Therefebalthel are watis nd

IE ted
-do
od drwi
Dy
Example
2 UraA1164 lhall HE
o Since fiodthe p
has and thballs red lBaye's fom Weec Salutiorn etivey Erample s,
the EXAMPLES
sOLVED
alcatyHlack probatlity aeballs
drawn and dheoem, thmguie nd ae
See in
eobability ccued, urn lo vaecaned. re
one hat ut
tCeoutains we fiad sms dat N
of randann
beth
catalns 2 have PE
thc NE,|A) the
NE)=
AE)PE) nd it
of ten
RE)-E)PE) = uris bals ane isschete iseontain
red, 6
devwing rn fros
4white,white, Aigiven srn E dra
is coue
610itis fist
mthind um da
has A cosen the the
red u beenECkoboen Irom urn. black3 I PE). has three firt
black dat hecn x
ndchoun at FALE)+ isdefined
is fiot urmhe
s sandom, urm if the
uns chosen,
choses,
tlack the and and 10
10
3 chosen
ball is as
The chosen
chosen 2red 3
red which E
and follows:
ball um& therefore PE).PA|E)
PE) drawn
is balls. bhalls, at um
A=ball
balls 6
contains adAtwo PA|E) is coatains random, sccond black,
and
urn red.
happen One L drawn ok
B what is
2 urn
contains + 6red 6 therefore
white, PE,). probabiliey chosen.
is
balls to is sthe is and4blackhh rd.
chosea
be
1hlacka drawn red white, 3
PALE) Ehalldea CANO
STA
ar a
2hà ck
a
ba

What
Let
LeESolution,defective
is Ne Seilady Se
A
be the une
the E,probabilityectively, 1egirod
helts. 117,A
Required event and Total
E,number AL to
of be The
the factory find
probability drawing the that
machineX
end
PNATE)w PAIE)w PE,|A).
nTgony events ofthis
has (E,|4)
bolts of
a delective the three
defective
hability of
peoduced produce
day,
that PE, produced
Probability L00 Prohability deawing nachines,KYand
1000
= By
100 S0 2 100prodaced Baye's
it a NE)PAE)+
|A) bolt. bolt
baltis
is
ective 1000-200 in 1%
bry a abas heoren,
that
by Then, bolt defectivebelt,
day drawn
the of of the of been
draving daing produced
the machine drawing machine
bolt
=6000 pruduced at
000) PE)PAIE)+PE)RAE) we
2000 1 randen z.
rodu
huve
drawn Z a a by
defective delective defective
X
machine Yomdues
is by
and ALE.
podaced the
bolt. bolt, 1on0s00n
it
machine is
bolt. given &.Y found 1.55
givea
by and
X, hut given that Z to
3?amZ
given respectively. be
itis itis delective.
thut
due
it 175
is
 e THEOREM
BAYEs9.
ent Statement
te S
Tesa loiat 4
H 3
etaally wheher
Find XandYae ) The
datrihution disihation
Dekont of
Let () conditioal
den
Fsd Fnd jo
DtermineKand
Xgiven2
Sbe P<iorc3.
exclasive the Xind to
magial
ot psbabiliry
satple Yare X fiad
events and andom densiy
independent
which soace Yis 0<xc22cyez
Ay6-*-y) variables andYiofA s
densitiynaginal
uccociatod givcn () eAic+y). 0SSysi
oocurs and unetiot ofandon
X
PX+ functioe densities
let by having
Also
wichwith E,, Yc3), of
Piesewhee
1SxsyK2 ofelsewhere
find joint Ygiven
Ea E ofXund
the
the otherwise to
(c) density X=and
conditional dimensional
random y
,jAnEAnE (Ans.
PX<1|4<3)
function
Yes, condiional
Fig31 densityoA
(Xx|
density
taciy al
Ymy)2 yaiable
An vetH
AsK

PEJofthe
Probublitie Patly cxperiment.
PE,PE) feothe
eermined
AnThe peobabilities
Nae Nate2.The Note Hence.
experiment
canbe Nas, DeTUs u
sigificance
at 1.
after The using
he
eventA che are
events Since
imultiplication
us
to ofrl knewn b.
occurence
at event ofBaye's EEE,
explained lus
performed
aleoceuned. of as
/A/EJ,2.t the PANE=PA)
theoeen PE,LA) PELA)
PAIE)RE
PE,TA) theorem
PELA=P)PAIE)
prioi' are
P,Aifall
in are
PE,IAAE)
the Wih in
uy AnE)uunEuvOEJ Autually
following
ih2.skaon mutually probabilities SPEIPAIE)
usuallyPAIE)
ErE) PANE,)peobability,of
ihàs be PA/E)PE) PA)
infochatian uderstood s, PA) PE,IA) ekClusle
the ate referred
eKamples
PE)(piai exchsive ecaled ivellcalled
as we
eaclh they so have and
the in the as
prbubility and the the aid exiu nt+hAnEJfBy
theenadd. eshatie
likelybaodprobablitiesas
jebuilities) exhaastive folewing hypotheis
The poieriec evry bcfonc
esperict pian
E)iscangel oveat.e
wysmanner swe and PE)PAIEJ
PAnE)
asd pebabilities
peobublsis otain he
PAE) EE probalilies
is any ki
perfored
ta as iataemaio
dhey
PE,A)
alyhoot TheE. thes
aad sell
ae us
171
 Then
Solution. iacc Then
Earale
Exanple
B bBuycy o
Letus 124 Lut her 24,
e 1fa of
dcfine deline
achineis achine deo aalesSeppe
de NEA= Potaa
RESM
fenale
we
NAE) he and
PES ercets he
E huve Whal he
pr
E, correctly is 5
he as cerrectly of
he he
pe Prorson
achine D055 =00 0 25 me
PAIE)+PE)
PAIE,)NE) babiy
achine et xO0s+x0025
sct al
a ap
set set up, S25Sx100 ha
PAIE)
RE)- huda laind L25ty
e up up it hc arey of
is s produces is erey persotn this of
correct
machine incorrect person
a
21 20 grry haired
is
hained persun
ale a is wenee
is chosen
set items haired a
tahle 90% person person being have
up male
is acceptable PaoAY a
when is is male? grey SA
Aa
cortect ehsen, chose
hair.
knus iti

