal plays a vital role in electricity generation worldwide. Coal-fired power plants currently fuel

41% of global electricity. In some countries, coal fuels a higher percentage of electricity.

Fig. 2.0 showing a typical coal powered plant.

Thermal Power Generations

Small electricity generators are often powered by reciprocating engines burning diesel, biogas or

natural gas. Diesel engines are often used for back up generation, usually at low voltages.

However most large power grids also use diesel generators, originally provided as emergency

back up for a specific facility such as a hospital, to feed power into the grid during certain

circumstances. Biogas is often combusted where it is produced, such as a landfill or wastewater

treatment plant, with a reciprocating engine or a micro turbine, which is a GE-Gas turbine and

CAT –IE- Engine as below.

 Fig. 3.0 showing a gas turbine.

Nuclear Power Generation

A nuclear reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of

uranium. Uranium-fuelled nuclear power is a clean and efficient way of boiling water to make

steam which drives turbine generators. Except for the reactor itself, a nuclear power station

works like most coal or gas-fired power stations.

PWRs and BWRs

The main design is the pressurized water reactor (PWR) which has water in its primary

cooling/heat transfer circuit, and generates steam in a secondary circuit. The less popular boiling

water reactor (BWR) makes steam in the primary circuit above the reactor core, though it is still

under considerable pressure. Both types use water as both coolant and moderator, to slow

neutrons.
 Fig. 4.0 showing diagram of Pressurized Water Reactor.

Hydro-Power Generation

Hydro power is generated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving water.

Historically people used the power of rivers for agriculture and wheat grinding. Today, rivers

and streams are re-directed through hydro generators to produce energy, although there are pros

and cons as far as local ecosystems are concerned and diagram as below.

Fig 5.0 Illustrating a hydro-electric power system.

Geothermal Power Generation

Geothermal energy is created by harnessing geothermal energy from the earth. Contrary to

popular belief geothermal energy is not technically a renewable energy source.

Fig. 6.0 showing a geothermal power generation system

Battery Power Generation

Batteries store electricity in a chemical form, inside a closed-energy system. They can be re-

charged and re-used as a power source in small appliances, machinery and remote locations.

Advances in battery technology may one day help to solve our energy crisis. The submarine

and car are using battery power for operational this type. A submarine consists and use 24 cell

for their operation in the sea and these cell are chargeable through diesel generator.

Wind Power Generation

Wind power is produced by using wind generators to harness the kinetic energy of wind. It is

gaining worldwide popularity as a large-scale energy source, although it still only provides less

than one percent of global energy consumption.

Wind turbines are used to generate electricity from the kinetic power of the wind. Historical they

were more frequently used as a mechanical device to turn machinery. There are two main kinds

of wind generators, those with a vertical axis, and those with a horizontal axis. Wind turbines can

be used to generate large amounts of electricity in wind farms both onshore and offshore. The

articles on this page are about wind turbines.

Fig. 7.0 showing a wind power plant

Waves Power Generation

Wave energy is produced when electricity generators are placed on the surface of the ocean. The

energy provided is most often used in desalination plants, power plants and water pumps. Energy

output is determined by wave height, wave speed, wavelength, and water density. To date there
are only a handful of experimental wave generator plants in operation around the world. The

articles on this page explore the world of wave energy and its possible applications.

Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to

do useful work – for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water

(into reservoirs).

Machinery able to exploit wave power is generally known as a wave energy converter (WEC).

Waste Water & Bio-Gas Power

The consumption habits of modern consumer lifestyles are causing a huge worldwide waste

problem. Having overfilled local landfill capacities, many first world nations are now exporting

their refuse to third world countries. This is having a devastating impact on ecosystems and

cultures throughout the world. Some alternative energy companies are developing new ways to

recycle waste by generating electricity from landfill waste and pollution.

Note:- Wastage Water Hydro-Dam can be make in the metropolitan and big city .We can study

the total wastage water of big city per day and design the continuous wastage water available

Hydro-Dam.

The Bio Gas of city wastage can also be used to produce the electricity at big level through Gas

Generator (I.E Engine & Gas turbine).

