(IJARAI) International Journal of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence,

Vol. 5, No.2, 2016

Optimal Network Reconfiguration with Distributed

Generation Using NSGA II Algorithm
Jasna Hivziefendić Amir Hadžimehmedović Majda Tešanović
Faculty of Engineering and University of Tuzla Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Information Technologies Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina University of Tuzla
International Burch University Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Abstract—This paper presents a method to solve electrical Network reconfiguration is a very effective and efficient
network reconfiguration problem in the presence of distributed way to ensure more even load distribution of network’s
generation (DG) with an objective of minimizing real power loss elements, improve system reliability and voltage profile, and
and energy not supplied function in distribution system. A to reduce power losses. All modes are subject to
method based on NSGA II multi-objective algorithm is used to reconfiguration: normal, critical and failure. Provided that all
simultaneously minimize two objective functions and to identify variables are within acceptable limits, network reconfiguration
the optimal distribution network topology. The constraints of will achieve optimal working conditions in normal mode.
voltage and branch current carrying capacity are included in the
evaluation of the objective function. The method has been tested Taking into consideration a large number of switches in
on radial electrical distribution network with 213 nodes, 248 lines distribution network, whose on/off switching affects the
and 72 switches. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate network topology, reconfiguration problem can be defined as
the performance and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. a complex combinatorial, non-differentiable, and constrained
multi-objective optimization problem. Radial network
Keywords—radial distribution network; distributed generation; conditions, explicit voltage constraints in all node, line
genetic algorithms; NSGA II; loss reduction capacities, etc. are viewed as some of the constraints that have
I. INTRODUCTION to be taken into consideration.
Newly formed market conditions articulate the need for In recent years, different methods and approaches have
adjusted approach in managing distribution network in order been used to solve the problem of distribution system
to meet not only the requirements imposed by technical reconfiguration with distribution generators installed. The
conditions of the system but also the requirements imposed by literature related to this problem mainly refers to application
consumers and network regulators. Significant changes in of heuristic algorithms and artificial intelligence-based
distribution system have been caused by installing distribution algorithms such as Genetic algorithms, Fuzzy logic, Particle
generation units which have considerable impact on system swarm optimization, Tabu search, etc. [2-7]. Most cases
voltage profile and power losses, both being important address reducing power losses and load balancing, taking into
quantities in the process of planning and reconfiguration of account the effect of generators distributed in the network,
electrical network. while very little attention is paid to system reliability.
However, special attention should been paid to the issue of
DGs are grid-connected or stand-alone electric generation reliability of power supply, in order to increase economic
units located within the electric distribution system at or near efficiency of distribution companies [14]. Network
the end user. The integration of DGs in distribution system reconfiguration process can be used as one possibility to
would lead to improving the voltage profile, reliability improve network reliability indicators. Furthermore, reliability
improvement such as service restoration and uninterruptible improvement by DGs is possible when intended islanding
power supply and increase in energy efficiency. The operation is allowed [8].
distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR) is one of the most
significant control schemes in the distribution networks which In paper [15] NSGA II (Non-Dominated Genetic
can be affected by the interconnection of DGs [1]. Algorithm II) is applied to the planning of distribution
electrical network problem. This paper is focused on the
Generally, the DFR is defined as altering the topological application of NSGA II on resolving the problem of
structure of distribution feeders by changing the open/closed reconfiguration of distribution network with distributed
status of automatic and tie switches or protective devices generation. The effect of distributed generation on voltage in
located in strategic places in distribution system. By changing the network, taking into account two objective functions:
the statuses of the sectionalizing and tie switches, the power losses and reliability function is presented. Depending
configuration of distribution system is varied, and loads are on characteristics of the power distribution networks (network
transferred among the feeders while the radial configuration parameters, characteristics of power lines, failure rates, types
format of electrical supply is still maintained. of consumers, etc) simultaneous optimization of these

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 (IJARAI) International Journal of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence,
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functions can be disagreeing, that is the optimum topology for n

one objective can be very different by the optimum obtained
with the other function. Since the proposed method optimizes
min Ploss   (I
i 1
i  Di I DI ) 2 R i (1)

two objective functions simultaneously, the problem is defined where Di = 1 if line i  , otherwise is equal to 0.
as multi-objective problem taking into account the defined
system constraints. The effectiveness of the methodology is NV
demonstrated on real distribution network consisting of 213-
buses showing its potential of applicability to the large
min f ens  P r
i 1
i i i (2)

