Electromagnetic Theory

ELE 314
Ju
Lecture 3ne, 2021

Dr. Abubaker Ahmed Elobied

 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

This lecture is concerned with the application of Maxwell’s equations to the problem
of electromagnetic wave propagation. The uniform plane wave represents the
simplest case, and while it is appropriate for an introduction, it is of great practical
importance.

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied Electromagnetic Waves in Free space 2

 We assume that the component Ex is given as

𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

Where E is a real amplitude and Ψ is a phase angle. Making use of Euler’s identity

𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑗 sin 𝜔𝑡

We let
𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+Ψ) = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗Ψ = cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 + 𝑗 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
Hence

𝐸𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 𝐸 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝜑

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 3

 𝐸𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 𝐸 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝜑

𝜕𝐸𝑥 𝜕 𝐸 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝛹𝜑

= = 𝑗𝜔𝐸𝑥𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

We apply this notation to Maxwell’s equations. Thus given the equation

𝜕𝐸
𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝜖0
𝜕𝑡
the corresponding relationship in terms of phasor-vector is
𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖0 𝐸

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 4

 Maxwell’s curl equations in phasor form are:

𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖0 𝐸

𝛻 × 𝐸 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 𝐻

𝛻×𝐸 =0

𝛻×𝐻 =0

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 5

 The Wave Equation or Helmholtz equation

Maxwell’s curl equations in pharos form are

𝛻 × 𝐸 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻 (3.1)

𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝑗𝜔𝜀𝐸 (3.2)

and constitute two equations for the two unknowns, E and H. As such, they can be
solved for either E or H. Thus, taking the curl of (3.1) and using (3.2) gives

𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐸 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀𝐸

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 6

 The result can be simplified through the use of vector identity

𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐴 = 𝛻 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 − 𝛻2𝐴

Since 𝛻 ∙ 𝐴 = 0 thus
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐴 = −𝛻 2 𝐴

Wave equation 𝜵𝟐 𝑬 + 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺𝑬 = 𝟎 (3.3)

Equation (3.3) is the wave equation for E. An identical equation for H can
be derived in the same manner

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 𝜵𝟐 𝑯 + 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺𝑯 = 𝟎 (3.4)

7
 A constant
𝒌 = 𝝎 𝝁𝜺
is defined and called the wavenumber, or propagation constant, of the medium;
its units are 1/m.

Wave equation 𝜵𝟐 𝑬 + 𝒌𝟐 𝑬 = 𝟎 (3.5)

As a way of introducing wave behavior, we will next study the solutions to the above
wave equations in their simplest forms, first for a lossless medium and then for a
lossy (conducting) medium.

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 8

Plane Waves in a Lossless Medium

𝜵𝟐 𝑬 + 𝒌𝟐 𝑬 = 𝟎 (3.6)

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
𝛻2 = 𝐚 + 𝐚 + 𝐚
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑧

In a lossless medium, µ and ε, are real numbers, so k is real. A basic plane wave
solution to the above wave equations can be found by considering an electric field
with only an x component and propagates in z direction, no variation in the x and y
𝜕 𝜕
directions. Then, = = 0 and the wave equation of (1.5) reduces to
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 2 𝐸𝑥 2𝐸 = 0
+ 𝑘 𝑥 (3.7)
𝜕𝑧 2
© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 9
 The two independent solutions to this equation are easily seen, by substitution, to be
of the form

𝐸𝑥 𝑧 = 𝐸 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑧 + 𝐸 − 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑧 (3.8)

where 𝐸 + and 𝐸 − are arbitrary amplitude constants

The above solution is for the time harmonic case at frequency 𝜔. In the time domain,
this result is written as

𝐸𝑥 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸 + cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 + 𝐸 − cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧) (3.9)

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 10
 Consider the first term in (3.9) This term represents a wave traveling in the +z
direction, one must move in the +z direction as time increases. Similarly, the
second term in (3.9) represents a wave traveling in the -z direction; hence the
notation 𝐸 + and 𝐸 − for these wave amplitudes.