iten. wben whema A

4witlh
dirtthe r
Thes tall
Solution. Example Then
obtained.
she
hy
Let her1.25, Baye's
If
i s ofbeads
Suppose she
deline theoecm,
obtalned
ihc Irshe Probahiliry
HELAmthut PAZE=
PAE)Probabilty
NAIE) a
gir
following exactty PE
ELCiting
A:E,: eeds
throsa
tosed
three
Probahilty 1.2.3er ziven gven 205o 02
Pohibility
65GetingGeting ovents ene OKKOSI
+02K0 16
PA/R)PBPATB)PE) 4040Probability
die,
head, lhit th
esacdy 1, S
2,3or4 oeo she 4.she f PIBNAtRS the thc
tises of what that thut that
getting ia aachine machinc
ec tessesa gets
63 the e the
inasielesiple
heat is aS
the machine inachie ahine
exactly er6, set set
tow prnbahility alu
i up
ee thrw once ste Eces
is peobacesi set
af cei snrtos
tesesa cor up
head sdie ad
of that is
given uute coln 2 incoect
die a she et ccepahl
item acorptable
that lup
whecheahead
three tuee
a given
coin ties tt iteins
,2,3
i
r
 ebalty Uance
Solution, copayHenct.
By Syilais Siace
Hajes eae Ost,Exmpie
ihat
ere
tylud Balsedriver
he eE
ewas 12000 Te
to
ANer
hvE dve Gnd EadA prutabihg
petsons,
HE PAIEJ blity01
i
E)PAIE) PE,IA) 2000
FE)
/A, theefore A he
eProhahility tenh thr
6000 1 4000 120001 eeats
given
mects
hsenis f
defined he
hat hat insured
with
the a
persun person an
truck
s follows
PE)PA) accideat i
persondrivers,
sceoter
4000
meets driver, a PALE)
meets scooter PAIE)+
ve meets
with with and
witlh PsoRAt/TYANDSra
an driver
at
ccident an
accident,
accident. cur

piven dd
Wtt
that W
ia

therafon i that
1. tr
E Example
be We Thets Exanp
have We Findcopies ace
ankwer,exainit
e he
rguired radon
the nt aliy
PE)PE,) the 3z0. Lis
E)PE,)+
PEJ)-1 t und
answeris
adprobability soen,
n to E and
A a find E is atovERYy
tes, Plant
the PEA, EPlant undA found
examine PE,A)PE)PAIE)+
thhat PAIE)and
anPE)PAIE)PAIE)o0
PEj) eexamnine be nuetur1, has
te90k
he the be tro
= kew By il
folowing
is of efplants
1- SinceE,, E either 100 Baye's 70 standard
chosen, the
E,)+PE the x001x003-x0s
scoters
10 te
guesses theonem, events
follows:
dtincd asaLswer and muanufa
PATE)
PE) quality,
ae
E, 100 AScooter A
or are
to copies 100 we
natactur es 70
caclusive
mutuailyand the havg Whatratedas
EAand
question, the or is s
knrs ostardand the of
he standardsie
aswer. protbahility
eiven the
aaswer guality
E that
extantive ihat
the
he toa
probability it
easinee corTeette maitiple has
events cone
172
 Socively
Lhen. Whm
LeAle scder
that
eetrepecyhe he
The
eilçome
tht
the probahility
PAIE) PAE PAIE) AIESdcta Ehe by
train, ehees
RE)mNE)PE,) visits PEj nd cames that the patient.
visit a -
other Probubiity Probutility bas anrCrthe
Prubahility Proability events
orbability
the y wilhe REFAIE)+
means patint that ether
sceater E
be
nfthat that that that ethat late r eoectty
tat
late mams by le
transport the e the the doctor Since
he are PAIE)
PLE) äswEs
doctor doctor doctor doctor Then. e tere
comes af Bast PE)PAIE) givcn
cues
trapurt,
wil will will experienee, corecy an
wil by transpert
and ansof that
be be byY fosur
be be
late late late tran, truin PaoAiY
he ctAND S
late hen if given iai
if if if bs, he it
PE)
if be he he made
he eomes
be is dhac
comes coms comes cocs cotr wit PAT
aren knim he
ty e na by
b by trin,
ca h