distribution systems. where Ploss is total real power losses function, fens is the
ENS function, Ii current in the branch i; Ri resistance in the
The problem formulation is discussed in detail in section
branch i; α is set of branches connected to the distribution
II. The network reconfiguration algorithm using a multi-
generators node m, Pi real power flow through branch i; λi
objective NSGA II is described in section III. The simulation
failure rate of branch i (number of failure per year and per
results in terms of power loss and energy not supplied are
kilometer of branch i); ri failure duration of branch i; Nv
discussed in Section IV and finally the last section presents the
number of branches. The DG produces active current I DI, and
conclusion of the study.
for a radial network it changes only the active component of
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION current of branch set α.
The objective of the proposed solution model for Subject to the system constraints:
reconfiguration of distribution network problem is to
minimize two functions as follows: power losses function and - I i  I maxi - the current in each branch cannot exceed the
reliability function presented by Energy not supplied index branch capacity,
(ENS). The optimal results of the defined functions do not - Vmin  V j  Vmax - voltage constraint.
lead to the same optimal network topology what creates trade-
off between reliability and power losses function. The voltage in each load buses in the system has to be
within the defined limits. The minimum voltage is 0.95 and
Electrical power losses are one of the most important maximum voltage is 1.05 (±5%).
factors which point to business cost-effectiveness and quality
of distribution. Energy losses in electrical distribution network n n
in the amount of 1% cause the increase in company’s business
costs of up to 2% to supply energy to cover the losses [9].
- PS  
i 1
Pg ,i  P  P
i 1
i loss - power balance constraint

Therefore, the reduction of power losses is one of the most

important issues in distribution system operation.
-  i  n  1 - topological constraint.
Electrical distribution systems are operated in radial
In addition to the power losses function, reliability configuration.
function is also defined in the paper, with the objective to
increase reliability in consumers supply by minimizing Generator operation constraints:
expected energy not supplied due to power interruptions. The DG units are only allowed to operate within the acceptable
essential attributes of interruptions in the power supply of the
customers are the frequency and duration. While duration is limit where Pi min and Pi max are the lower and upper bound of
predominantly influenced by the distribution system structure DG output and Pimin  Pg  Pimax .
(radial, meshed, weak meshed) and the existing automations,
the frequency is mainly influenced by the adopted operational The search space for this problem is the set of all possible
configuration; it can be minimized by the suitable choice of network configurations.
the effective configuration [7]. Since there is no 100% reliable
system, it is in the best interest of both suppliers and In order to check the defined constraints, voltage
consumers to minimize power supply interruptions. This magnitude and angle at each bus in the system have to be
function will be presented through Energy not Supplied known at any time. When the voltage magnitude at any bus in
function (ENS). the system is not within the defined limits, network
configuration cannot be considered as a possible solution.
These two objectives can be met by identifying optimal
network topology. Efficient solution of the described problem Since this information is included in the state variable x, it
requires the choice of optimal topology of radial network can be presented as follows:
within the set of possible solutions. x = [q2, q3,…,qn, ‫׀‬V2‫ ׀‬, ‫׀‬V3‫ ׀‬,..., ‫׀‬Vn‫]׀‬T (3)
A. MathematicalFormulation of Problem 6(n-1)
and state space as is IR , where

  and    
The purpose of distribution network reconfiguration is to T c T
Vi  Vi a , Vib , Vic i , i , i
find optimal radial operating structure that minimizes two a b
i are
functions: the system power losses and ENS function within
the operating constraints. Accorindg to the literature [2], [14] voltage magnitude and angels respectively for load buses i,
thus the problem can be formulated as follows: and the bus 1 is substation.