Wave traveling in the ‒z 𝐸𝑥 𝑧, 𝑡 = cos 𝐸 − cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧)

Wave traveling in the +z 𝐸𝑥 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸 + cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 11

 The velocity of the wave in this sense is called the phase velocity, because it is the
velocity at which a fixed phase point on the wave travels, and it is given by

𝜔 1
𝑣𝑝 = = (3.10)
𝑘 𝜇𝜀

In free-space we have 𝑣𝑝 = 1 𝜇0 𝜀0 = 𝑐 = 3 × 108 𝑚/ sec which is the speed of

light.
The wavelength, λ, is defined as the distance between two successive maxima
(or minima, or any other reference points) on the wave, at a fixed instant of time.
Thus,
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑝 (3.11)
λ= = =
© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 𝑘 𝜔 𝑓 12
 The magnetic field.
1 + −𝑗𝑘𝑧
𝐻𝑦 = 𝐸 𝑒 − 𝐸 − 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑧 (3.12)
𝜂

𝝎𝝁 𝝁 𝝁𝒓
𝜼= = = 𝜼𝟎 (3.13)
𝒌 𝜺 𝜺𝒓

η is the wave impedance for the plane wave, defined as the ratio of the E and H fields.

In free space we have

𝝁𝟎
𝜼𝟎 = = 120 𝜋 = 377 𝛺. (3.14)
𝜺𝟎

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 13

Example 1
A plane wave propagating in a lossless dielectric medium has an electric field given as
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸0 cos 1.51 × 1010 𝑡 − 61.6 𝑧 Determine the wavelength, phase velocity, and wave
impedance for this wave, and the dielectric constant of the medium. where 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Solution
By comparison 𝜔 = 1.51 × 1010 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 and 𝑘 = 61.6 𝑚−1

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= = = 0.102 𝑚
𝑘 61.6
The phase velocity can be found from
𝜔 1.51×1010
𝑣𝑝 = = = 2.45 × 108 m/sec
𝑘 61.6
© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 14
 This is slower than speed of light by factor 1.225. the dielectric constant of the
medium can be found as
2 2
1 𝑐 𝑐 3 × 108
𝑣𝑝 = = 𝜀𝑟 = = = 1.5
𝜇𝜀 𝜇𝑟 𝜀𝑟 𝑣𝑝 2.45 × 108

The wave impedance is

𝜂0 377
𝜂= = = 307.8 𝛺
𝜖𝑟 1.5

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 15

 Plane Waves in a General Lossy Medium

Now consider the effect of a lossy medium. If the medium is conductive, with a
conductivity σ, Maxwell’s curl equations can be written, as

𝛻 × 𝐸 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻 (3.15)

𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝑗𝜔𝜀𝐸 + σ𝐸 (3.16)
The resulting wave equation for E then becomes

𝝈
𝜵𝟐 𝑬 + 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺(𝟏 − 𝒋 )𝑬 = 𝟎 (3.17)
𝝎𝜺

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 16

We then define a complex propagation constant for the medium as

𝜎
𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = 𝑗𝜔 𝜇𝜀 1 − 𝑗 (3.18)
𝜔𝜀
𝝈
𝜵𝟐 𝑬 + 𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝜺(𝟏 − 𝒋 )𝑬 = 𝟎
𝝎𝜺
𝜎
𝛾 2 = −𝜔2 𝜇𝜀(1 − 𝑗 )
𝜔𝜀
𝜵𝟐 𝑬 − 𝜸𝟐 𝑬 = 𝟎 (3.19)

If we again assume an electric field with only an x component. The wave equation
reduces to
𝜕 2 𝐸𝑥
2
− 𝛾 2 𝐸𝑥 = 0 (3.20)
© Dr. Abubaker Elobied
𝜕𝑧
17
 which has solutions

𝐸𝑥 𝑧 = 𝐸 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝛾𝑧 + 𝐸 − 𝑒 𝑗𝛾𝑧 (3.21)

The positive traveling wave then has a propagation factor of the form

𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 (3.22)

which in the time domain is of the form

(3.23)
𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧)

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 18

 We see that this represents a wave traveling in the +z direction with a phase velocity
𝑣𝑝 = 𝜔 𝛽 , a wavelength λ = 2𝜋 𝛽, and an exponential damping factor. The rate of
decay with distance is given by the attenuation constant, 𝛼. The negative traveling wave
term is similarly damped along the –z. If the loss is removed, 𝜎 = 0, and we have 𝛾 = 𝑗𝑘
and 𝛼 = 0, 𝛽 = 𝑘.
As with the lossless case a wave impedance can be defined to relate the electric
and magnetic fields:

𝑗𝜔𝜇
𝜂= (3.24)
𝛾

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 19

 The associated magnetic field can be calculated as

1 + −𝛾𝑧
𝐻𝑦 = (𝐸 𝑒 − 𝐸 − 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 ) (3.25)
η

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 20

 Plane Waves in a Good Conductor

A good conductor is a special case of the preceding analysis, which means 𝜎 ≫ 𝜔𝜀.
Most metals can be categorized as good conductors. The propagation constant can
be given by