Tidal Power Generation

Tidal energy is produced through the use of tidal energy generators. These large underwater

turbines are placed in areas with high tidal movements, and are designed to capture the kinetic

motion of the ebbing and surging of ocean tides in order to produce electricity. Tidal power has
great potential for future power and electricity generation because of the massive size of the

oceans.

Solar Power Generation

Solar power is produced by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity. This is done by

using solar panels, which are large flat panels made up of many individual solar cells. It is most

often used in remote locations, although it is becoming more popular in urban areas as well.

Fig. 8.0 showing a solar powered system.

2.1 Project History

Solar technology isn’t new. Its history spans from the 7th Century B.C. to today. We started out

concentrating the sun’s heat with glass and mirrors to light fires. Today, we have everything

from solar-powered buildings to solar powered vehicles.

Magnifying glass used to concentrate sun’s rays to make fire and to burn ants.

Greeks and Romans use burning mirrors to light torches for religious purposes.

As early as 212 BC, the Greek scientist, Archimedes, used the reflective properties of bronze

shields to focus sunlight and to set fire to wooden ships from the Roman Empire which were

besieging Syracuse. (Although no proof of such a feat exists, the Greek navy recreated the

experiment in 1973 and successfully set fire to a wooden boat at a distance of 50 meters.)

Chinese document uses of burning mirrors to light torches for religious purposes.

The famous Roman bathhouses in the first to fourth centuries A.D. had large south facing

windows to let in the sun’s warmth.

1767

Swiss scientist Horace de Saussure was credited with building the world’s first solar collector,

later used by Sir John Herschel to cook food during his South Africa expedition in the 1830s.

1839

French scientist Edmond Becquerel discovers the photovoltaic effect while experimenting with

an electrolytic cell made up of two metal electrodes placed in an electricity-conducting

solution—electricity-generation increased when exposed to light.

1876

1876 William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day discover that selenium produces electricity

when exposed to light. Although selenium solar cells failed to convert enough sunlight to power
electrical equipment, they proved that a solid material could change light into electricity without

heat or moving parts.

1883

Charles Fritts, an American inventor, described the first solar cells made from selenium wafers.

1954

1954 Photovoltaic technology is born in the United States when Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and

Gerald Pearson develop the silicon photovoltaic (PV) cell at Bell Labs—the first solar cell

capable of converting enough of the sun’s energy into power to run everyday electrical

equipment. Bell Telephone Laboratories produced a silicon solar cell with 4% efficiency and

later achieved 11% efficiency.

All buildings will be built to combine energy-efficient design and construction practices and

renewable energy technologies for a net-zero energy building. In effect, the building will

conserve enough and produce its own energy supply to create a new generation of cost-effective

buildings that have zero net annual need for non-renewable energy.

Photovoltaics research and development will continue intense interest in new materials,

cell designs, and novel approaches to solar material and product development. It is a future

where the clothes you wear and your mode of transportation can produce power that is clean and

safe. Technology roadmaps for the future outline the research and development path to full

competitiveness of concentrating solar power (CSP) with conventional power generation

technologies within a decade. The potential of solar power in the Southwest United States is
comparable in scale to the hydropower resource of the Northwest. A desert area 10 miles by 15

miles could provide 20,000 megawatts of power, while the electricity needs of the entire United

States could theoretically be met by a photovoltaic array within an area 100 miles on a side.

Concentrating solar power, or solar thermal electricity, could harness the sun’s heat energy to

provide large-scale, domestically secure, and environmentally friendly electricity.

The price of photovoltaic power will be competitive with traditional sources of electricity within

10 years. Solar electricity will be used to electrolyse water, producing hydrogen for fuel cells for

transportation and buildings.

2.2 Project Definition

Solar Cell:- The basic idea of a solar cell (photovoltaic cell) is to convert light energy in to

electrical energy. Light energy is transmitted by photons. Solar panel comprises of several solar

cell to achieve a specific voltage. The solar cell contains a PN-Junction and may be treated as a

diode; the equivalent circuit of a solar cell.

A solar module is composed of individual solar cells. This crystalline silicon module type has an

aluminum frame and glass on the front.

In the field of photovoltaic, a solar module is a packaged interconnected assembly of solar cells.