parRA at TH
THence, tsing Then
actturny Solution.Let be Example
when Hece, EA)= Buye'tshDy
eo
actually
Rayes' be
the is the
required 322mqaired
thoorem, has PE)
T87persen By
obabilinys PAI)+PE)PATE)+PE,)
examining
probabitity
KE,LA) we s
PAIE)prohalhility FAIE) selected
have
PE,)=1000
Eevent
the is
that at chest
10001o0 PNE)
PE). probability
10001PE).P(AIE)
0 100probahility random
he hat PEPAE)
and Xry,
is
diagnosed
PAE)
PE). the and
of tlut hat PE,) the
a persn is
person TH TH prohability
diagsosed
o sclected
have
actually diugiosed,
is diagnoved, is PIATE)+PE)
cetcd
TH
OO9
in ta that
having suflering lave
when when 100 a
surlering C TRL persn
TB, the ite PALE)
fro Wht
iit penon peroe is
from TB diagesed
is i
known has actually che aag
TL
hn chanes (Gives)
TB wit 129
 Fs
Solution,
Giteat
dr Thetfr
t Soien
ehave
alin
Abrte lsse
te et haneHe
PANB) of
spd)S)
Pst cant eprbuiliry 12Aballelcatken BEEIOionatralo
NAUSA+N)-NANE) on
dawing cadie Reschat
saathe
the aspse that
prohabitity, draw ie
the we
51
304 the
deck irstcarf fom gt
Zeand & afte marhe
has i
Sl den
cards ed
evte
in
J deck fack
of rhen af$2 that
which Then
seeond ,
eards has
are
Divideby
) chubs cant and occued
(es isa thes
chub
secend
ir
theCantk

rand
(a)
Exampie be
Chennai?
What 4 Then 6What
aap. SolutieExample
s Ni Ves -he
at 13.A
The in
the epinien No (4, the 1.30,
a respumses
probability
consuer 1)43)(4, sat cenditieal
market
af e& dice A
tsecars
he
are
PLAB)- is
preferred srey numhet
33(44)4.5)(46)
that throwa PALE)
ahown prubahility
aticast
a ws
8=
appearing
cunsumer 15 45 beow 2.4) ence teice
brand ciinductedis
(1.3)2,4)0.31(4,2)5. --
hat and
(4, is6
4.
preeered Kelkabe thesumof
the
45 21 (6,4)
what nuher
foxe (5,
is 40.4244
cities thenuhers
the hrand 4
Chean has
probabitity
ta appeared
4. find
given appearig
eut
Mipsbal at
tat that ihe
let
prrfevnce
he be ik
was
sace
was
erved
fom Ironm
fr
te
 No haieWe itiwa Hrszt,Byetry
naa Solutiot. Eamale
s
p d e f i e e dLet Fnd A27,
by2ais the &
man
PAIES
PRE, NAIE
AE
head
TA nE)REJ= PEARERALE+P)PAE
-Pobubility
die dig hat
KE)PALES+ Probability Tobability
given
Pruubilily
giveo Pobubiiy
it
isoccurs once
that ait
that
PAtE)
PCE) hac lat that that thut E=E (whethet af
six six as h aRAE)
ere the the follows 4
sis outof
getting
bas the has the
PE) it not man
manoceured mati does &
an headeacly
ix oports not times.He
PATE) doesoccurredreport peaks or
on oceur,
the not on tail one1
ihat tnuh the that is
die speak on and druwsdie a
the there there
da obtalaeiven
given truth Ahe
de is
is
ta a hat
siE sla n ao
the 0n and
n

