Practice Question with Answer for Lecture # 2

Question # 1
 2 1
Find the transpose of matrix A =  ?
 3 1
Solution:

 2 3
At =  
 1 1
Interchange the rows with columns.

Question # 2

5 2 1 0 
What is the order of given matrix   ?
1 1 1 1 
Solution: Order is 2 × 4

Question # 3

Write the following single column matrix as the sum of three column vectors:
 x2 + x 
 
 3 x + 1 
 9x + e 
2 t
 
Solution:

 x2 + x   x2   x   0  1 1 0

         2    
 3 x + 1   0  +  3 x  +  1 =  0 x +  3 x +  1 
 9 x 2 + et   9 x 2   0   et  9  0  et 
            

Question # 4
  t2 
Find the derivative of the matrix X (t ) = 
 sin t 
.
 

Solution:

 2t 
X ′(t ) =  
 cos t 

Question # 5

3 4
Find, if possible, the multiplicative inverse of the matrix A =  
1 7

Solution:

3 4
A= = 21 − 4 = 17 ≠ 0
1 7
So inverse of A exists.
1
A−1 = Adj ( A)
A
 7 −4 
Adj ( A) =  
 −1 3 
 7 −4   7 −4 
   17 17 
−1 3 
Adj ( A) =
1
=A−1 =  
A 17  −1 3 
 
 17 17 

Question # 6

Find, if possible, the multiplicative inverse of the given matrices

1 2 3
 
1. A =0 4 5
1 0 6
 
Solution:

1 2 3
Solution Since det( A) = 0 4 5 = 1(24 − 0) − 2(0 − 5) + 3(0 − 4) = 24 + 10 − 12 = 22 ≠ 0
1 0 6

Therefore, the given matrix is non-singular. So, the multiplicative inverse A −1 of the matrix A exists.
The cofactors corresponding to the entries in each row are

4 5 2 3 2 3
C11 = = 24, C12 =
− =
−12, C13 = = −2
0 6 0 6 4 5

0 5 1 3 1 3
C21 =
− =
5, C22 = = 3, C23 =
− =
−5
1 6 1 6 0 5

0 4 1 2 1 2
C31 = = −4, C32 =
− =
2, C33 = = 4
1 0 1 0 0 4

 24 −12 −2   12 −6 −1 
 22   11 11 
 24 −12 −2   22 22
 
11

1   −5   5 −5 
3 −5  = 
5 3 3
Hence A −1 =  5 =
22   22 22 22   22 22 22 
 −4 2 4     
 −4 2 4   −2
 
1 2 

 22 22 22   11 11 11 

 1 2 3
 
2. A = 4 5 6
5 7 9
 

Solution

1 2 3
Since det( A) = 4 5 6 = 1(45 − 42) − 2(36 − 30) + 3(28 − 25) = 3 − 12 + 9 = 0
5 7 9
Hence inverse does not exist.
 Question # 7

3 5  0 1
For the matrices A =   and B =   , evaluate BA?
1 1  4 1
Solution:

 0 1   3 5   0 × 3 + 1× 1 0 × 5 + 1× 1   1 1 
=BA =    =   
 4 1   1 1   4 × 3 + 1× 1 4 × 5 + 1× 1   13 21 

Question # 8

1 2 3 1 1
   
=
For the matrices A = 4 5 6 and B
  0 1  , evaluate AB?
7 8 9 1 1 
  
Solution:

 4 6 
=  10
AB 15 
 16 24 


Question # 9

1 6 5 0
 7  and B= 3
= 3
For the matrices A
 0  , evaluate AB?
5 9  1 0 
 
Solution:

Multiplication is not possible as number of columns of first matrix is not equal to the number of rows of
second matrix.
 Practice Questions Lecture # 3

Question # 1

Which of the following is a non-linear equation?

a. x1 + x2 + x3 =
0
b. x1 + 3 x2 − x3 =
1
c. 4 x1 x2 = 1
d. x1 = x2

Solution:

4 x1 x2 = 1 is non-linear equation because there is product of variables involved. So part c is the

correct option.

Question # 2

x1 − x2 − x3 =
6
Which of the following is the correct Coefficient matrix for the system x1 + 2 x2 =
8 ?
9 x3 = 1

a.
 1 −1 6
1 2 8 

 0 0 1
b.
 1 −1 − 1
1 2 0 

 0 0 9 
c.
 1 −1 − 1
1 2 8 

 9 0 1 
d.
 1 −1 −1 6
1 2 0 8 

 0 0 9 1 
Solution:

Part b is the correct option.

Question # 3. Write a system of linear equations corresponding to the following augmented matrices

1 0 0 2 
a. 0 1 0 1 
 
0 0 1 4 
1 2 3 0 
b. 4 9 2 6 
 
6 0 5 3

Solution:

1 0 0 2  x1 = 2
0 1 0 1  x2 =1
 
0 0 1 4  x3 = 4

1 2 3 0  x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 =
0
4 9 2 6  4 x1 + 9 x2 + 2 x3 =
6
 
6 0 5 3 6 x1 + 5 x3 =
3

Question # 4

Evaluate whether the following system is consistent or inconsistent.

2x + y = 1
a.
− x −7y = 3
2x + 2 y = 5
b.
− 2x − 2 y = 3
Solution:

a.

2x + y =1
Since
− x −7y =3

The augmented matrix of the system is

 2 1 1
 
 −1 −7 3 

Using row operation, it becomes

 1 −6 4 
  using R1 + R2
 −1 −7 3 

 1 −6 4 
  using R2 + R1
 0 −13 7 

 4 
 1 −6  using − 1 R
 0 1 − 7  13
2

 13 

 10 
 1 0 13 
  using R1 + 6 R2
0 1 − 7 
 
 13 

This corresponds to the system:

x = 10 /13
y = −7 /13
Hence system is consistent.

b.

