Introduction In common the word work means

usage
any physical or mental exertion But in physics the work
has different meaning
Let us consider the following situations
D A student holds a heavy object at arm length
for several minute
2 A person carries a bucket of water along horizontal

path
3 A person
applying a force against the wall
4 A student studying whole
day to prepare for exams
in all the above situations we will say that the person
is doing work But according to the definition of work in
physics the work done by the person is zero in all
the situations even though effort is required in all the
situations

work work is said to be done

by a force when the
body undergoes displacement parallel to the line of
action of applied force for parallel to one of the
componentof appliedforce
work done by the force can be defined as the
product of
1 magnitude of displacement and
4 Component of force along the displacement
mainly there are three methods of finding work doneby
a force
work done by
constant force
a
work done by a variable force
work done by the area under
force and displacement graph
work done by a constant force
Find f consider
body of mass 1m at a

test of point A
a.IQ FCOSO
Let a constant force F acts
A s B
on a body at an angle 0 with
horizontal Due to which the body undergoes
displacement 5 and travels from A to B here the
component of force along the displacement is Foso
i work done w F 105075
FSCOSO
W É5
work done is a scalar on dot product of F and s
units
SI unit joule B g
or wIF.to
Nh I maxassx deisp
kg m5 m
CGS unit 92452 Kgm252
ar 1000g 0cm 5

is ifeng.it
Dimensional formula is
WE F 5
mqyxgffd.sefcement
Kg m 52
L F

work done is a scalar quantity

Gravitational unit of work done is WW
F
In SI system kg wt m Ior Kgfm gravitational SI unit
In cas system wt cm lar of cm of
g
fig Effort
W F'S gravitational casunit
1kg wt m 9.8N IM of force g wt orig f
9.8mm f 1g wt Igf 980dyne
9.8J
f.sn
8T
I g wt in 980 dynextcmw
980 dyne cm gff.fm
980 erg 9
416
9
other units of work done is
ex electron volt let 1.6 1519
Mer mega electron volt 1.6 1019 106
Me 1 6 15
kWh Kilowatt hour 1kWh 3 6 1065

Nature of work
work done by a force may be positive card negative
sort zero
positive work work is said to be positive if object
displaced in the direction of force a in the directionof
component of force
for positive work the angle between force and
displacement is 0 0290 acute angle
EI when a person lifts a_body from the ground then
work done by
lifting force is positive
when a
string is stretched then work done byexternal
force is positive
Negative work said to be negative if an object
work is
displaced in the opposite direction of force or
component of force
for negative work the angle between force and
displacement is 90 0 180 obtuse angle
Ex
when a person liftsbody from ground then
a
work done by the force of gravity is negative
when a body is made to slide on a rough surface
then work done by the frictional force is negative
Zero work
under three conditions work done becomes zero
1
If force is perpendicular to displacement then w o
i e
it
scosso
w O
when body moves in a circle then work done by
a

centripetal force is zero

when a porter travels on a horizontal platform
with a load on his head then work done by porter
against to gravity is zero
when the bob of a pendulum swings then work done
by the tension in the string is zero
2 If there is no displacement then w o
Ex when a person tries to move a wall by applying
a force and the wall does not move them work doneby
him is zero
3 If resultant force acting on the body is zero then
work done is Zero
work done by all the forces on a raindrop
acting
falling down with terminal velocity is zero
 the body
if moving with uniform velocity on a
is
horizontal frictionless surface then work done on the
body is zero
Arihant

ing
5 30M FSCOSO
w W 300 30 0568
F 30kg wt 300 30
W 4500J
0 38
Arihant

5 10 M W FSCOSO
F 5N 25 5 10 COSO
w 25J coso
0 9
0 600

work done by applied force

WE FSCOSO
F 40 4 coso
21 w
10 20 N
mg 2
work done by its weight FSCOSO
20 2 05180
405
Kg

son

forces acting on the block are

F so

work done by gravity i e

weight of the block

wg oJ

work done by normal reaction

done
WN O
FÉS
work by applied force
f 00

Wa FSCOSO 50 5 coso 2

work done by force of kinetic friction

5
0 180
w f 5 as so
40 5 1 4 LK UKN llkmg
W 2005 0.4 10 10
YON
 workdone by the string is
w TS
y IT 6 0
251m
AT 1s'Em
1 is Efta 24 201
m

V 1ms
2g 7 29 12 02 2941
20 7 29 1 92
7 20 29
9 27 52
T 20 2127 IGN

WTI 16
4 45

in is is
IEEE's
55T
T 10
5 1 18 1112
53 m
15
T N
9
i work done by string on 1kg block
W TSCOSO T s 0 0
coso
48 5
WE 2 5
i work done by
string
on 2kg block
0 1800
TS 05180
wz
work done on a particle moving inspace 3D