beurt.
Solution. #y IE
Haye's Rueed, aee k
TA juipste
cours can
Let drawn Theorems, be
wich etters
come
huve
3SAltier
E. twce, ittTways E
TAed, LetA
E and ard r then then
we
Considering O0CUn he denete
E are have the is
PEIA)= NENALEL
E)PALE)
KE,A)= letter Therefore ncans it event known
E,found PE,)=NE) in ether
from
and he lhe that
EihE=the pack cune that
wing A to one ent event
the to
be be he have
ofS2 272s feom
of Calcuta or letiee
thut
missing
missing the lhcarts 2°72 REIPALE+ Conidering ltte
the cone
events cards Tatangac Teocumo
eo
to PCE)RAE1 cae either
cand Car Find TAN
coseetive
bcat n Tataaga.
iherfour frot ,What
TA fen
is
isdcfined helest. s In fron
as Calciutta
carts asale bast a
prehahlityFram ethe Calcuts
RE) one letersTATANAGAR
is
below: letserwiet lhe
feom lether
cant. cas the NAIE,) and
TATANAGAR
there In visibleprabahillty
the cad.and remalning there ihe
ef
aising the ae b
arewunt cnthe
or
missing the
lester sesn
CALCUTAbee event that
CALCUTTA.On
cards eeclepe
cards here he
cand Thonefne ieters thut
of an letter
the 9 aethe
ta leter out letr
pack,
be TA kas
of
a
 that aod
Example
athe
stent 60 hepbscriber readeh
male
obahility Thet0Thes 8
The Example
Resder (sThe )
with L33. peshability in Reader Lerdene Solution,
prparation usal The
nrobahility Toal epi NoNeSes
high that If
notatians ofte the
of 1.32 probability
the The
elity it that arsiae
magazine define Data the
probability
will of that evcnt
a P(B)-
PAN8)
PAOB) infemation
wil have ndomly PANB- Wc the en tie afa
P8)=070 subscribers is ika
are following
ako
high that gisen over ale conkumer comsumer thata
selected ae cunsmer fi
have PNA)
060PANB)
3 0.30-020 that 35 is
aderhip
fidelity a =D.10 020, years events: emales
under
munication ane E PX) helongs PXNC preferred
00
ity? PO)
male ef
DelkAallaty poses
and
(An) femalPes ofage 35
over
sciected
PB)-030 years s to 65
PA040_2subscriber irthe
certan brand duing
lectivity over 35 Mumbai50, at
-040 300 .
years'
of,
proportion random
system
NB)+ANB) 35 age. magazine given Market
is yearsis: given 100 Chennal
is under Also dhat
preferred survey
0.18, wil
of
caleulate show that he
35 he is
what have years readers was brand as
high that preferred fon 100 MabaJtel
folPesAIY A
lows StAN
is-0.20+ is the
he
tidelity : under the Chenal The. .
probability branid
robay 0.40 propartion
is 190 30
s-060) 0.70,
that fid
a

mathematies?
s.What in
passedMathematics
expressed be
as ts
Probability Solution. Example Requircd So Then
cobability) is Piosey
Bsc
Aaown
Consider Solution.Example
Letc4N8)Calution.
The
is that prubability
(Passes Probability the s 1.35. the
Let couple
1.34.A
has
at
probability and following beLet4be
The B,least the
in the and thatasysten
Mathematics prehability event
(Pass G,ene the
probability events
PO-? that RBA) - AnB B)
t, atands of that event
in the
Mathematics) heshe 8-(,G 8t childres, representa at
that fot Fiadtwo
A S= children swil
and that have represent
PMNC) Camputer will a PANB) 4 least both (8, child 6182PUAN B)
belshestudent the B, is high igh
pass one be a
G, childret B, boy. delity ftelity a
a coanication
inpassesselected B of GG boy
Science) compater probabilitythe
8, the vwil ad
in B,1 children are B and
Mathematies at boys G, girl alohigh selectivity
random respectively
G)
sclence, is systeni
a
bey childre
both
that selectivity
from will
if
it and Then ave
is a (by
knewn
Computer class
sample using high
will felity
that heys,are ir conditional
pass spce
Science
he
in an 25
has
a
 1E
Hesce, ncket 6810, Rubersanother
Sincethe Soluionket Pi4)--at(l-e
|-E-y-2y
Thet tictcrissglvet speakthem) ia
-PunB)-PAP()
out
probabi
12
SiRegui
nce lriordy
Example137.A Selution EXAMP
reuired therae ticket
icket 16,18 etrus
ttheof is
Letá drawn Letd
peobalbiy wtichdrumn Theefare, 19
tickets he bag
L.36.4Theand
R 5 in dewitheut be prebabiliy
PXBA) are tde event centains the
PBA-P4n8) eVen fitst eunbered1
in efrepisce evct &
iumb
drwnot the wolscemet. 19 are
19 944 19
drawing
secand that trtaie tws
lo tickets NANA
19 an and 24
replaced in draw even Flnd
independent RM)
19 the nmbered &agree fancak
bag mambertn the
thercfore out in
statement. the
prohabilityfrom a witruth
teessesis
of ticket
second which I
statement Shem
in to
(Le,
9 finst that 19, and
drawn are A and
Deen hat there is
even draw h
botticket
, the PROARLuYANO
in and ticket be
from is probability
umbered B drawn the
the be wil event
remainin the show
e. event uod sh that SATt
2. even a
4 of h
a