𝜎 𝜔𝜇𝜎
𝛾 = α + 𝑗𝛽 ≈ 𝑗𝜔 𝜇𝜀 = (1 + 𝑗) (3.26)
𝑗𝜔𝜀 2

The wave impedance of the conductor simplifies to

𝜔𝜇 1
𝜂 = 1+𝑗 = (1 + 𝑗) (3.27)
2𝜎 𝜎𝛿𝑠
© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 21
 The skin depth, or characteristic depth of penetration, is defined as

1 2
𝛿𝑠 = = (3.28)
α 𝜔𝜇𝜎

Then the amplitude of the fields in the conductor decay by an amount 𝑒 −1 ,

after traveling a distance of one skin depth. At microwave frequencies, for a
good conductor, this distance is very small. The practical importance of this
result is that only a thin plating of a good conductor (e.g., silver or gold) is
necessary for low-loss microwave components.

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 22

 Example 2

Compute the skin depth of aluminum, copper, gold, and silver at a frequency of 10 GHz.

Solution

2 1 1 1
𝛿𝑠 = = =
𝜔𝜇𝜎 𝜋𝑓𝜇0 𝜎 𝜋(1010 )(4𝜋 × 10−7 ) 𝜎

1
= 5.03 × 10−3
𝜎

The conductivities for these metals are listed.

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 23
 −3
1
For aluminum: 𝛿𝑠 = 5.03 × 10 7
= 8.14 × 10−7 𝑚.
3.816 × 10

1
For copper 𝛿𝑠 = 5.03 × 10−3 7 = 6.6 × 10−7 𝑚.
5.813 × 10

1
For gold: 𝛿𝑠 = 5.03 × 10−3 7
= 7.86 × 10−7 𝑚.
4.098 × 10

1
For silver: 𝛿𝑠 = 5.03 × 10−3 7
= 6.40 × 10−7 𝑚.
6.173 × 10

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 24

Polarization

Polarization is described by the locus of the electric field tip as the time progress.

Linear polarization Circular polarization Elliptical polarization

Electric field tip Electric field tip Electric field tip
draws a line at draws a circle at draws an ellipse
a fixed position fixed position at a fixed position

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 25

1. Left hand: if the thumb of the left hand point to the direction of propagation
and the fingers point to the direction of rotation.
2. Right hand: If the thumb of right hand point to the direction of propagation
and fingers point to the direction of rotation.

Given the following expression for the electric field:

𝐸 = (𝐴𝑎𝑥 + 𝐵𝑎𝑦 )𝑒 −𝛽𝑧 Propagates in +ve z-direction

A and B are generally complex, i.e.

𝐸𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑒 −𝑗(𝛽𝑧−𝜑𝑎) 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐵 𝑒 −𝑗(𝛽𝑧−𝜑𝑏 ) © Dr. Abubaker Elobied

26
One can obtain the instantaneous by multiplying by 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 and then takes the real part:

𝐸𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 + 𝜑𝑎 )

𝐸𝑦 = 𝐵 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 + 𝜑𝑏 )

Let us consider the following cases:

(1) 𝜑𝑎 = 𝜑𝑏

𝐸𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 + 𝜑𝑎 )

𝐸𝑦 = ± 𝐵 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 + 𝜑𝑎 ) © Dr. Abubaker Elobied

27
 In this case
𝐸𝑦 𝐴
=± = ± 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐸𝑥 𝐵

This is a linear relation, therefore the polarization in this case is linear.

(2) If 𝐴 = 𝐵 and 𝜑𝑎 − 𝜑𝑏 = ± 𝜋
2

Thus

𝐸𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 + 𝜑𝑎 )

𝜋
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧 + 𝜑𝑎 ∓ 2 )
© Dr. Abubaker Elobied
28
 Therefore the polarization is circular in this case.

𝜋
Right hand If 𝜑𝑎 − 𝜑𝑏 = + (Right hand circular polarization)
2

𝜋
Lift hand If 𝜑𝑎 − 𝜑𝑏 = − 2 (Lift hand circular polarization)

(3) for any other cases not in (i) or (ii) the polarization is elliptical

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 29

 Examples
What is the polarization of he following waves

(1) 𝐸 = (𝑗𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑗𝑎𝑦 )𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧

(2) 𝐸= 1 + 𝑗 𝑎𝑦 + (1 − 𝑗)𝑎𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑥

(3) 𝐸= 2 + 𝑗 𝑎𝑥 + (3 − 𝑗)𝑎𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑦

(4) 𝐸= 1 − 𝑗 𝑎𝑦 + 3𝑎𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑥

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 30

Solution

(1) 𝐸 = (𝑗𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑗𝑎𝑦 )𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧