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For three-phase distribution network with n buses, bus 1 with the same solution dominance. Furthermore, NSGA II
presents substation and buses 2, 3, ...n, are load buses. uses elite strategy that significantly helps in speeding up the
Equation (3) can be solved by power flow calculation solving performance of the genetic algorithm [13].
the system of (6n-6) non-linear algebraic equations.
B. Proposed Methodology
To calculate the second objective function, ENS index due Algorithm starts with randomly selected radial functional
to interruption in supply, it is necessary to consider two solution that is typical for electrical distribution network, as a
elements: failure rate and the length of interruption in power basis for a first generation of trade-offs in the part of a genetic
supply for each load point. The latter is consisted of two algorithm code. By applying NSGA II algorithm new potential
components: time necessary to locate failure and the time solutions of the network are generated. The binary alphabet
necessary to repair it. Automatic sectionalizers and switches has been used to implement the optimization model, in which
separate the part of the network where the failure occurred, every bite of chromosome represents the status of switches
reducing the risk for other consumers in the network. The time (open/closed). Every bite can have value of 0 or 1, which
needed to repair the failure is usually the time needed to identifies the status of every electric line, 0-open, 1-closed. In
isolate the failure, to connect the affected consumers to the reconfiguration network problems, only a certain number
reserve power supply (if possible) and to repair the fault itself of lines have a changeable bit in chromosome, and therefore
[10]. In order to calculate this function, load flow studies only those lines are subject to genetic operators, crossover and
should be performed to calculate not-distributed energy in all mutation, while other lines have a fixed value in chromosome
consumer nodes without supply, which are located ―under‖ the (always have the value of 1 in operation).
fault in the network.
If newly created solutions meet topological constraints
III. OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR MULTI-OBJECTIVE (radial conditions), evaluation of the objective functions is
RECONFIGURATION NETWORK carried out, i.e. power flow and calculation of objective
The development of heuristic algorithms and computer functions are performed. Power flow calculation is done in
performances have contributed towards solving the problem of MATLAB. For that purpose, a part of the code for power flow
multi-objective optimization. While solving multi-objective calculation based on Newton-Raphson method is modified for
optimization problems, it is necessary to pay attention to the need of objective functions evaluation, transfer of
convergence to optimal set of solutions (Pareto set) and variables, storage of diverging solutions and visualization.
maintain diversity of solutions within the set of current Based on the power flow results, convergence of specific
solutions [11]. Suggested methodology for solving the defined network configuration is verified, as well as other constraints
multi-objective optimization problem is based on multi- which refer to the capacities of lines, power stations and
objective Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II. distributed generations. Solutions which do not satisfy defined
(NSGA II). constraints are eliminated or penalized, depending on
convergence of power flow calculation. For other solutions,
Genetic algorithms use population of solutions in every which meet defined limits, evaluation of objective function is
optimization path within optimization process. The objective done.
is to come as close as possible to the true Pareto-front and
simultaneously gain as many solutions as possible. This The procedure is repeated until stopping criteria are met.
ensures that the decision-maker will have a wider choice of The criteria for stopping calculation can be based on a
quality solutions with a better overview of all possible optimal maximum number of generations, minimum of evaluated
topologies of a distribution network [11]. solutions, time limits to simulation, average change in solution
distribution, etc.
A. NSGA II Algorithm
Suggested model uses the concept of Pareto domination in
Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms are suitable for the evaluation of the objective functions. Input data to
multi-objective optimization due to their ability to handle describe multi-objective optimization problem are system
complex problems, involving features such as discontinuities, parameters and constraints, lines, the loads, reliability
multimodality, disjoint feasible spaces and noise functions parameters, failure rates, and the repair times.
evaluation [12]. NSGA II is a multi-objective genetic
algorithm developed by Deb, 2003 [13]. Basic advantage of MATLAB functions for genetic algorithms which are used
NSGA II over other multi-objective genetic algorithms is for calculation are modified for specific discrete function for
reflected in possibilities for diversity preservation of calculating power flow, power losses and testing system’s
population, which further enables uniform distribution of constraints for network solutions.
solutions within Pareto front. The crowding distance approach CPU time spent for calculating and identifying the set of
is introduced into NSGA II as the fitness measure to make possible solutions depends on the time necessary for the
comparison of solutions in the same Front. This approach objective functions evaluation, time for verification of defined
estimates the density of solutions surrounding a particular constraints by power flow calculation and active losses. To
solution by calculating the average distance of two points on speed up the calculation, parallel processing of genetic
either side of the observed solution for all objective functions algorithm, in the part of evaluation of the objective function
defined for particular problem. The fast non-dominated sort and constraints, is done.
strategy is used to evaluate solution dominance and classify
the solution into Pareto fronts that corresponds to the cluster

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Fig. 1. Part of a distribution network with distributed generation

Taking into consideration that evaluation of one individual NSGA II parameters

(solution) is completely independent of some other individual,
independent of some other individual, evaluation of the entire In the consideration of optimal parameters 60 simulations
population is distributed to 8 available processors, which were run with different values. Only the best performing
significantly speeds up the calculation process. parameters are presented in this paper and they are: initial
population size is 150, crossover probability pc is 0.8,
The results of the described algorithm is a Pareto front of maximum number of generation is 200 and Pareto fraction is
possible optimal topological solutions for the electrical 0.45. Tournament selection is used, as well as two-point
distribution network crossover. The stopping criterion of the algorithm is an
imposed maximum number of generations or limit of the
IV. CASE STUDY AND NUMERICAL RESULTS average change in distribution of solutions within the Pareto
The test system for the case study is 10 KV radial set (less than 10). Certain number of simulations is done by
distribution network with distributed generation (Fig. 1.) with using adaptive mutation which search the larger solution space
213 buses, 248 lines and 72 switches. Distributed generation is in the smaller number of generation (in this case the number
connected to the node 213 and generates the active power of 5 of generation was 114), but evaluation time is longer. After
MW. It is assumed that DG does not generate reactive power the multiple independent runs of algorithm, it was concluded
to the network. that the best results are achieved with fixed mutation
probability of 0.01.
All simulations are done on Intel Xeon E5-2699V3 with
32 GB RAM, that enables parallel data processing on 18 Furthermore, it was observed that fitness values
processor units. In initial network topology, presented in Fig. significantly improve in early generations, when the solutions
1., switches 2–3, 5–6, 9, 13, 15, 22, 25, 28–29, 32–33, 36, 38– are farther from optimal values. The best fitness values slowly
46, 49–51, 53–55, 57–59, 61, 66–67 and 72 are closed, while improve in later generations, whose population is closer to the
1, 4, 7-8, 10–12, 14, 16–21, 23–24, 26–27, 30–31, 34–35, 37, optimal solutions. Number of generations for achieved
47–48, 52, 56, 60, 62–65 i 68–71 switches are open. For initial solutions was in the range from 110-140 generations, for all
solutions, total power losses are 51.630 KW and ENS due to tests with fixed crossover and mutation factor.
interruption in supply is 24.1387 KWh.