studeats
Probability
Statanesand
(6) (o) Solution. c) Brobability
Example required
Now Since
Requited What Khe
solution,EamOole
Require failed
the
foiled
is that
1.39,
in sum
probability probability A:Student
B: the Consider 1.38.
Student Statistics. probability wo hotlh
probability in Ina
Probability, Twe
integer the
tstics, certain theintegers
P(ANB) failedfailed A numbered
PB|4) Pat) studentis following
is
PA) in inthat what college even
Statistics wbat are
Probability he 3-The
= s if are
4-Bothevents selected
PANB) 100 15I00
failed is the selected 25% either
PANB) 25 the PANB) odd
PAY N probahility
probability
in of both s the at
Probability or atthe eandem
randem of
students arenurebers
the
00 00 00 10 even
that numbers
that C frnn
orchosen
he andfalled
both I
Statistics? he failed 1055 chosen io
failed
in are are
in of L
Probability odd If
in
Probability? the is odd
Statisties? che
studeuts thereforeeven
su
15-10
and ie
failed even,
159%
fid
both theof
the 22
in
 Ebutie
Contats
tlf(etpatCse ) Cae Fan
dstrhnnbution cyder
Again LZL
s (Ù
cquatis
Fourh Thind Second ef caled :
deviationyg st ot flinomial
motiestFiSandad
eip
noentmomentooment unisodal and MaCnaiedtetevaleofrat MODE OF
Di
or or or Meatp
ishot
le+1-)Srsin-ljp ( ala 2p (r1le2(-r
3pnl-6pg) ,Ov a BINOMIAL
(-p p 0
integer,
hen ubichi)
(-p)
both then DISTRIBUTIheOs N
(n+Dp mode
maimu
and is
he ((e+Dp-1]Sr
((n+Dp-I integral vahe:
Letrbe
(n+)p rs
part the
wil of mode
(n+
represent noBAITY
of STA AND
Dp. binaniale
ln
modes this
lf c4.

PO2), whlch
Then .23, L22.
Solution,Example and
The is We
P(at probability The EXAMPLES
SOLVED 4. 12.A L.
PON3)ifPa-0 the knoen happening
RECURSION The The De 141etc.
dichotony 1.3,2.1The
or
CONDITIONS
prnbability required
least When 1.54. trial trials
aumber variable
tiat
Tea for
or or
heads) 7 of one recurence events of of
tiot coins FORMULA the events
othet exinta shodd
of coin trials
getting petting Binomial FOR
is are must
events. mut
P(7 In be
n APPLICATION
thrown, formila
a a throvwa
NX-tl)POX is pel,2.3 be should otherdiscrote
heads) head hcad known. OR
repeated In be
distribution
RECURRENCE independent. other woeds,
p= be
= -
simaltaneously. Applying fnite le,
P(8heads) I words,
under the
defestives
and
OF
happeaint BINOMIAL
ti identival
statistical Thesenall
fomula RELATION sheuld
kappening
P9 Find conditions of
heads) independence DISTRISUTION
coukdbe
evests
the sccessively,
FOR
probability of
P0+ BINOMIAL ane mut
1,2.3,4orS
eveot he
heada) we must
of
of can eis mst te
getting DISTRIBUTION
find et
not alleratve
PX1 affective neverand
at
least
 S
shipa asle
Peohability
t54Ifn
Eample
Solution.pheteepecded The The The
Thepy Solution aaeErample
phliy pilly puy
at to Dearohuty
at atrive delectiearticie, L45 I
leat of ef of
pectbility the at eatly laf a
fou t e af
veragt,
pert, defectivedectatieicle
shigs coe ef (a) 20
ef at oe
ot defoctive
defiective ariticatles
of
ship a least ane=1-(prohability ill atice leastane
91854 (110
0 ship be
five arriving four aticie 10
sut defective Iq out
arive will article of delective are
ef 20
safely arrve 10 defect
safely is thut
o10 ive,
wrecked, oe
safely article.ina find
10
19 wil
be
the
10 find 19 probabilityofp
the defective] random
PRoBARLTY
STAT ANO
probability Sample

f
that 20
arrd
sst

many probahiythatuf
Nete. Now InSolution.
Example Probability
Probabilityof Example 1.57.
ane imes Solution.
Required the
In throw
the process de
The you 1.58.
above of that Prokability
number non-survival
is six chanceexpect
leastatSis out
case The
of
repeated
times729 dice dice of
of 10
the of 10 prebability
ofmen
times together, getting are
binomial such survival
ie. p throws upte aged
at three men
a-233, least we 4 the
-G,p+"Cc,pgC oe -120+45+ 10pgtProbability 60
that
ibutión have fogether 0514, thatProbability
(065) Probability
Probability at agep06S upto
3 6
dice least now.at
dice with of the a
probability q-1 d to the
1-p=l-065035 man
7 70
233 60+60+12+Il
have4 one have at (120 would age
required that that that of es
aged
is dice a
oc time,
4 (035)45 0
ere is ts
essctyexactly
exactly surive
ie 6 of exatly 66
6?
required pettingg the result will
pracess 10 9 & 7 as
woaldwouldwouldwoulddeaired iv
at (065)
729, resuls
least
is survive survive
survive sarvive
3 repeated
(035)+(0.65)1 (0.35
(0.65)10
dice
to s.
6 have 729
4 times what
or
6 How is
the
 pert
indhidualte an
individualExample fwill Ho
that The N kee ge9 By
he
three probbily Solutiontrike Exampl
e s afthe
distn H
utioExan. mpie
being
seelaL.Asuing Te LA0.
peeple the
The dreped, Lt LS
whuther tht ptutiy targt The
& nesbahilities he
or riee at
hey
less tcsnsmer leat prubabi
fed liry
So
Se
muuicof Irbe
bat the umef
that 2 Sot- 4
esnsament are bombs catly of
half prubabiliry binoial the
rice 01, hata t
1-82621-03932-a345l ihe wil two mean
coasumers,
1--G-(0s-6(0.2)(0.8) 2scoecses
popalation
and
-ce-TE-0346 strike bombs dibutiea
thatz bomb and
assumine the the
Huw wil 0etactlydropped be
are target
many strike are
consumers from
that given Cwherg variance af
the two
nvestigations a
100 tatet wil place
n6.and by binomial
investigations of the strike wil distribution i
rice a