2x + 2 y =5
− 2x − 2 y =
3

The augmented matrix of the system is

 2 2 5
 
 −2 −2 3 
Using row operation, it becomes
 1 1 5 / 2
  using 1/ 2 R1
 −2 −2 3 

1 1 5 / 2
  using R2 + 2 R1
0 0 8 

This corresponds to the system:

x+ y =5/ 2
0=8

Since 0 = 8 is an mathematically incorrect, the system has no solution. Therefore it is an

inconsistent system.

Question # 5

Is x =
3, y =
1 a solution of the following linear system? If not then give the reason.

x − 3y = 1
5x − 2 y = 3

Solution:

Put the given values of x and y in the above equation:

3 − 3(1) = 0 ≠ 1
5(3) − 2(1)
= 13 ≠ 3

Which shows that these values do not satisfies the above equations so it cannot be solution of the
given linear system.

Question # 6

Determine whether the following system is consistent or inconsistent?

2x + 3y + 4z =
4
4x + 5 y =6
2 y + 7z =1
Solution:

2x + 3y + 4z =
4
Since 4x + 5 y =
6
2 y + 7z =
1

The augmented matrix of the system is

2 3 4 4 
 
4 5 0 6 
0 2 7 
 1 

After applying row operations we get

1 0 0 7/3 
 
0 1 0 −2 / 3 
0 0 1 
 1/ 3 

This corresponds to the system

x =7/3
y = −2 / 3
z = 1/ 3

This shows that system is consistent.

Question # 7

Determine whether the following system is consistent or inconsistent?

3x − 2 y + 3z = 8
x + 3y + 6 y = −3
2 x + 6 y + 12 z = −6

Solution:

Solution:
 3x − 2 y + 3z = 8
Since x + 3y + 6 y = −3
2 x + 6 y + 12 z = −6

The augmented matrix of the system is

 3 −2 3 8 
 
1 3 6 −3 
 2 6 12 −6 
 

After applying row operations we get

 1 0 21/11 18 /11 
 
 0 1 15 /11 −17 /11 
0 0 
 0 0 

As the last row is all zero which means that two of the planes formed by the equations in the system of
equations are parallel, and thus the system of equations is said to have an infinite set of solutions.
 Practice Questions for Lecture # 4

Question # 1

Identify if the following matrices are in echelon form or reduced echelon form or not in both forms. Also
give the reason to justify your answer.

1 2 3 4 
a.
0 0 1 4 
 
0 0 0 0 
Echelon Form
6 2 1 4 

b. 0 0 0 0

 
0 0 4 0 

Neither Echelon nor Reduced echelon forms because row with all zero elements is not the last row. All
non-zero rows are above any rows of all zeros.

1 0 0 0 
c.
0 1 0 0 
 
0 0 1 0 

Reduced echelon form because:

The leading entry in each nonzero row is 1.

Each leading 1 is the only nonzero entry in its column

1 1 2 

d. 0 1 1

 
0 0 −2 

Echelon form:

Each leading entry of a row is in a column to the right of the leading entry of the row above it.

All entries in a column below a leading entry are zero

  −1 0 2 0 
e.
 0 1 0 0
 
 0 0 0 1 
Echelon form:

1 2 3 
f. 0 1 2 
 

Echelon form:

Question # 2

2 3 5 7
 
For the given linear system 0 2 3 9 , find the solution when free variable z = 0 .
 
 0 0 0 0 

Solution:

Corresponding system of equation is

2 x + 3 y + 5z = 7 − − − 1
2 y + 3z = 9 −−−2
as given z =0
put this value of z in equation 2 we get
2y + 0 = 9
y = 4.5
put the value of y and z in equation 1
2 x + 3(4.5) + 0 =7
2 x + 13.5 = 7
2x = 7 − 13.5 = −6.5
x = 3.25

Question # 3

Apply elementary row operations to transform the following matrix into the reduced echelon
form:
 3 6 9
A 1
= 3 3 
 4 8 5 
Solution:

3 6 9
A 1
= 3 3 
 4 8 5 
1/ 3R1
1 2 3
1 3 3 

 4 8 5
R2 − R1
1 2 3
0 1 0 

 4 8 5 
R4 − 4 R1
1 2 3 
0 1 0 
 
0 0 − 7 
R1 − 2 R2
1 0 3 
0 1 0 
 
0 0 − 7 
−1/ 7 R3
1 0 3
0 1 0 

0 0 1
R1 − 3R3
1 0 0
 0 
0 1
0 0 1

Question # 4
 Apply elementary row operations to transform the following matrix into the echelon form:

1 3 2
A 1 2 2 
= 
 4 −1 − 4 

Solution:

1 3 2
A 1 2 2 
= 
 4 −1 − 4 
R2 − R1 , R3 − 4 R1
1 3 2 
0 −1 − 1 
 
0 −13 −12 
− R2
1 3 2 
0 1 1 

0 −13 −12 
R3 + 13R2
1 3 2
0 1 1

0 0 1

Question # 5

Apply elementary row operations to transform the following matrix into

a. Echelon form:
b. Reduced Echelon form

1 − 3 − 2 1 
A =  −6 2 5 3 
 2 1 1 − 3
Solution:

1 − 3 − 2 1 
A =  −6 2 5 3 
 2 1 1 − 3
add      
6 times the 1st row to the 2nd row
−2 times the 1st row to the 3rd row
add      
by −1 / 16
multiply the 2nd row  
−7 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row
add      
multiply   
the 3rd row by 16 / 31
1 −3 −2 1 
0 1 7 /16 −9 /16 
 