An installation of photovoltaic modules or panels is known as a photovoltaic array PV Modules

generate DC electrical energy when exposed to sunlight. Although single modules produce only

a low voltage and current, shocks and burns are still a potential hazard. The shock hazard

increases as modules are connected in series producing a higher voltage and the burn hazard

increases as modules are connected in parallel producing higher current.

PV modules can be made safe to work on by fully converting the front surface with a dense

opaque material such as the carton or placing module face down on a flat surface. A voltmeter

can be used to verify that the output voltage is safe.

Most frequently, cells in a solar module are interconnected in series. The solar modules are

connected in series so as to increase its output voltage and appropriate measurement were taken.

Construction and mode of operation of solar charge controller: A solar charge controller

limits the rate at which electric current is added or drawn from electric batteries. It prevents

overcharging and may prevent against over voltage, which can reduce battery performance or

lifespan and may pose safety risk. It may also prevent completely draining (―deep discharging‖)

a battery, or perform controlled discharges depending on the battery technology to protect life.

The circuit shown is a simple solar charge controller which stops charging the battery when they

exceed a set high voltage level, and re-enable charging when battery voltage, drops back below

that level.

Fig. 1.0 showing a typical solar system

Construction of an inverter and mode of operation: This construction consist of different

stages coupled together to perform a specific purpose and the circuit diagram were originally

placed on breadboard and later transferred to the Ferro board for proper construction.

i. Sourcing stage

ii. Regulating stage

iii. Oscillating stage

iv. Driving stage

v. Transformation stage

vi. Output stage

vii. Change-over stage

viii. Battery charging stage

Fig. 2.0 showing a typical sine wave inverter.

2.2.1 Solar Cell Voltage and Current

Solar cell is characterized by two main quantities namely

Open circuit voltage (Voc): The voltage between terminals at no load.

Short circuit current (Isc): The current when output are connected together.

As the sun intensity increases more photons are produced thus the short circuit current will

Increase. Current will decrease when the solar panel is connected to the load and a voltage

develops as charges build up at the terminals. The resulting current can be viewed as a

superposition of the short circuit current, current caused by the absorption of photon and dark

current, which is caused by potential build up over the load and flows in the opposite direction.

2.2.2 Efficiency of Solar Cell.

Efficiency of solar cell is defined as the ratio of output power to power of incoming light -Ps.

Efficiency=(Im.Vm)/Ps

The efficiency is reduced by dissipation of power in the internal resistance.

Fill factor(FF) is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of

Voc and Isc.

FF=(Im.Vm)/(Isc.Voc)

2.2.3 Battery

A battery is made up of several cells. Total voltage will be equal to product of single cell voltage

and total number of cells.

A battery is an electrical device which is a combination of several electrochemical cells, used to

convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa for rechargeable batteries
(Kiptoos Eliphas 2009). It is an important part of portable lamp since it stores power that can be

used to drive the load in absence of solar energy. The battery is charged when it is given energy

from external source (solar cells and electrical source) to restore its energy and when a battery is

connected to the load, energy stored in it gets utilized thus discharged.

2.2.3.1 Types of batteries

Batteries can be categorized in terms of the materials used to build them. They differ in terms of

capacity, cost and area of usage. In this categorization, there are four major types;

Nickel-Cadmium(Ni-Cd) Battery

Nickel-Metal Hydride(Ni-Mh) Battery

Lead-Acid Battery

Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery.

Lithium polymer.

Fig. 3.0 showing a typical dry cell.

 CHAPTERTHREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Principles Applied in the Project

The project employed the first principle of energy conversion which states that energy can neither be

created or destroyed but can be change from one form to another; this happens through a photovoltaic

(PV) module of used in this project, which converts sunlight traditional to dc power which is stored and

dis charged from a dry cell battery, while the AC can be obtained from DC (batteries) to AC inverter,

which also involves conversion.

