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Structural systems: Excitation, Structure and

Responses
STRUCTURE
Preliminary design of RC
framed structures EXCITATION RESPONSES

• Static • Elastic • Linear

By M. K. Chandrasekar
• Dynamic • Inelastic • Nonlinear

Analysis Types

The type of Analysis to be carried out

depends on
What Type of
Analysis should be Structural System

Type of Excitation (Loads)

Carried Out?
Type of Structure (Material and Geometry)

Type of Response

Analysis Types
Analysis Types
Excitation Structure Response Basic Analysis Type
Static Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis Non-linear Analysis
Static Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Static
Analysis P-Delta Analysis
Static Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis Buckling Analysis
Static Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Static Pushover Analysis
Analysis Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
Dynamic Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Large Displacement Analysis
Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic
Analysis Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic
Analysis Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Response Spectrum Analysis
Analysis Steady State Dynamic Analysis

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Static and Dynamic Excitations

Elastic and Inelastic materials
Static Excitation
When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly Elastic Material
with Time Follows the same path during loading and
When the Load can be assumed to be applied unloading and returns to initial state of
“Slowly” deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load/ excitation
Dynamic Excitation
When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time Inelastic Material
When the “Inertial Force” becomes significant Does not follow the same path during loading
and unloading and may not returns to initial
Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after
considered removal of load/ excitation
“Quasi Static”
Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic
“Equivalent Static Loads” behavior depending upon level of loading.

Linear and Nonlinear Responses

Linearity
The response is directly proportional to excitation
(Deflection doubles if load is doubled)

Non-Linearity
Vertical Load
The response is not directly proportional to
excitation
Resisting Systems
(deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)

Non-linear response may be produced by:

Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
Both

Gravity load resisting systems

Gravity load resisting systems
Purpose
“To Transfer Gravity Loads Applied at the
Floor Levels down to the Foundation Level”

Direct Path Systems

Slab Supported on Load Bearing Walls
Slab Supported on Columns

Indirect Multi Path Systems

Slab Supported on Beams
Beams Supported on Other Beams Flat slab Two-way slab with beams
Beams Supported on Walls or Columns

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Gravity load resisting systems

Comparison of different slab types
for Economic Choices
• Flat Plate suitable span 6 to 7.5 m with LL= 3 -
5kN/m2
Advantages
– Low cost formwork
– Exposed flat ceilings
– Fast
Disadvantages
Flat Plate Waffle slab – Low shear capacity
– Low Stiffness (notable deflection)

Comparison of different slab types Comparison of different slab types

for Economic Choices for Economic Choices
• Flat Slab suitable span 6m to 9m with LL= 4 -7 kN/m2 • Waffle Slab suitable span 9 to 15 m with LL= 4 -
Advantages 7kN/m2
– Low cost formwork Advantages
– Exposed flat ceilings/good appearance
– Carries heavy loads
– Fast
– Attractive exposed ceilings
– The total storey height will be reduced
Disadvantages – Fast
– Need more formwork for capital and panels Disadvantages
– Weak resistance to lateral loads – Formwork with panels is expensive

Gravity Load Transfer Paths

Comparison of different slab types
for Economic Choices
• One-way Slab on beams suitable span 3 to 6m
with LL= 3-5 kN/m2
– Can be used for larger spans with relatively
higher cost and higher deflections
• One-way joist floor system suitable span 3 to 9m
with LL= 4-6 kN/m2
– Deep ribs, the concrete and steel quantities are Single Path Single Path Dual Path
Slab On Walls Slab on Columns Slab On Beams,
relative low Beams on Columns
– Expensive formwork expected.

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Gravity Load Transfer Paths

Gravity Load Transfer Paths

To Lines
To Points To Lines and Points
Mixed Path Complex Path Three Step Path
Slab On Walls Slab on Beams Slab On Ribs
Slab On Beams Slab on Walls Ribs On Beams
Beams on Walls Beams on Beams Beams on Columns
Beams on Columns

Modeling for gravity load analysis

Must be carried out for several load cases/ patterns
Does not change much for different floors
Use “Direct Design” Methods
Model, analyze and design “Floor by Floor,
Without columns”
Slab analysis and design by using Coefficients
Beam analysis as continuous beams
Lateral Load
Use Sub-Frame Concept Resisting Systems
Model slab/ beam for in-plane loads
Model, analyze and design “Floor by Floor, With
columns”
Use Grid, Plate Model for the Floor
Model slab and beams for out-of plane loads
Analyze un-symmetrical loads, geometry,
openings etc.
Use full 3D Modeling

Lateral load resisting systems

Lateral Loads

Purpose
“ To Transfer Lateral Loads Applied at any Primary Lateral Loads
location in the structure down to the Foundation Load generated by Wind Pressure
Level” Load generated due to Seismic Excitation

Single System Other Lateral Loads

Moment Resisting Frames Load generated due to horizontal component
Braced Frames of Gravity Loads in Inclined
Shear Walls Systems and in Un-symmetrical
Tubular Systems structures
Dual System Load due to lateral soil pressure, liquid and
Shear Wall - Frames material retention
Tube + Frame + Shear Wall

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Moment Resisting Frame Shear Wall and Frame