0 0 1 −17 / 31

The matrix is in echelon form

To convert this in reduced echelon form

add -7/16 times the 3rd row to the 2nd row

add 2 times the 3rd row to the 1st row

add 3 times the 2nd row to the 1st row

1 0 0 −33 / 31
0 1 0 −10 / 31
 
0 0 1 −17 / 31

Question # 6

1 1 3 
Find the general solution of a linear system whose augmented matrix is  
 3 2 1

Solution:
Corresponding system of linear equation

x+ y=3
3x + 2 y =
1

Multiply equation 1 with 3 and subtract from sec ond

3x + 3 y =9
3x + 2 y =1
− − −
0 + y =8
put the value of y in first equation
x +8 = 3
x =3 − 8 =−5

Question # 7

1 0 0 
Find the general solution of a linear system whose augmented matrix is  
0 1 0
Corresponding system of linear equation

x + 0y = 0
0x + y = 0

x=0
y=0
 Practice Question Lecture # 5

Question:

Find a vector equation of the plane whose parametric equations are given below:
x =1 − 2 t1 + 3 t2 , y =4 − 5 t1 + 6 t2 , z =7 − 8 t1 − 9 t2

Solution:

Since x =1 − 2 t1 + 3 t2 , y =4 − 5 t1 + 6 t2 , z =7 − 8 t1 − 9 t2
To find the vector equation of the plane, we have to rewrite the three equations as the single
vector equation as following:

( x , y , z ) =(1 − 2 t1 + 3 t2 , 4 − 5 t1 + 6 t2 , 7 − 8 t1 − 9 t2 )
⇒ = (1, 4, 7 ) + ( −2 t1 , − 5 t1 , − 8 t1 ) + ( 3 t2 , 6 t2 , − 9 t2 )
⇒= (1, 4, 7 ) + t1 ( −2, − 5, − 8 ) + t2 ( 3, 6, − 9 )
This is the required equation of the plane that passes through the point (1, 4, 7 ) .

Question:

Find a vector equation of the line in R 2 that passes through the point (1, 3) and is parallel to the vector

=
v ( 3, 4 )
Solution:
→
Let x = ( x , y ) and x 0 = ( 1,3) , the vector equation of the line is determined as:
→ →
x = x0 + v t
(x , y=
) ( 1 ,3 ) + ( 3, 4)t
1  3 
(x , y=
)  + t
 3  4 
Question:

Write the vector a = ( 2,3) as a linear combination of the vectors (1, 0 ) and ( 0,1) .

Solution:

To write the vector a = ( 2,3) as a linear combination of the vectors (1, 0 ) and ( 0,1) , we need
two scalars
2 1  0 
=
3  2 0  + 3 1 
     
2  2  0 
=   0  + 3 
3     

Question:

1   1 3 
     
If a1 =  2  , a2 =  − 5  and b =  −4  . Determine whether b can be generated as a linear
 −3   − 2 6 
     
combination of a1 and a2 ?

Solution:

First we see the equation x1a1 + x2 a2 =

b has a solution.
To answer this, reduce the augmented matrix [ a1 a2 b ] in echelon form:
1 1 3
 2 −5 −4 
 
 −3 −2 6 
R2 − 2 R1 , R3 + 3R1
1 1 3 
0 −7 −10 
 
0 1 15 
−1/ 7 R2
1 1 3 
0 1 10 / 7 
 
0 1 15 
R1 − R2 , R3 − R2
1 0 11/ 7 
0 1 10 / 7 
 
0 0 95 / 7 

We can write this system as:

x1 = 11/ 7
x2 = 10 / 7
0.x1 + 0.x2 = 95 / 7
Which cannot be true for any value of x1 , x2 ∈  .
⇒ Given system has no solution.
∴ b ∉ Span {a1 , a2} i.e. vector b does not lie in the plane spanned by vectors a1 and a2 .
⇒ b Cannot be generated as a linear combination of a1 and a2 .

Question:

 2   1  5   
If s =   and t =   . Determine whether b =   is in Span { s , t } or not?
8  4  15

Note: Show the complete steps.

Solution:
  
To show that b is in Span { s , t } , we have to show that b can be written as a linear combination
    
of s and t . For this the linear system with augmented matrix  s t b  should be consistent.
So,
2 1 5 
8 4 15
 
1/ 2 R1
1 1/ 2 5 / 2 
8 4 15 

R2 − 8 R1
1 1/ 2 5 / 2 
0 0 −5 


The linear system is not consistent because 0 = − 5 is never true. So, b can not be written as a linear
    
combination of s and t . Therefore b ∉ Span { s , t }.
 Solution of Practice Questions Lecture # 6

Question # 1:

 2  1   3 
Express b =   as a linear combination of s =   and t =  
4 2 4

Solution:
  
To express b as a linear combination of s and t , the scalars c1 and c2 should be determined as
following:
  
b = c1 s + c2 t
=
( 2, 4 ) c1 (1, 2) + c2 ( 3, 4)
(2, 4 ) =
( c1 + 3 c2 , 2c1 + 4 c2 )

The following system of equations is obtained by equating the corresponding entries:

c1 + 3 c2 =
2
2 c1 + 4 c2 =
4
multiply first equation by 2 and subtract from second
2c1 + 6 c2 =4
2 c1 + 4 c2 =
4
− − −
2 c2 = 0
c2 = 0
Put in first equation
∴ c1 = 2
Hence (=
2, 4 ) 2 ( 1, 2 ) + 0 ( 3, 4 )

Question # 2
  
( 1, 2, − 1) , v2 =
Determine whether the set of vectors v1 = ( 3, − 3, 4 ) and v3 = ( 2, − 1, − 2 ) will
3
span R ?