so
respective the strike
mber
wouluyu that target. the
trialsrof
eaeh the triahk ofS
terns (htaret
cha
t a
e

a or
Recurrernoe sueceia
Example less
Solution.
peopic
p10,N-100 solution.
liere
PutPatingr-.
ing Puting expectedThe The
Calculate
formula 1.62.A were peobabiliy
r2, Let
0,r onsmers
in lin PX)be die
for the
(), n (0. (o, is ihate
binomial
PA)-0-Probability threws iber
317)-03292
PX-3)- P- probability
rice
of of perons
forrL1er investigatos
1)-0.3292 distribution S
tim
of ot
-(n getting
(Ao))4
P2)P) 100
292) of
410+454120)-17
aperox (e, 0
is perns
un
of even expected
no
success umber ane
frequescies) cansmers
in5 1024
rester
trials
of
-0.1646 tha greater he rice
2 wod in
on lhan given
die. 2 neport
is by
considered tlhat
th°ce
 Example
Fita
L68
This anhesch
inequality istribution.
Bioonial
Uing
New Solution, Examplele inegualyThs B
probability tmuHe
correct
atleat x (NLChe (a
is For The
satisfieditn--4 f
binemial Pa-0+P= madeare
of given acses
24 lsing data, patahility
1-1P- lent that
distribution )<12
PLE2 we of
a fanswer takes ht 1-Pr0)>1-RR)>34 34the
1-PW<e)<I2 coectanswer have lit hitingy
p12.g12, nrobability
at a P¯pr2T)ohahi34
28
)Pan-
0)+Pr=1) totrue-false
less che
fo
fid ramdom.
follawing than of
efhis Larget
34
is
i o n12.,Find Heglhiting
e s a m i n a tT2
)> the
hit ing eNCY
data, PN-n-1)]< 8and the the onoe
12 guessing smallest tae
22 target
when
once
aoe utleast
a atleast
tossing wrog
12 greater
onceisou

5 answer s
coims greater
i phalthe
than than
34
s
i
Lu State

and
Dividing distribution
BinomiatFor Example2
Solution.
Given 5
suceess disaribution
Uslng
and binomial
Solution.
expected
eqn. are1.69.
(i) 0.4096
Ina frequency
with 8

eqn. Hinomial
and
PX-2)-=
"C,pd
0,2048
Cpla-le04096PX-1) PUX-
2p 0.2048 obtained
p1-p
() PO)C
ix0,12
(0.43)0342
(0.43P-0.059
C,(0.57)
C(0.57) SC c, Meanp-2s4
-12 ) distribution G(0.
(043)=(043)
respectively. (057) (043)-052T60 (0.57)C,(0.57)
from P057and 1mean
Ve00-N
0.2048Sq10p C,p: g041
234
(043) (043)-0
04096 consisting
Find
0224 -
0, the 09s 241
lo0
1,2, parameter of
3indepeadent S
(0.342)
100(0260)-26
(O.059)
100(0.224) 34
10022100x x40.43)1
(0098)-10
100x 100
p
of
trials,
distributind.

probability

of
1
 18 7. The 3
lingalge
gas partetofs hat Out Stine probabily
nthatthe aise, &Laun
Fend A
ef horg they rein onlyJ all
9atlest
ccesses S wllsffer heincimorprobulry Durg L
pi,jethe
ea'hhw 0 he 4at gbability SE 4
e have ege EXERCIwE
2D fnilis jutity crd five an leait fom e
w2 actimchunge crde drawn will I
oi of that
ar ane thtapen she ship
Out
2ar3 wih soively
sDadcs are aive ship diseneoccapional
Whar esactly
ef
dens of whesher
acine ant
s winning spades i is 3 of
i000 bys is saf e aut 9
50h the
every An
bahianufct
lity ed w
e, adt proh b theof
Aum chance asfollosing wih tn
pes 12
:11 replacemet is nher att cosey sunk on
that st
to wrecked, ( by a
how throwstatemnt a thatcut
niodustry of
any ly
iaeuactcompary 6
any ny find "aiccess, shipy averzee
bombs bonb 10being fom 2 of
is the wil wil sis in in
uuld true awell-shuffled workers such would
are will the probability be be
jou requiredstrike or what that arrive makinea
bethe winner, false defective
defective.
ed mean(Ans. expect (Ans. is choscti the
taret the
umber (0 to 1f4
"The
pack
that (0 wotkers safely2 certainwa
PacaABiYAND
2s0. probability of: (i) is
to to be out at
Two throws mean of52 voyage
ain have:dropped random, have
of(uD ships 5 (0
none Ifi2
ctives 25. direct of cards.
() finstly, TAns
false] a wil smk a
at () expected louror 20s l02401Ans What
east 3
Ans 11tohits Binomial defk Ans Srahe
What
(un cha
s00) boy give are ahow
is 3123
the