Let a particle moving in a space under the action of

a constant force is given by
É Fait FYI't Fzk
let the initial position of the particle be
51 8 4,5 1k
and final position of the particle be
52 829 725 2K
their work done by the force is given by
W F S F 52 51
W Fri FastFzK C2R1 424175 22 2171

WE Fr N2 xD FY 72 41 Fz 22 217

Sd 5 43 49 1 1 K
13 1
52 51

i W F5 4 35 414 34 55 3 15 1225
 5 4 075 e DR
3
F Fit Fs 3 I K
i W F S 39 5 15 K 3 1 1 55

done by
work a variable force
force is said to be variable if it changes its
direction magnitude or both in this case we use
or
integration method to find the work done
consider a particle moving along x axis under
the action of variable force as shown below
Fx here the particle is moving
in the direction of increasing
from di to of
In this case we can not use
Fscoso to calculate work done

f
w
he
by the force because this relation
ye
is applicable only when F is constant
However if we imagine that the particle is travelled
very small displacement doe then in the small interval
the force is approximately constant
Far
the small
E t.gg dfmnatdafng

I I dw Fa doe

di Ik x the aboveformula gives the area

f
of shaded rectangle
 da dw For.dk
i to find the work done in
moving from ritorf
we have to find total area below come
below the curve we can take large no of small
rectangular strips
For
total area a total work done
E can be obtained by integrating
the or

It
fdA fdw For.dk
A WE Ffr da
Ri
Ne if particle displaced from one position vector
to another position vector I then

W TF dr where

r If
daitdystde
x.it 4 21k
ri
Ñ n 729 225
 W F.dk 2x 327 dr

5
w
In 2
38
15203
3
WE 135J

w 92 2 da fate 2 2 1
32
2 12
4
2C1 41

1 2
12 3 5J

If
K
w do
Korean

KE ñ1 K 8 a
K ta ta K

w
Q if F 1295 body displaces from 112 to 3,6
x
then find the work done by force
w SF do k
279 case dust

Meda 27 d
in
33 13 42 22
E 4
91 16 4
12
3
QI An object has displacement from position
a
vector 27 35 m to Ñ 4 697m under a force
3221 299 N find the work done by this force
W F do 821 245 dat dys

32 dntzy.de

43 23 62 52
4 4 16
36 9
64 8
56 27
W 83J
 work done by force displacement graph
Area under the fore displacement graph gives the workdone
W area under F a graph
If displacement have same sign then
force and
work done will be positive if force and displacement
have opposite signs then work done is negative

Area below the graph

gives work done

w 1 5 4

W 13J

from R 2 to 0
F displacement of the particleis along
a positive x direction and
force is
acting along negative a direction
i work done is negative
W 1 2 10 10J
 from 2 0 to 2 2
e F displacement of the particle is along
positive x direction and
force is
acting along positive
x direction
work done is positive
W 1 2 10 105

work done by a spring

Consider a
spring of negligible mass having a
spring constant K
one end
of the spring is attached to a rigid support
and other end is attached to a block of mass m
that can slide over a smooth horizontal surface

room in F
n n n n n n

if spring is stretched compressed through a

for
distance R by an external force then the spring
will exert a force on the block called spring
force
this
spring force is directly proportional to the
displacement of spring but opposite to the disp
i
fs d d
spring force is variable force

KR where
fs k constant which
spring
depends on nature of material
 work done by spring force is
W ffs.dk
five do
KE
W 1km

when length of changes from Ri to Rf

work done
spring
then by spring force is
de
Wss K
E it
W K nf xi

W IK Kit 272

work done by external force is

knh
W
Effe.dk Skied

wore done by external force in extending a springby no

No Freda Iknot ftp.fmetmeto
work done by external force in
extending a springby 220
 4 2 2
w fin an IKR IK
No
IK 3202
3 4202
w 340

K 100 N M
when R locm the
thet is zero on block
i e
FEE
100 10 107
F ION

Ws 1m 1 100 0 1 E 0.5J

speed is man when black attainy equilibrium

i W F R 10 10 102 IT
i net work done on the block Wstw
0 5 1
W 0.5J
Dependence of work done on frame of reference
with of

if frame of reference changes then the force does

not change but displacement may changes so
the done force will be
work
by the different
in different frames
É II
5TEur the period fasting'd box inside a moning
bus by applying forcesome
here F is some from bus frame of reference and
ground frame of reference
let S be the displacement of box inside the
moving
bus then disp of box frame of refiss
w r t bus
i work done writ to bus frame of ref is
W FS
but disp of Sor w r t ground so
where so disp of bus relative toground
work done w r t ground
W FCS So

frame of reference changes then work done

if also changes due to change in displacement