Solution:
 
To show that the given vectors span R 3 , choose a general vector from = R 3 , let u ( u1 , u2 , u3 )∈ R 3

and determine if we can find scalars c1 , c2 , c3 so that u ∈ R 3 can be written as a linear
combination of the given vectors. That is ,
   
u =c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3
( u1 , u2 =
, u3 ) c1 (1 , 2 , − 1) + c2 ( 3 , − 3 , 4 ) + c3 ( 2 , − 1 , − 2 )
The following system of equations is obtained by doing some vector algebra:
u1 =c1 + 3 c2 + 2c3
u2 = 2c1 − 3 c2 − c3
u3 =− c1 + 4 c2 − 2c3
Writing in matrix form
1 3 2  c1  u1 
 2 − 3 − 1   c  = u 
  2  2
 −1 4 − 2  c3  u3 
Now we determine if this system is consistent ( i.e have at least one solution) for every possible

=
choice of u ( u1 , u2 , u3 )∈ R 3 . We know that the system will be consistent for every possible

choice of u = ( u1 , u2 , u3 ) provided the coefficient matrix is invertible and that will be checked by
computing the determinate of the coefficient matrix. So that

det ( A=) 45 ≠ 0
Therefore the coefficient matrix is invertible and so this system will have solution for every

choice of u = ( u1 , u2 , u3 ) which in turns determine that the given set of vectors span R 3 .

Question # 3
  
Determine whether the set of vectors v1 = ( 1,3,1,1) , v2 = ( 1, 2,1, 0 ) and v3 = (1,1, 0, 0 ) will span
R3 ?

Solution:
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
         
3 2 1 → 3 2 1
→
0 2 1 0
→
1 0
→
0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 1
         
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

At this point, it is clear the rank of the matrix is 3, so the vectors span a subspace of
dimension 3, hence they span R3.

Question # 4

Determine whether the vectors v1 = (1, −1, 4), v2 = (−2, 1, 3), and v3 = (4, −3, 5) span R 3.
 Solution:

 1 −2 4  1 −2 4  1 −2 4  1 −2 4 
 −1 1 −3 
R2 + R1 , R3 − 4 R1
→ 0 −1 1  → 0 1 −1 → 0 1 −1
  − R1 , 1/11R3   R3 − R2
 
 4 3 5  0 11 −11 0 1 −1 0 0 0 

It is in Echelon form, where it can be seen that 3rd row does not contain any Pivot . so it cannot span
R3 .

Question # 5

 1  −1   h
=
   
Let v1 = 2  , v2  1  and z =  2  . If →z can be generated by v and v , then find value of
    1 2

 −3   4   −3 
'h'.

Solution:

   
Consider c1v1 + c2 v2 =
z.
 1  −1   h 
      
Therefore, c1  2  + c2  1  =  2 
 −3   4   −3 
 
c1 −= c2 h ........ e.q.(1)

2c1 + c= 2 2 ........ e.q.(2)
 
−3c1 + 4c2 =−3 ......... e.q.(3)

Multiply equation 2 by 3 and multiply equation 3 by 2 and then add both equations

6c1 + 3c2 =6
 
−6c1 + 8c2 = −6

11c2 = 0

c2 = 0

Put the value of c2 in equation 3 we get


c1 = 1
 
Now put the value of c1 and c2

1− 0 =h
h =1
 Practice Questions Lecture # 7 and 8

Question # 1

Determine whether the following system has a trivial solution or non-trivial solution:
x1 − 2 x2 + x3 =
0
3 x2 − 3 x3 =
0
x1 − 3 x2 =
0
Solution:
The coefficient matrix is
1 −2 1 0
0 3 − 3 0 

1 − 3 0 0 
1 − 2 1 0
 0 1 − 1 0  1/ 3R2 , R3 − R1
0 − 1 − 1 0 
1 − 2 1 0
0 1 − 1 0  R3 + R2

0 0 − 2 0 
The corresponding system of equations will be
x1 − 2 x2 + x3 =
0
x2 − x3 =
0
− 2 x3 =0
By backward substitution, we get= x1 0,=
x2 0,=
x3 0 . Thus, the given system has only the
trivial solution.

Question # 2

Solve the following system using the reduced echelon form:

x1 + 4 x2 + 6 x3 =
0
− 2 x1 − 5 x3 =
0
3 x2 − 7 x3 = 0

Solution:

Given system of equation could be translated into matrix form as

1 4 6
-2 0 -5
0 3 -7

add 2 times the 1st row to the 2nd row

1 4 6
0 8 7
0 3 -7

Multiply the 2nd row by 1/8

1 4 6
7
0 1
8
0 3 -7

add -3 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row

1 4 6
7
0 1
8
-77
0 0
8

Multiply the 3rd row by -8/77

1 4 6
 7
0 1
8
0 0 1

add -7/8 times the 3rd row to the 2nd row

1 4 6
0 1 0
0 0 1

add -6 times the 3rd row to the 1st row

1 4 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
add -4 times the 2nd row to the 1st row
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

Question # 3
  
Check whether {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly dependent or not?

 −2  1   2
        
where v1 = 1  , v2 =  0  and v3 =  −2 
3   2   1 
Solution:

The set S = {v 1 , v 2 , v 3 } of vectors in R3 is linearly independent if the only solution of

c1 v 1 + c2v2 + c3 v3 = 0

is c1, c2, c3 = 0

Otherwise (i.e., if a solution with at least some nonzero values exists), S is linearly dependent.
With our vectors v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , becomes:

-2 1 2 0
c1 1 + c 2 0 + c 3 -2 = 0
3 2 1 0

Rearranging the left hand side yields

-2 c 1 +1 c 2 +2 c 3 0
1 c 1 +0 c 2 -2 c 3 = 0
3 c 1 +2 c 2 +1 c 3 0

The matrix equation above is equivalent to the following homogeneous system of equations

-2 c 1 +1 c 2 +2 c 3 = 0
1 c 1 +0 c 2 -2 c 3 = 0
3 c 1 +2 c 2 +1 c 3 = 0

We now transform the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous system above to the reduced row
echelon form to determine whether the system has

• the trivial solution only (meaning that S is linearly independent), or

• the trivial solution as well as nontrivial ones (S is linearly dependent).