18.
17. 14 13
Mak Gt below Four ov)
(b) (o) seeds. The If (0
erobability
() ) e Fita The
8 shotsis
10The the following
successive
Whatcnce sucoess at not None a
coins Fita What binomial coins robability
01 least more
correct 6 of timesNo
of
probability 20binormial are cne, that
are is the isihut occus
the trials distribution than
tossed answer
tossed out that
data chance one
probability will
onare one of5
that 28
distribution are fuse a
of the
independent 160 bulb
simultaneously. the distribution
thut the such
ts to times. after
man a produced
12 1number that 5 ten trial thís bulhs
hita of
telephone 150
of all the is ad data The
this ofthe is days
target4567 lines 3 on number by
The seeds the a
the of
is data: lines are lines and
probability use
factory
()
probability given variance hypohesis
perminating arebusy is of
busy? usy times wil
as.
at is of r fre
of Then n 4. sucoess that heads
out(Ans Give 69 2 afer
getting instant coins
his of occur
10(0 your 150
at on are
probability 80(O.7825
02175)101
[Ans o comeets is days
least 0.02579,(in 02 any unbiased. 43 (r0, 201 20
()356 None(v) dacnp trial Ans
6heads i) of
IAns. 37 Slter isp, ro i,2, use
of Total10 0 is
(o) is atleast 21.024
for
shown 40 3,
4)
(0, one 80 60 2 Find
()(h1 sets 1e1
that 4010 34 given
hit the the 57
in of
 hes
Sumilacly.
Roquid Biye'sBy
Wa EXERCcISE3.3
draws
actins proeabilTecnerm,
ity
froes rasdom al
bat 2 we
whie E, have
9 from
PG+ceG+c NAIE) PAIEJ=
robabiliy of
oee and
REJ IA)
ofred 3 PATE)+RE) missingcardis missing
eart is
theballs, hubabiliy
bags
and and of
itis tog drawing
PAIE)+POAE)PE) drawin
contains4
found B 664T8478
tvo e two
to PE,) beat
be heat
red. white cards so
+ PAIEj)+ cands
Find and 78 AiTYAo
S
50 given given
the 5
probubil rod PEJNRu tha
balls
O ho

K 1. s Lhe
he xbix A150, thanoe o0 ln unler tadon. Suppese are Fom One hecontents product second prohabilities Teo that p ey eo
obubility is a white, she theut is it
clioen
contains class,
od the af groups as actioe factcy,
theee
blb come
fros
rA ballscoetain &
the of Fiod S these introduccd first
men what chonc group iE are
students 5%mea of are
group that probability manufacturedrespectively
students
college, draw
at of and the out urns dom
thatrandom, 2 is ur three wins, competing Ceontaits4 I
old fitnhde the peobability the is wins, ihe from white,
it women of two ws are 4'
was are boys 100
probability chosen urns te int These
and the of
drawn andprobability ththate hoys and balls Le, Unback by he
bulls cotrespoeding that gils. of
by matincsA, 2
3 and 3:2 are the probability and for the boys tual theic lappeswite,blsck
silver
a at th e Ifastadeat macine
cin Ift0% that 25 re as the
from a woena that drawn andom hle follows: second second selected and pouct
respective and
coins.
is student of positios to 5
black
drawn male these 1' C be 3
the the with grocp
peobability groups andis B, ed
second Aaoher atrandonmsihotcneiy out &Ad of stadent in of Cmanactere onc
beisya selected is girls persen introducing out and hall
froit. stdent of cameprobahiliis ce sclecod girle white
have 10are wil he is 1
bos bos is fros are lond
If selected. is wibeard
e a ie an utn
cotans at an at hal,
ihe raadan 10 good ars
0 as girltandom talier
to lecotains B
selecied
e0atat The
of 39020.0.60 Fod new dinectoeof an defective be 608, rod ee
3 mi e Ane orator, aroduet andistaller
gokd and he 175 294 um
coin Wh
and foand dan As and gobubility is
wh,
isa that is0s meties Fnd
are and chees
is
150. ecator he
poldsilver 3 so theee these
both f
balls than defective 15%
I
bave In
i Futhermo the protailiry black s
this hat e L75 pobalilily raadem
Ans
coin,coins
an ae A,
and
A find A class. As. oul
1Q 40 An the A
nets A luth Ahef
A of sew tial 11that i 185
i and rod
 Sc
SolutionExangple tie
he Te SouiotSer p
The the The
The 1M.A eupeet epeet cpnd foiers
expeed
CnpieLak bet
ester
seand st
omnent tudest nnbir mer unher
unber Oetefe
Vriance n gils 2
abtained ol af
hae fnles t nilies tanies
06+d+l|
fanilies 7so = (ateat
e
faies
1,e 32 he PPohllily
ofhanga boy bess
having haing haing aving hobalhility
g fallewing and ee
wihdchiltre
o t 7 eirls bey
reus no at
pand moit girl last hoys are
aser of
are variance eie having oneboy and having cqual aagirk, h
stet 2 each,
to 4 girls a he
having girl (at
nyy. a boys
certain
an
Wethe mest
at families
wald
areresul
preblem lcast we
given
2 girist
beys
mean
givn
A
be
ts
s N