3.2 Materials Used.

3.2.1: Tools used for Installation

i. Pliers: This was used to strip insulators and cut the cables to the required sizes.

ii. Hammer: This tool was used to nail and create holes.

iii. Hand Chisel: This was used to scrap off and drill holes in the walls.

iv. Hack Saw: This was used to cut conduit pipes to required sizes.

v. Drilling Machine: This was used to bore holes in the walls for the easy passage of conduit pipes.

vi. Bolts and Nuts: These were used to hold the panels tight on the roof of the building.

vii. Screw Driver: This was used to screw and unscrew bolts.

viii. Cables: These were used to connect from the panel to the charge controller through the

batteries to the various offices.

ix. Conduit Pipes: These were used as a safety measure for the cable so as not to expose it.

x. Multi meter:
3.3 Installation Procedure of the Project

The procedures involve din installation of this project are as follows:-

The construction of the mounting structure was done which was mechanical work, It was done to fit each

of the panels size and with the help of bolts and nuts the panels were fix firmly on the structure. The

pictorial view is shown on appendix A1.

 Installing the solar module on the roof of the Department.

 Installing the solar module facing the correct orientations
 Connecting the solar panel sin series to give the required voltage out put of 24V to the batteries
and produces a power output of 250W since they are connected in series.
 Connecting the batteries in series to give the required voltagerating of the inverter24V.
 Running conduit pipes from the mounting structure of the solar panels to the control room where
the inverter (3.5kVA) and charge controller are located.
 Fixing the charge controller of 60A between the solar panels and the batteries.
 Connecting the charging out put unit of the charge controller to the batteries.
 Connecting the batteries terminal (positive and negative) to the inverter, and
 Connecting the load to the inverter.
3.3.1 Block Diagram of the Installation of Power System

Solar Module DC/AC Inverter AC Load

Charge Controller Battery

Figure3.1: block diagram of installation of 3.5kVA solar power inverter

From the block diagram of figure 3.1 the principle operation of each unit on the diagram are as

follows;

3.3.2 Solar Photovoltaic Panel (Solar Module)

Photovoltaic cell which generates electricity from the sunlight is the main component in a PV

system. Current and voltage generated depend on the area of the cell.

In this project the solar panels used generate 24V/250W power. To meet the power requirements

of a particular system, a number of panels are connected in the following form;

i. Series (to increase voltage)

ii. Parallel (to increase current)

3.3.3 Charge Controller

This is use to regulate and control the current flow between PV array and battery. The main

function of solar charge controller is to limit the flow at which electric current is added to or

drawn from batteries. It prevents over charging and protects battery from voltage fluctuation.

The charge controllers elected according to the charging current needed by the solar panels.
3.3.4 Storage Battery

Storage battery Is the vital component of a stand-alone PV system. It is to store energy during

sunshine hours and supply current to load during non-sunshine hours .There commended

batteries that should be used in stand-alone photovoltaic power system are deep-cycle lead-acid

batteries because of their high performance.

In this project work four deep-cycle batteries were used to store energy, the batteries are

rated12V/100AH, and were connected in series to meet the required voltage rating of the

inverter.

3.3.5 Inverter

This is also known as power condition in gun it. It is the heart of the PV system. Most of the

applications in building generally use AC current, where as PV module and battery bank are

power source of DC current. Inverter converts DC power to AC power in a PV system. A24 V,

3.5kVA inverter was used in this project.

3.3.6 AC Load

Power consumption units are load for a PV system to be planned. Proper load estimation is

necessary for designing a stand-alone PV system. For the purpose of PV system design, electrical

loads (resistive or inductive) must be considered. Resistive loads do not necessitate any

significant surge current when energized, like light bulb, electric heaters etc. On the other hand,

inductive load requires a large amount of surge current when first energized which is about 3.5

times the normal energy requirements such as; fan, electric motor, etc.

In this project propers election on load estimated was done and implemented to avoid over

loading of the panels, charge controller, batteries as well as the inverter.

3.4 Principle of Operation

The principle on how the project operates is thus;

The solar radiation received by the solar panels (photo cells) is being converted to DC electrical

energy and the DC power generate dis transmitted through conductor wires to the charge

controller of 48A, the conductor was run through a conduit pipe; the charge controller permits
only the amount of current needed to charge the batteries to pass through it. It has three

terminals; the in putter minal that takes the supply coming in from the solar panels and two out

put terminals, one goes to the batteries while the other is meant for DC load. The terminal meant

for charging the batteries was connected to the batteries to receive charging current from the

panels and the batteries terminals are connected to the input of the inverter. The inverter

performs the conversion from DC power to AC power which is fed to the load.
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT

In order to ascertain the effectiveness of component and the entire system

after installation series of test and measurement were conducted by multi-meter.