-2 1 2
1 0 -2
3 2 1

can be transformed by a sequence of elementary row operations to the matrix

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

The reduced row echelon form of the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous system is
 1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

which corresponds to the system

1 c1 =0
1 c2 =0
1 c3 = 0

Since each column contains a leading entry (highlighted in yellow), then the system has only the
trivial solution, so that the only solution is c 1 , c 2 , c 3 = 0.

Therefore the set S = {v 1 , v 2 , v 3 } is linearly independent.

Question # 4

Determine, without solving, whether the following set of vectors is linearly independent or
 1  3   4  7  
dependent. S =   ,   ,   ,   
  2   4   6  3  

Solution:

Using the same rule in previous question, with our vectors v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4

1 3 4 7 0
c1 + c2 + c3 + c4 =
2 4 6 3 0

Rearranging the left hand side yields

1 c 1 +3 c 2 +4 c 3 +7 c 4 0
=
2 c 1 +4 c 2 +6 c 3 +3 c 4 0

The matrix equation above is equivalent to the following homogeneous system of equations

1 c 1 +3 c 2 +4 c 3 +7 c 4 = 0
 2 c 1 +4 c 2 +6 c 3 +3 c 4 = 0

• We now transform the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous system above to the
reduced row echelon form

1 3 4 7
2 4 6 3

can be transformed by a sequence of elementary row operations to the matrix

-19
1 0 1
2
11
0 1 1
2

The reduced row echelon form of the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous system is

-19
1 0 1
2
11
0 1 1
2

which corresponds to the system

1 c1 +1 c 3 +(-19/2) c 4 = 0
1 c 2 +1 c 3 +(11/2) c 4 = 0

The leading entries have been highlighted in yellow.

Since some columns do not contain leading entries, then the system has nontrivial solutions, so
that some of the values c 1 , c 2 , c 3 , c 4 solving the system of equation may be nonzero.

Therefore the set S = {v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4 } is linearly dependent.

Question # 5

2 4 
Show that the columns of A =   are linearly independent.
 4 −3 
Solution:

Vectors in R2 is linearly independent if the only solution of

c1 v1 + c2 v2 = 0

is c 1 , c 2 = 0

2 4 0
c1 + c2 =
4 -3 0

Rearranging the left hand side yields

2 c 1 +4 c 2 0
=
4 c 1 -3 c 2 0

The matrix equation above is equivalent to the following homogeneous system of equations

2 c 1 +4 c 2 = 0
4 c 1 -3 c 2 = 0

• We now transform the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous system above to the
reduced row echelon form

2 4
4 -3

can be transformed by a sequence of elementary row operations to the matrix

1 0
0 1
The reduced row echelon form of the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous is

1 0
0 1

which corresponds to the system

1 c1 =0
1 c2 = 0

Since each column contains a leading entry (highlighted in yellow), then the system has only the
trivial solution, so that the only solution is c 1 , c 2 = 0.

Therefore columns of A are linearly independent.

Lecture 9
Question no 1
Consider a linear transformation T : R 2 → R 2 defined by T ( x ) = A x then verify that
T (u + v ) = T (u ) + T (v )
, where
3 0  2  6
A=   , u =   and v =   .
0 3  0   −1 

Solution

 2   6   8
u +v =  +  = 
0   −1   −1
 3 0   8  24 
T (u + v) =    =  
 0 3   −1  − 3 
now
 3 0   2 6
T (u ) =    = 
 0 3  0  0 
and
 3 0   6   18 
T (v ) =    =  
 0 3   −1   − 3 
6   18   24 
 T (u ) + T (v ) =   +   =  
 0   − 3  − 3 
 T (u + v ) = T (u ) + T (v ) verified.

Question no 2

Consider a linear transformation T : R2 → R2 defined by T ( x ) = A x then find the value of x

such that A x = b , where

3 3   4
A=   and b =   .
1 4  6 
Solution

We have to find x such that T ( x) = b or A x = b . That is,

 3 3   x1   4
1 4   x  = 6 
  2  
 3 x1 + 3 x2 = 4
x1 + 4 x2 = 6
Solving them simultaneously, it gives
2 14
x1 = − , x2 =
9 9
 2
− 9 
Hence x= 
 14 
 9 

Note: x can also be calculated by reducing the augmented matrix of the system Ax = b
.

Question no 3

Consider a linear transformation T : R2 → R2 defined by T ( x, y) = ( 2 x − y,0) then find

T (u ) , where u = ( −1 , 4 ).
Solution

T ( − 1 , 4) = (−1 − 4 , 0 )
=(−5 ,0)
Question no 4

Consider a linear transformation T : R2 → R 2 defined by

1 3  x1   x1 + 3 x2 
T (u ) = Au =    =  
 2 −1  x2   2 x1 − x2 

Find T (u ) , where
 3
u = .
1 
Solution

1 3   3   3 + 3   6 
T (u ) = Au =    =  = 
 2 −1  1   2(3) + 1(−1)   5 
Question no 5
Show that the transformation L : R3 → R 2 defined by L( x , y , z ) = (3 y − z , x) is linear
by proving L( u + v ) = L(u ) + L(v ) and L( c u ) = c L (u ) , where c is scalar .
Solution

Let u = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and v = ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , then

L( u + v ) = L(( x1 , y1 , z1 ) + ( x2 , y2 , z2 ))

= L( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 )

= (3( y1 + y2 ) − ( z1 + z2 ) , x1 + x2 )
= (3 y1 − z1 + 3 y2 − z2 , x1 + x2 )
= (3 y1 − z1 , x1 ) + (3 y2 − z2 , x2 )
= L(u ) + L(v )

L( c u ) = L(c ( x1 , y1 , z1 )) ; where c is scalar

= L(c x1 , c y1 , c z1 ))

= (3c y1 − c z1 , c x1 )
= c (3 y1 − z1 , x1 )
= c L ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
= c L (u )

Question no 6

Consider a linear transformation L : R 2 → R 2 for which L( i ) = L (1 , 0) = (1 , 2) and

L( j ) = L (0 , 1) = (3 , − 2)

are given. Find L (−3 , 4) , where (−3 , 4) = −3i + 4 j .