* The lateral loads is
* The Load is transferred primarily resisted by the
by shear in columns, that shear in the walls, in turn
produces moment in producing bending
columns and in beams moment
* The openings in wall
* The Beam-Column become areas of high
connection is crucial for stress concentration and
the system to work need to be handled
carefully
* The moments and shear * Partial loads is resisted
from lateral loads must by the frames
be added to those from * Traditionally 75/25
gravity loads distribution has been
used

Braced Frame
Shear Wall - Frame

•The lateral load is

•The Walls are part of the primarily resisted by the
frame and act together Axial Force in the braces,
with the frame members columns and beams in the
braced zone
•The lateral loads is
primarily resisted by the •The frame away from the
shear in the walls, in turn braced zone does not
producing bending have significant moments
moment
* Bracing does not have to
* Partial loads is resisted be provided in every bay,
by the frame members in but should be provided in
moment and shear every story

Tubular Structure Braced Tube Systems

•The system is formed by using closely
spaced columns and deep spandrel
beams

•The lateral load is primarily resisted by

the entire building acting as a big •Diagonal Braces are added to
cantilever with a tubular/ box cross- the basic tubular structure
section
* This modification of the
•There is a “shear lag” problem Tubular System reduces shear
between opposite faces of the tube due lag between opposite faces
to in-efficiency of column beam
connection

* The height to width ratio should be

more than 5

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Characteristics of a Structure Steps in Structural Planning

• Stability – needed to maintain shape. • Conceiving a basic structural form from plan
The structure is dependent upon • Developing a method of transferring loads-
balanced forces and equilibrium both gravity and lateral loads
• Strength - ability of the structure to • Preliminary sizing the components
withstand the applied forces, usually • Developing a foundation scheme
includes a “factor of safety” • Selecting structural material
• Economic Value – includes choices • Designing and detailing the structural
made about the design, materials, and components
function of the structure • Devising a construction methodology

Selection of System and

Configuration

• Why and How to configure a structure?

SELECTION OF PROPER • No universal ideal configuration for any

particular type of building.
SYSTEM AND
• However, there are certain basic or guiding
CONFIGURATION FOR
principles of design that can be used as
LATERAL LOADS guidelines in selecting an adequate building
configuration structural layout, structural
system, structural material and the non-
structural components.

Selection of System and

Selection of System and
Configuration Configuration
1. Building (superstructure and non-structural 4. Superstructure should have relatively shorter
components) should be light and avoid spans and avoid use of long cantilevers.
unnecessary masses.
2. Building and its superstructure should be 5. The non-structural components should either
simple, symmetric, and regular in plan and be well separated so that they will not interact
elevation to prevent significant torsional with the rest of the structure, or they should be
forces, avoiding large height-width ratio and integrated with the structure.
large plan area.
3. Building and its superstructure should have a 6. Superstructure should be detailed so that the
uniform and continuous distribution of mass, inelastic deformations can be constrained
stiffness, strength and ductility, avoiding (controlled) to develop in desired regions and
formation of soft stories. according to a desirable hierarchy.

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Selection of System and

Configuration
7. Superstructure should have the largest possible
number of defense lines, that is, it should be
composed of different tough structural
subsystems which interact or are
interconnected by very tough structural
elements (structural fuses) whose inelastic
behavior would permit the whole structure to SHEAR WALLS
find its way out from a critical stage of dynamic
response.
8. Superstructure should be provided with
balanced stiffness and strength between its
members, connections and supports.
9. The stiffness and strength of the entire building
should be compatible with the stiffness and
strength of the soil foundation.

Shear Walls Shear Walls

•Shear Walls offer stiffness against swaying of

structure due to wind and earthquake load
•Generally used for buildings with storey more
than 10
•Behavior is influenced by shape of the wall(s)
and their position in plan
•Classified as short, squat and cantilever based
on their height/width ratio

Shear Wall and Frame OPENINGS IN SHEAR WALLS

Spandrel Beam

Wall Column
Pier Pier
Shear Wall Behavior Frame Behavior

Stiffness of Frame + Wall > Medium Openings

Very Small Openings Very Large Openings
may convert shear
Stiffness of Frame or Stiffness of Wall may not alter wall may convert the Wall
wall to Pier and
behavior to Frame
Spandrel System

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DIFFERENT PLAN CONFIGURATION AND

SHAPES OF SHEAR WALLS AND
THEIR EFFECTS
CORE WALLS

DIFFERENT PLAN CONFIGURATION AND

THEIR EFFECTS SHEAR WALL DESIGN PROCEDURE

•Configuration of structure
•Calculation of Vertical loads
•Calculation of wind and earth quake loads
•Forces to be applied in the appropriate places in the
structure
•Strength of walls in compression due to vertical loads
•Strength of lintels or beams in bending
•Strength of walls in bending
•Strength of walls in shear
•Serviceability checks for walls and beams

Building Type Guide Building Type

• Short Span Buildings • Long-Span Buildings (> 150 feet )
– 10 to 40 feet bays
– Structural system determines the building's
– Flexible plan
image or visual statement
– Structural elements (columns) can determine spatial
relationships

• Moderate Long-Span Buildings

– 40 to 140 feet bays
– Need to consider structural depth of floor and roof in
the spatial planning