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A. Result Analysis solutions depends on all set values, where different intensities
Application of the described methodology to identify and length of fault on lines are of special importance.
optimal network configuration based on NSGA II algorithm If intensity and fault length at all lines are equal, the
resulted in a set of possible solutions, out of which 9 Pareto variability of solution would be considerably lower, with a
optimal solutions are presented in Fig. 2. Pareto set of optimal unique optimum for both functions. It is obvious that many
solutions is achieved for 138 generations, while total number searched solutions can be simultaneously improved from the
of achieved possible solutions is 49. aspect of both functions which are optimized; subsequently,
Total algorithm execution time on 18 processor units was the considered objectives are not necessarily in conflict with
15 minutes and 36 seconds. each other. This does not provide values which are
approximately optimal for either of the objective functions.
Table 1. shows values of objective functions for solutions
from Pareto optimal set, as well as the on/off change of Objective function assessing reliability, interruptions in
switches. supply, is incidental. Therefore, when descending sort order
strategy is applied, the probability for local minimum is higher
for reliability criterion that for power losses function.
Optimal minimization of losses will be achieved when the
voltage in lines is closer to the maximum allowed value U max.
Since calculations were done with assumed constant load
values (values of peak loads), maintaining voltage at lines as
closer as possible to Umax ensures considerably less values for
losses in the network. If voltage limitation is U max = 1.20,
losses values for solution 3 would be 11.256 KW.
Power losses for line 211-212 for initial solution are 0.73
KW, and for the identified optimal solution it is 0.49 KW
(solution 3). Values for losses at the same line without
distributed generation connected is 0.58 KW with the same
Fig. 2. Pareto optimal solutions for network reconfiguration with distributed switch state.
generation
Since distributed generation is of small capacity in relation
TABLE I. VALUES OF OBJECTIVE FUNCTION FOR PARETO OPTIMAL to the strength of distributive network into which it is
SOLUTIONS FROM FIG. 2 connected, there is a reduction in the losses in the line onto
Losses ENS which it is connected.
No. Switch on Switch off
KW KWh
1. 62 3 20.6344 24.4875
Impact on voltage
2. 7 72 23.7643 24.2683 On Fig. 3. is shown voltage profile of bus system for
3. 63 6 25.8799 24.2139 solution 3 from Table 1. It is clear that the voltage is within
4. 68 67 37.1474 23.5844 the allowed limits. On Fig. 4. is shown the change in voltage
5. 60 59 38.7454 23.2314 in network nodes when distributed generation is not connected
6. 31 5 40.1339 23.1442 into the network (voltage shown in blue) and when the
7. 62 5 44.4429 21.8045 distributed generation is connected (voltage shown in red).
8. 71 61 46.8351 21.6585 The shapes of voltage profiles are almost the same in both
9. 63 8 52.2096 21.2066 cases, except for minor changes in the voltage strength at end
lines, which is a consequence of connected distributed
Considering the results shown in Table 1, the best solution
generation. Lines with distributive generation connected have
for losses function is solution 1. However, this is the worst
an increase in voltage from 0.9723 p.u. to 0.9813 p.u. after
solution for ENS function. It is evident that changes in the
installing the distributed generation into the network.
value for ENS function are smaller than for losses function.
Therefore, based on practical network topology
implementation, functional and economical benefit the best
compromise solution can be solution 3, given the evident
small changes in ENS function between solutions 3, 4 and 5,
while the difference in losses function is somewhat bigger.
Solution 3 has power losses of 25.8799 KW, while ENS is
24.2139 KWh.
The achieved near-optimal solutions show traits of each
solution from the Pareto front (the fact that not a single
individual solution from Pareto front can be improved for one
function without affecting the other in the opposite manner).
This trait does not apply for all permissible searched solutions.
The character of the achieved searched and near-optimal Fig. 3. Voltage profile for solution 3

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