Since (−3 , 4) = −3i + 4 j ,

L (−3 , 4) = L ( −3 i + 4 j )
= −3 L(i ) + 4 L( j )
= −3(1 , 2) + 4 (3 , − 2)
= (−3 , − 6) + (12 , − 8)
= ( 9 , − 14)
Lecture 9
Question no 1
Consider a linear transformation T : R 2 → R 2 defined by T ( x ) = A x then verify that
T (u + v ) = T (u ) + T (v )
, where
3 0  2  6
A=   , u =   and v =   .
0 3  0   −1 

Solution

 2   6   8
u +v =  +  = 
0   −1   −1
 3 0   8  24 
T (u + v) =    =  
 0 3   −1  − 3 
now
 3 0   2 6
T (u ) =    = 
 0 3  0  0 
and
 3 0   6   18 
T (v ) =    =  
 0 3   −1   − 3 
6   18   24 
 T (u ) + T (v ) =   +   =  
 0   − 3  − 3 
 T (u + v ) = T (u ) + T (v ) verified.

Question no 2

Consider a linear transformation T : R2 → R2 defined by T ( x ) = A x then find the value of x

such that A x = b , where

3 3   4
A=   and b =   .
1 4  6 
Solution

We have to find x such that T ( x) = b or A x = b . That is,

 3 3   x1   4
1 4   x  = 6 
  2  
 3 x1 + 3 x2 = 4
x1 + 4 x2 = 6
Solving them simultaneously, it gives
2 14
x1 = − , x2 =
9 9
 2
− 9 
Hence x= 
 14 
 9 

Note: x can also be calculated by reducing the augmented matrix of the system Ax = b
.

Question no 3

Consider a linear transformation T : R2 → R2 defined by T ( x, y) = ( 2 x − y,0) then find

T (u ) , where u = ( −1 , 4 ).
Solution

T ( − 1 , 4) = (−1 − 4 , 0 )
=(−5 ,0)
Question no 4

Consider a linear transformation T : R2 → R 2 defined by

1 3  x1   x1 + 3 x2 
T (u ) = Au =    =  
 2 −1  x2   2 x1 − x2 

Find T (u ) , where
 3
u = .
1 
Solution

1 3   3   3 + 3   6 
T (u ) = Au =    =  = 
 2 −1  1   2(3) + 1(−1)   5 
Question no 5
Show that the transformation L : R3 → R 2 defined by L( x , y , z ) = (3 y − z , x) is linear
by proving L( u + v ) = L(u ) + L(v ) and L( c u ) = c L (u ) , where c is scalar .
Solution

Let u = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and v = ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , then

L( u + v ) = L(( x1 , y1 , z1 ) + ( x2 , y2 , z2 ))

= L( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 )

= (3( y1 + y2 ) − ( z1 + z2 ) , x1 + x2 )
= (3 y1 − z1 + 3 y2 − z2 , x1 + x2 )
= (3 y1 − z1 , x1 ) + (3 y2 − z2 , x2 )
= L(u ) + L(v )

L( c u ) = L(c ( x1 , y1 , z1 )) ; where c is scalar

= L(c x1 , c y1 , c z1 ))

= (3c y1 − c z1 , c x1 )
= c (3 y1 − z1 , x1 )
= c L ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
= c L (u )

Question no 6

Consider a linear transformation L : R 2 → R 2 for which L( i ) = L (1 , 0) = (1 , 2) and

L( j ) = L (0 , 1) = (3 , − 2)

are given. Find L (−3 , 4) , where (−3 , 4) = −3i + 4 j .

Since (−3 , 4) = −3i + 4 j ,

L (−3 , 4) = L ( −3 i + 4 j )
= −3 L(i ) + 4 L( j )
= −3(1 , 2) + 4 (3 , − 2)
= (−3 , − 6) + (12 , − 8)
= ( 9 , − 14)
Question

  x   2 x + 2 y 
Let L : R 2 → R 2 be a linear operator defined by L     =  . Find the standard
  y  x − y 
matrix A representing L i.e; L = [ L(e1 ), L(e2 )] .

Solution

The standard matrix A representing L is the 2  2 matrix whose columns are L ( e1 ) and
L ( e2 ) respectively.
So,
 1  
L ( e1 ) = L    
 0  
 2 + 2(0) 
= 
1 − 0 
2
= 
1 

Similarly
 0  
L ( e2 ) = L    
 1  
 2(0) + 2(1) 
= 
0 − 1 
2 
= 
 −1

Therefore

2 2 
A=  
1 − 1

Question

 x    x − y 
Show that L( x ) = A x for the linear operator L     =  , where A is a standard
  
y 2 x + y 
matrix and
 1   −1
L ( e1 ) =   , L ( e2 ) =  
 2 1 

Solution

To show that L( x ) = A x , we have to find standard matrix first which is of order 2  2

with columns are L ( e1 ) and L ( e2 ) respectively.
So,

1 − 1
Therefore, A=  
2 1 
Now,
1 −1  x 
Ax =   
2 1   y 
 x − y
 Ax =  = L ( x)
2 x + y 

Question

1 2 x − 2

If A = B , then find the values of x and y , where A = 3 4 5  and

6 5 + y 0 
1 2 1 − x 
B = 3 4 5  .
6 − y 0 

Solution

Since both the matrices are equal, their corresponding entries will also be equal.