times,
t 0 G) Example ( oberved The Ceparu
Solution. (i)
feqency afa Hence,
fregaency
Exected Sumber The |Freysencies
Solution Naherf Eanple
The The he
rbe esacity theIf fregiecy
(CCC, we expected
probability probability these
() fires res 1.66. have
Here feequencie 1.65.
Civen u ence of the afr
fhequencies
that Pratability
6 heads
n Ten
ofhiting ofhiting times, fallsIng
p the 10,N024 coiss
)+PX=6)1-PX5)-1-PPXS$)-
CX=6) and (022
1,-10-25 probability what with
e so are are
the ef on) cmpariso
target
the th
insed
targt is an 10)
fpective
the 45 38 2
cected
target is s The
atlesuk almest af hittinga
probability I824
his change
hittieg 21o120
106I8N2S7
226128 3 4 Sters1 2 1 0 requencies 1es
5 tiies
S a
times of
4 af T 1 0
targetS | 6 of gtiega snd
hittin the
252210 binomial th
alesst bcad folle
(0
unce at 1024 i ing
mast oe
120 feesecies
i o
greatrr 5
times, 4s 59
han.find (in are
101 abserved
at
least
t S
 EXERCISE 1.2 ach theef
prhuhilir the
Salution.Theballsstare Example t0
ehalk poosi
Reqeiteidly
/ORB)
pablity
Regued prhabilicyDRE)
Roguired alare eia
Getine
PRB14HXI09x8
rplaced
dhack ccuntdraawintns
P-C15x14X312 befare
3603024 hall hefre te 6
7920270 2260 draw n the
anfirst gihewhite
secad the
seeesd
5xl4xl3x12 four and
secend
9
715 x8x7Xo 6x$x4X3 draw
PRURPP8)-Paay dra, nhite bln0(00
eck
and
6
draw
balls
7920 second
3024 Feur 10
draw halls 100
teare 10PecALin
ballseive
four StaeAND
drawn

black at
time a

13. 12.
L. 16. 9,
fled Find the A he & 7. 6
conditional dice prohability isThe
AWhatthe is Abag unbers
A Two
the conditional dice 03 coin shuted Find ment, Abae () the Anir
is probability dice 9 Anair
probability
pack rolled is comtain aiven thatth and he S
rolled in the Wat
contains the
showing
tossed are pack
probability sum of apcars of
of probability tlut the sm dice
twice tlatthe
cards probability probability l0
probability thrown is dice
twice white be that of the of of
of then on cards 10 is on ik
and will a aanbers thonvs teteown
drawing
tF and certain athe that
probability wiite
of mber
the that and dice frt
that the the buy dice drawing
If
that it the and of4 LetA
card suLEn st
first Shack
balls both person is is is E dice
a the he is
thrown known card that 15 or h the
is 7
drawn diamond nmber nuniber
of lus 4 ofwhite shirt ill a black less Find
wo beieevent
the the will diamond
drawn first
that
umbers and and buy buy Find is balls KGEL
first
in card
aot 2 Two in white bors
has mbers secand
hlackis trotuset. a a the not card thut
laced in balls shirts0.2 shirt dice Two
appeared appeared probubility appearin
each appearing replaced is and sis
ppcaring are Findgiven showsa cach second balls
afer of dravn peater
the at at also that the after of are on
least on lenst on of sx the
de two in probability a6
is dran thes
them them suscession the he Find th e blac tmo
first
consecutive once once given fist o se
probahlitybysa de cHnsCcurNe
draw is is dr Sccessios different equl
observed ohserved pnabability
tat
irouser at
withot hesds to
he 19
draws that will drwE fed
to to is withut ad
came ttat the
be7. neplacement
be h04 by
from om protabiry Fle
Ans
6 Find a up the the
Ans What trouser sum reglace
a A What Ans A swell A Avent
well he 29
is is of
 Thu
L4L
b Prpere . CONoToNAL
PROBABILITYL
putlifat
Poperties
2TA
of t
UBYn. P4uP-S nt Conditional
wedisint 2
e
ASB1
toy
eents Probability
evests
-PanE)
AUAnFI AIE)+ onon
then ofa Can
he
sanple esnerient,
ihat aie
sagle
spasce
Awhere,
P0e0 has
then alelxpce Xe
S
and /e0
wheneant
we eies
Fs have ered,
any ataliesperment
thene
is
event at ch
NB)e6is
of
S
such
ih A
oat

befereth
Solution. Eampie
Solution.
haveWe BAL2
Example
EXAPLES
SOLVED Thus Popere
Therefork, s/Ui)-1PEI
appeas

Let ef
iz7. nmbers 1.26.A
, on
is We atleant
te palr
marbles appeariet
sat
one ef
of die
dice
iavwing re w h
drmn dice
rulled,

te is fiad
marbles .
fistsaceessively
PY
inarble
black
ae
bluck fran
ifthe a
frst k
eontalning
urbte

is
autbtack 3
voired
und
4