DESAI INFOTECH

Q – 1 introduction to computer?
A computer is a machine for manipulating data according to a list of instructions.Computers take many
physical forms. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as
several hundred modern personal computers. Today, computers can be made small enough to fit into a
wrist watch and be powered from a watch battery. Society has come to recognize personal computers and
their portable equivalent, the laptop computer, as icons of the information age; they are what most people
think of as "a computer". However, the most common form of computer in use today is by far the
embedded computer. Embedded computers are small, simple devices that are often used to control other
devices—for example, they may be found in machines ranging from fighter aircraft to industrial robots,
digital cameras, and even children's toys. the ability to store and execute programs makes computers
extremely versatile and distinguishes them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical
statement of this versatility: Any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of
performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, computers with capability
and complexity ranging from that of a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform
the same computational tasks as long as time and storage capacity are not considerations.
History of computing
The Jacquard loom was one of the first programmable devices.It is difficult to define any one device as the
earliest computer. The very definition of a computer has changed and it is therefore impossible to identify
the first computer. Many devices once called "computers" would no longer qualify as such by today's
standards.
Originally, the term "computer" referred to a person who performed numerical calculations (a human computer),
often with the aid of a mechanical calculating device. Examples of early mechanical computing devices included
the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150-
100 BC). The end of the Middle Ages saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering, and
Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European
engineers.
Q – 2 WHAT IS THE LIMIATION OF COMUPUTERS?
ANS : 1) WITHOUT ELECTRICITY IT CAN’T WORK.
2) ITS CANNOT TAKE OWN DECESION.
Q – 3 DIFFRENCE BETWEEN HARDWARE & SOFTWARE?
ANS : HARDWARE : Refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens,
keyboards, printers, boards, and chips. In contrast, software is untouchable. Software exists as ideas,
concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance.

Books provide a useful analogy. The pages and the ink are the hardware, while the words, sentences,
paragraphs, and the overall meaning are the software. A computer without software is like a book full of
blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book
meaningful.
SOFTWARE : instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software. The storage
devices and display devices are hardware. The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and
adjectives. For example, you can say: "The problem lies in the software," meaning that there is a problem
with the program or data, not with the computer itself. You can also say: "It's a software problem." The
distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally linked. Clearly,
when you purchase a program, you are buying software. But to buy the software, you need to buy the disk
(hardware) on which the software is recorded.
Software is often divided into two categories:
 systems software : Includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to
function.
 applications software : Includes programs that do real work for users. For example, word processors,
spreadsheets, and database management systems fall under the category of applications software.

Q – 4 EXPLAIN ABOUT DOS?

ANS : DOS (from Disk Operating System) commonly refers to the family of closely related operating
systems which dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995 (or until about 2000, if

CREATED BY : VAIBHAV DESAI

 DESAI INFOTECH
Windows 9x systems are included): DR-DOS, FreeDOS, MS-DOS, Novell-DOS, OpenDOS, PC-DOS, PTS-
DOS, ROM-DOS and several others. They are single user, single task systems. MS-DOS from Microsoft
was the most widely used. These operating systems ran on IBM PC type hardware using the Intel x86
CPUs or their compatible cousins from other makers. MS-DOS, inspired by CP/M, is still common today
and was the foundation for many of Microsoft's operating systems (from Windows 1.0 through Windows
Me). MS-DOS was later abandoned as the foundation for their operating systems.
MS-DOS (and the IBM PC-DOS which was licensed therefrom), and its predecessor, 86-DOS, was
inspired by CP/M (Control Program / (for) Microcomputers) — which was the dominant disk operating
system for 8-bit Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 based microcomputers. It was first developed at Seattle Computer
Products by Tim Paterson as a variant of CP/M-80 from Digital Research, but intended as an internal product
for testing SCP's new 8086 CPU card for the S-100 bus. It did not run on the 8080 (or compatible) CPU
needed for CP/M-80. Microsoft bought it from SCP allegedly for $50,000, made changes and licensed the
result to IBM (sold as PC-DOS) for its new 'PC' using the 8088 CPU (internally the same as the 8086),
and to many other hardware manufacturers. In the later case it was sold as MS-DOS.
Q – 5 EXPLAIN ABOUT WINDOWS?
ANS : Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of proprietary software operating systems by
Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to
MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUI). Microsoft Windows eventually
came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking OS/2 and Mac OS which had been introduced
previously. At the 2004 IDC Directions conference, IDC Vice President Avneesh Saxena stated that Windows had
approximately 90% of the client operating system market.
DESKTOP : In graphical user interfaces, a desktop is the image used to portray file systems. Such a desktop
consists of pictures, called icons, that show cabinets, files, folders, and various types of documents (that is, letters,
reports, pictures). You can arrange the icons on the electronic desktop just as you can arrange real objects on a real
desktop -- moving them around, putting one on top of another, reshuffling them, and throwing them away.
CURSOR : A special symbol, usually a solid rectangle or a blinking underline character, that signifies
where the next character will be displayed on the screen. To type in different areas of the screen, you need
to move the cursor. You can do this with the arrow keys, or with a mouse if your program supports it. If you
are running a graphics-based program, the cursor may appear as a small arrow, called a pointer. (The terms
cursor and pointer are often used interchangeably.) In text processing, a cursor sometimes appears as an I-
beam pointer, a special type of pointer that always appears between two characters. Note also that
programs that support a mouse may use two cursors: a text cursor, which indicates where characters from
the keyboard will be entered, and a mouse cursor for selecting items with the mouse.
SCREEN SAVER: A small program that takes over the display screen if there are no keystrokes or mouse
movements for a specified duration. Screen savers were originally developed to prevent ghosting, the
permanent etching of a pattern on a display screen. For older monochrome monitors, ghosting often
occurred if the same pattern was displayed on a display screen for a long period of time. Screen savers
would prevent this by either blanking out the screen entirely or by displaying a constantly moving image.
Modern display screens do not suffer so much from this problem. Today, therefore, screen savers are
mostly an adornment, a way to liven up the computer. Many screen savers provide another benefit, hiding
a user's work from would-be snoopers. These screen savers fill the display with an image or animation
until the user enters a password
RECYCLE BIN : An icon on the Windows desktop that represents a directory where deleted files are
temporarily stored. This enables you to retrieve files that you may have accidentally deleted. From time
to time, you'll want to purge the recycle bin to free up space on your hard disk. You can also configure
Windows so that it doesn't use the recycle bin at all, but then you won't be able to retrieve accidentally
deleted files. The recycle bin is modeled after the Macintosh trash can, which has been part of the Mac
GUI since its inception.
FILE & FOLDER : A collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename. Almost all
information stored in a computer must be in a file. There are many different types of files: data files, text files ,
program files, directory files, and so on. Different types of files store different types of information. For example,
program files store programs, whereas text files store text.

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 DESAI INFOTECH
In graphical user interfaces such as Windows and the Macintosh environment, a folder is an object that can contain
multiple documents. Folders are used to organize information. In the DOS and UNIX worlds, folders are called
directories.

CREATED BY : VAIBHAV DESAI