That is

x − 2 = 1− x
x + x = 1+ 2
2x = 3
3
x=
2

Also,
5+ y = −y
2 y = −5
−5
y=
2

Question

2 0 1 t t t
If A =   and B =   , then show that ( AB ) = B A .
0 1  6

Solution

 2 0  1 
AB =   
0 1  6
2 + 0
= 
0 + 6 
2
= 
 
6
Now
t
( AB ) =  2 6

t t 2 0
B A = 1 6  
0 1 
=  2 + 0 0 + 6
= 2 6 
= ( AB ) t
t t t
Therefore, ( AB ) = B A

2 3 1 −2 
0 4 6 8 
Evaluate the determinant of the matrix A =  .
0 2 2 3 
 
0 1 1 3 

The determinant of the given matrix is calculated as

 2 3 1 −2
0 4 6 8
det( A) =
0 2 2 3
0 1 1 3
Expanding it for first column, it gives
4 6 8
=2 2 2 3
1 1 3
= 2[4(6 − 3) − 6(6 − 3) + 8(2 − 2)]
= 2[12 − 18 + 0]
= −12
So, det( A) = −12

Question

 −1 2 4 3
If A =   and B =   , then calculate the inverse of AB ( if exists ) ;
3 −7  5 4
 −7 −2   4 −3 
where A −1 =  and B −1 = 
4 
.
− 3 −1  − 5

Solution

We know that ( AB)−1 = B −1 A−1

Prove it by using simple matrix multiplication.

 Practice Questions

MCQs

What is the maximum possible number of pivots in a 3  5 matrix ?

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

Which of the following is true for the partitioned matrices P = [ X Y ] and Q = [ L M],
where sub-matrices X and Y have the same sizes as L and M respectively ?

(a) P + Q = [ XL YM ]
 X +L 
(b) P+Q =  
Y +M 
(c) P+Q =[ X + L Y + M ]
 XL 
(d) P+Q =  
 YM 

Short

Question No. 1. Show that the following system of linear equations has unique solution :

2 x1 + 3 x2 = 4
4 x1 + 7 x2 = 8

3 0  1 −2 
Question No. 2. If a matrix A is decomposed into L =   and U =   by LU
 2 −4  0 1
factorization , then find A .

3 −6 
A=
−8 
Answer
2
Long
4 7 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 

Question No. 3. If A =  0 0 3 4 0  is a block diagonal matrix , then find A −1 .
 
0 0 2 3 0
 0 0 0 0 2 
 
2 −7 0 0 0 
 
 −1 4 0 0 0 
Answer A = 0
−1
0 3 −4 0 
 
 0 0 −2 3 0
 1
 0 0 0 0 
 2
 Practice Questions

MCQs

3 b 
If A =   , then which of the following is the determinant of A ?
5 d 

(a) 3d + 5b
(b) 3d − 5b
(c) 5d + 3b
(d) 5d − 3b

2 2 5
If the matrix A =  2 2 1  , then which of the following is true about it?
 
 2 2 7 

(a) Its determinant is − 2 .

(b) Its determinant is 0 .
(c) Its determinant is 4 .
(d) The information is not sufficient to calculate the determinant .

Short

Question No. 1. If the following system of linear equations is solved using the Jacobi’s method,
then construct the matrix M from the coefficient matrix of the following linear system:

10 x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 = 5
3 x1 + 8 x2 + x3 = 8
x1 + 3 x2 + 7 x3 = 6
 10 0 0 
Answer: M =  0 8 0 
 0 0 7 

 x  2
Question No. 2. If the first iteration y1 =  1  =   , then use the Jacobi Iteration to find next
 x2   3 
two iterations of the following system of equations:

10 x1 + x2 = 30
x1 + 12 x2 = 48

 2.7   2.6 
Answer: y2 =   , y3 =  
 3.8   3.8 
 2 0 0 0
14 5 0 0
Question No. 3. Evaluate the determinant .
−6 6 −3 0
4 7 −4 −7

Answer: 210

Long
4 2 3 7
Question No. 4. Verify that (det A ) (det B) = det ( AB ) , where A =   and B =  .
5 3 2 4
 Practice Question with Answer for Lecture # 2

Question # 1
 2 1
Find the transpose of matrix A =  ?
 3 1
Solution:

 2 3
At =  
 1 1
Interchange the rows with columns.

Question # 2

5 2 1 0 
What is the order of given matrix   ?
1 1 1 1 
Solution: Order is 2 × 4

Question # 3

Write the following single column matrix as the sum of three column vectors:
 x2 + x 
 
 3 x + 1 
 9x + e 
2 t
 
Solution:

 x2 + x   x2   x   0  1 1 0

         2    
 3 x + 1   0  +  3 x  +  1 =  0 x +  3 x +  1 
 9 x 2 + et   9 x 2   0   et  9  0  et 
            

Question # 4
  t2 
Find the derivative of the matrix X (t ) = 
 sin t 
.
 