This includes, testing the solar modules out put voltage, testing the out put charge

controller to ensure it gives the require 24 volt DC voltage.

4.1.1 Testing the solar module out put voltage using multi meter

Figure4.1.1show the testing of solar module using a multi meter

Figure4.1.1:Testing the solar module output voltage using multimeter

It was observed at the end of the testing that even though the sun was not very bright, the

required voltage was still derived

4.1.2 Testing the solar Charge Controller output after Connection.

Sor panel Battery Charge controller

+ + +

+ —
Solar
panel

Fig4.1.2:Testing the charge controller

The whole system was installed and a better power out put was gotten.

4.1.3 Testing the AC output voltage from the inverter

Solar panel Battery

+ — + —

Battery
+ —

— +
Solar panel

Fig4.1.3:Testing of a cout put from the inverter

The installed system was tested and the measurement were also taken as bellow in the table4.1

Table 4.1 measurement and test result from an inverter and charge controller when in use

DATE/TIME EXPERIMENT CHARGE CONTROLLER INVERTER

3/11/2020 Current 4.6Amp

1:20pm Voltage 27.6v 230v

Temperature 35ᴼc

Table4.2 measurement and test result from an inverter and charge controller when not in use

DATE/TIME EXPERIMENT CHARGE CONTROLLER INVERTER

4/11/2020 Current 9.9Amp

8:54am Voltage 27.6v 230v.

Temperature 35ᴼc

4.2 Discussion

Six solar panel was installed and they were connected in parallel together to ascertain there quire

output voltage as shown in the plate I. the solar panels were placed at the angle of 45ᶱ to the

south west to obtain optimum performance throughout the day. The out put of the solar panel

was connected to change controller as shown in appendix 1. Which regulate the intensity of the

solar panel and then to the batteries and finally to the inverter. The inverter was installed in the

secretary office as shown in plate III. The change over switch was place beside the secretary

guesss eat as shown in plate regular cleaning of panel must be carried out, at least every two
weeks intervals to enable efficient absorption of the sun from the sun rays. Two batteries were

installed as shown in plate. Each consists of twelve volt (12v) connected in series to meet up

with the require voltage by the panels and the inverters. The more the number of batteries supply

the more the panels absorb the light, and the more number of panels supply the more watt sin

creases.

4.3 Maintenance Manual

Table 4.4 shows the maintenance prescription manual identifying different types of faults, causes

and their remedy.

Table4.4: Maintenance Manual

s/no Fault symptoms Causes Remedies

1. No output Change of polarity or low Replace polarity or

voltage Change battery

2. Voltage drop Low voltage Change battery

3. Light too dull Battery low Change battery

4. No light Bad bulb or wrong Replace bulb

connection

5. Battery takes long time Battery cells weak Change battery

to charge

4.4 Cost Estimated for the Installation 24V Battery, 3.5KVA Solar power Inverter

The cost estimated for the installation of solar system is presented in the table 4.2 below
Table 4.3: cost of materials for installation of the solar power system

Description of Materials Quantity Unit Price Total₦

12v/200 AHBATTERY 2 125,000 250,000

(LUMINOUS)

SOLAR CABLE IN METER 50 1,500 75,000

(10MM)

CHANGE CONTROLER 1 38,000 38,000

(600AMP) UNIVERSAL

3.0 KVA/ 24V INVERTER 1 150,000 150,000

PANEL (250 WATTS) 6 38,000 228,000

WORKMANSHIP 1 40,000 40,000

KNIFE SWEECTH 1 5,000 5,000

LOAD CABLE IN BUNDLE 1 12,500 12,500

GRAND TOTAL ₦798,500

Therefore the grand total being the sum of the cost of material for installation of the solar power

Inverter and cost of material used for the installation is ₦798,500.