Propagation is in +ve z-direction, thus

𝐸𝑦 2𝑗
= =2 which indicate that it is a linear polarization
𝐸𝑥 𝑗

(2) 𝐸= 1 + 𝑗 𝑎𝑦 + (1 − 𝑗)𝑎𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑥

Propagation is in +ve x-axis, thus

𝐸𝑧 1 − 𝑗 𝜋
−𝑗 2 therefore it is circular polarization.
© Dr. Abubaker Elobied
= =𝑒
𝐸𝑦 1 + 𝑗 31
 𝜋
𝜑𝑎 − 𝜑𝑏 = + thus it is a Right-hand circular polarization.
2

(3) 𝐸= 2 + 𝑗 𝑎𝑥 + (3 − 𝑗)𝑎𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑦

Propagation is in +ve y-direction, thus

𝐸𝑧 3 − 𝑗 𝜋
−𝑗 4 since the magnitude is not 1 and the ratio is complex
= = 2𝑒
𝐸𝑥 2 + 𝑗 therefore it is elliptical polarization.

𝜋
𝜑𝑎 − 𝜑𝑏 = thus it is a Right-hand elliptical polarization.
4

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 32

 (4) 𝐸= 1 − 𝑗 𝑎𝑦 + 3𝑎𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑥

Propagation is in –ve x-direction, thus

𝐸𝑦 1 − 𝑗 2 −𝑗𝜋
= = 𝑒 4
𝐸𝑧 3 3

𝜋 magnitude is not 1, thus it is a Right-hand elliptical

𝜑𝑎 − 𝜑𝑏 =
4
polarization.

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 33

 Poynting Vector and Power Considerations

In order to find the power in a uniform plane wave it is necessary to develop a

theorem for the electromagnetic field known as the Poynting theorem. It was
originally postulated in 1884 by an English physicist, John H. Poynting.

𝑷=𝑬×𝑯 (3.29)

The cross product 𝐸 × 𝐻 is known as the Poynting vector, P. which is

interpreted as an instantaneous power density, measured in watts per square
meter (W/m2).
© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 34
 Because P is given by the cross product of E and H, the direction of power flow at
any point is normal to both the E and H vectors. This certainly agrees with our
experience with the uniform plane wave, for propagation in the +z direction was
associated with an 𝐸𝑥 and 𝐻𝑦 component,

𝐸𝑥 𝑎𝑥 × 𝐻𝑦 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑃𝑧 𝑎𝑧

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 35

 Waves Reflection

Consider a uniform plane wave 𝐸𝑥 normally incident on a boundary between medium

(1) and medium (2).

The wave transmitted in

The total field in region (i) is
region (ii) is

𝐸 (1) = (𝐸𝑖 𝑒 −𝛾1𝑧 + 𝐸𝑟 𝑒 𝛾1 𝑧 )𝑎𝑥

𝐸 (2) = 𝐸𝑡 𝑒 −𝛾2𝑧 𝑎𝑥

1
𝐻 (1) = (𝐸𝑖 𝑒 −𝛾1𝑧 − 𝐸𝑟 𝑒 𝛾1𝑧 )𝑎𝑦 𝐸𝑡 −𝛾 𝑧
η1 𝐻 (2) = 𝑒 2 𝑎𝑦
η2
© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 36
Notice from the Figure that the total field in medium 1 comprises both the incident and
reflected fields, whereas medium 2 has only the transmitted field, that is,

𝐸1 = 𝐸𝑖 + 𝐸𝑟 𝐻1 = 𝐻𝑖 + 𝐻𝑟

𝐸2 = 𝐸𝑡 𝐻2 = 𝐻𝑡

At the interface z = 0, the boundary conditions require that E and H fields are entirely
tangential to the interface. Hence at z = 0, 𝐸1𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝐸2𝑡𝑎𝑛 and 𝐻1𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝐻2𝑡𝑎𝑛 imply that

𝐸𝑖0 + 𝐸𝑟0 = 𝐸𝑡0 (3.30)

1 𝐸𝑡0
𝐸𝑖0 − 𝐸𝑟0 = (3.31)
𝜂1 𝜂2 © Dr. Abubaker Elobied 37
From eqs. (3.30) and (3.31), we obtain
𝜂2 − 𝜂1
𝐸𝑟0 = 𝐸
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 𝑖0 (3.32)

2𝜂2
𝐸𝑡0 = 𝐸 (3.33)
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 𝑖0

We now define the reflection coefficient T and the transmission coefficient T from eqs.
(3.33) and (3.34) as

𝑬𝒓𝟎 𝜼𝟐 − 𝜼𝟏 (3.34)
Г= =
𝑬𝒊𝟎 𝜼𝟐 + 𝜼𝟏

𝐸𝑟0 = Г𝐸𝑖0 © Dr. Abubaker Elobied

38
 𝑬𝒕𝟎 𝟐𝜼𝟐
𝑻= = (3.35)
𝑬𝒊𝟎 𝜼𝟐 + 𝜼𝟏

𝐸𝑡0 = 𝑇 𝐸𝑖0

Note that

𝟏+Г=𝑻 (3.36)

Both Г and T are dimensionless and may be complex

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 39

 𝐸1 = 𝐸𝑖 𝑒 −𝛾1𝑧 + Г𝐸𝑖 𝑒 −𝛾1𝑧

𝐸2 = 𝑇 𝐸𝑖 𝑒 −𝛾2𝑧

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 40

 Example

In free space (𝑧 ≤ 0) , a plane wave with

𝐻 = 10 cos 108 𝑡 − 𝑘0 𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝐴/𝑚
is incident normally on a lossless medium (𝜀 = 2𝜀0 , 𝜇 = 8𝜇0 ) in region 𝑧 ≥ 0 .
Determine
The reflected wave 𝐸𝑟 , 𝐻𝑟 and the transmitted wave 𝐸𝑡 , 𝐻𝑡 .

Solution:

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 41

For free space

𝜔 108 1
𝑘0 = 𝜔 𝜇0 𝜀0 = = =
𝑐 3 × 108 3

𝜂1 = 𝜂0 = 120𝜋

For the lossless dielectric medium

𝜔 4
𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜀 = 𝜔 8𝜇0 × 2𝜀0 = 𝜔 𝜇0 𝜀0 16 = ∙ 4 = 4𝑘0 =
𝑐 3

𝜇 8𝜇0
𝜂2 = = = 2𝜂0
𝜀 2𝜀0
© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 42
Given that 𝐻𝑖 = 10 cos(108 𝑡 − 𝑘0 𝑧)𝑎𝑥 we expected that

𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑖0 cos 108 𝑡 − 𝑘0 𝑧 𝑎𝐸𝑖

where
𝐚𝑥 × 𝐚𝑦 = 𝐚𝑧
𝑎𝐸𝑖 = 𝑎𝐻𝑖 × 𝑎𝑘𝑖 = 𝑎𝑥 × 𝑎𝑧 = −𝑎𝑦 𝐚𝑦 × 𝐚𝑧 = 𝐚𝑥
𝐚𝑧 × 𝐚𝑥 = 𝐚𝑦
and

𝐸𝑖0 = 𝜂1 𝐻𝑖0 = 10𝜂0

hence

𝐸𝑖 = −10𝜂0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 108 𝑡 − 𝑘0 𝑧 𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑉/𝑚 © Dr. Abubaker Elobied

43
 𝐸𝑟0 𝜂2 − 𝜂1 2𝜂0 − 𝜂0 1
=Г= = =
𝐸𝑖0 𝜂2 + 𝜂1 2𝜂0 + 𝜂0 3

1
𝐸𝑟0 = 𝐸𝑖0
3

10 8
1
𝐸𝑟 = − 𝜂0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 10 𝑡 + 𝑧 𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑉/𝑚
3 3

from which we easily obtain 𝐻𝑟 as

10 1
𝐻𝑟 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 108 𝑡 + 𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝐴/𝑚
3 3

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 44

Similarly,

𝐸𝑡0 4 4
=𝑇 =1+Г= or 𝐸𝑡0 = 𝐸𝑖0
𝐸𝑖0 3 3

𝐸𝑡 = 𝐸𝑡0 cos(108 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧)𝑎𝐸𝑡

where 𝑎𝐸𝑡 = 𝑎𝐸𝑖 = −𝑎𝑦

hence
40 4
𝐸𝑡 = − η0 cos 108 𝑡 − 𝑧 𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑉/𝑚
3 3

from which we obtain

20 4
𝐻𝑡 = cos 108 𝑡 − 𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝐴/𝑚
3 3 45
 Exercise 1

A 5GHz uniform plane wave 𝐸𝑖𝑠 = 10𝑒 −𝑗𝑘0 𝑎𝑥 mV/m in free space is incident
normally on a large plane, lossless dielectric slab (z > 0) having 𝜀 = 4𝜀0 , μ = 𝜇0 .
Find the reflected wave 𝐸𝑟𝑠 and the transmitted wave 𝐸𝑡𝑠 .
200𝜋
where 𝑘 = 2𝑘0 = .
3

© Dr. Abubaker Elobied 46

THANKS!

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