Solution:

 2t 
X ′(t ) =  
 cos t 

Question # 5

3 4
Find, if possible, the multiplicative inverse of the matrix A =  
1 7

Solution:

3 4
A= = 21 − 4 = 17 ≠ 0
1 7
So inverse of A exists.
1
A−1 = Adj ( A)
A
 7 −4 
Adj ( A) =  
 −1 3 
 7 −4   7 −4 
   17 17 
−1 3 
Adj ( A) =
1
=A−1 =  
A 17  −1 3 
 
 17 17 

Question # 6

Find, if possible, the multiplicative inverse of the given matrices

1 2 3
 
1. A =0 4 5
1 0 6
 
Solution:

1 2 3
Solution Since det( A) = 0 4 5 = 1(24 − 0) − 2(0 − 5) + 3(0 − 4) = 24 + 10 − 12 = 22 ≠ 0
1 0 6

Therefore, the given matrix is non-singular. So, the multiplicative inverse A −1 of the matrix A exists.
The cofactors corresponding to the entries in each row are

4 5 2 3 2 3
C11 = = 24, C12 =
− =
−12, C13 = = −2
0 6 0 6 4 5

0 5 1 3 1 3
C21 =
− =
5, C22 = = 3, C23 =
− =
−5
1 6 1 6 0 5

0 4 1 2 1 2
C31 = = −4, C32 =
− =
2, C33 = = 4
1 0 1 0 0 4

 24 −12 −2   12 −6 −1 
 22   11 11 
 24 −12 −2   22 22
 
11

1   −5   5 −5 
3 −5  = 
5 3 3
Hence A −1 =  5 =
22   22 22 22   22 22 22 
 −4 2 4     
 −4 2 4   −2
 
1 2 

 22 22 22   11 11 11 

 1 2 3
 
2. A = 4 5 6
5 7 9
 

Solution

1 2 3
Since det( A) = 4 5 6 = 1(45 − 42) − 2(36 − 30) + 3(28 − 25) = 3 − 12 + 9 = 0
5 7 9
Hence inverse does not exist.
 Question # 7

3 5  0 1
For the matrices A =   and B =   , evaluate BA?
1 1  4 1
Solution:

 0 1   3 5   0 × 3 + 1× 1 0 × 5 + 1× 1   1 1 
=BA =    =   
 4 1   1 1   4 × 3 + 1× 1 4 × 5 + 1× 1   13 21 

Question # 8

1 2 3 1 1
   
=
For the matrices A = 4 5 6 and B
  0 1  , evaluate AB?
7 8 9 1 1 
  
Solution:

 4 6 
=  10
AB 15 
 16 24 


Question # 9

1 6 5 0
 7  and B= 3
= 3
For the matrices A
 0  , evaluate AB?
5 9  1 0 
 
Solution:

Multiplication is not possible as number of columns of first matrix is not equal to the number of rows of
second matrix.
 Practice Questions Lecture # 3

Question # 1

Which of the following is a non-linear equation?

a. x1 + x2 + x3 =
0
b. x1 + 3 x2 − x3 =
1
c. 4 x1 x2 = 1
d. x1 = x2

Solution:

4 x1 x2 = 1 is non-linear equation because there is product of variables involved. So part c is the

correct option.

Question # 2

x1 − x2 − x3 =
6
Which of the following is the correct Coefficient matrix for the system x1 + 2 x2 =
8 ?
9 x3 = 1

a.
 1 −1 6
1 2 8 

 0 0 1
b.
 1 −1 − 1
1 2 0 

 0 0 9 
c.
 1 −1 − 1
1 2 8 

 9 0 1 
d.
 1 −1 −1 6
1 2 0 8 

 0 0 9 1 
Solution:

Part b is the correct option.

Question # 3. Write a system of linear equations corresponding to the following augmented matrices

1 0 0 2 
a. 0 1 0 1 
 
0 0 1 4 
1 2 3 0 
b. 4 9 2 6 
 
6 0 5 3

Solution:

1 0 0 2  x1 = 2
0 1 0 1  x2 =1
 
0 0 1 4  x3 = 4

1 2 3 0  x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 =
0
4 9 2 6  4 x1 + 9 x2 + 2 x3 =
6
 
6 0 5 3 6 x1 + 5 x3 =
3

Question # 4

Evaluate whether the following system is consistent or inconsistent.

2x + y = 1
a.
− x −7y = 3
2x + 2 y = 5
b.
− 2x − 2 y = 3
Solution:

a.

2x + y =1
Since
− x −7y =3

The augmented matrix of the system is

 2 1 1
 
 −1 −7 3 

Using row operation, it becomes

 1 −6 4 
  using R1 + R2
 −1 −7 3 

 1 −6 4 
  using R2 + R1
 0 −13 7 

 4 
 1 −6  using − 1 R
 0 1 − 7  13
2

 13 

 10 
 1 0 13 
  using R1 + 6 R2
0 1 − 7 
 
 13 

This corresponds to the system:

x = 10 /13
y = −7 /13
Hence system is consistent.

b.

2x + 2 y =5
− 2x − 2 y =
3

The augmented matrix of the system is

 2 2 5
 
 −2 −2 3 
Using row operation, it becomes
 1 1 5 / 2
  using 1/ 2 R1
 −2 −2 3 

1 1 5 / 2
  using R2 + 2 R1
0 0 8 

This corresponds to the system:

x+ y =5/ 2
0=8

Since 0 = 8 is an mathematically incorrect, the system has no solution. Therefore it is an

inconsistent system.

Question # 5

Is x =
3, y =
1 a solution of the following linear system? If not then give the reason.

x − 3y = 1
5x − 2 y = 3

Solution:

Put the given values of x and y in the above equation:

3 − 3(1) = 0 ≠ 1
5(3) − 2(1)
= 13 ≠ 3

Which shows that these values do not satisfies the above equations so it cannot be solution of the
given linear system.

Question # 6

Determine whether the following system is consistent or inconsistent?

2x + 3y + 4z =
4
4x + 5 y =6
2 y + 7z =1
Solution:

2x + 3y + 4z =
4
Since 4x + 5 y =
6
2 y + 7z =
1

The augmented matrix of the system is

2 3 4 4 
 
4 5 0 6 
0 2 7 
 1 

After applying row operations we get

1 0 0 7/3 
 
0 1 0 −2 / 3 
0 0 1 
 1/ 3 

This corresponds to the system

x =7/3
y = −2 / 3
z = 1/ 3

This shows that system is consistent.

Question # 7

Determine whether the following system is consistent or inconsistent?

3x − 2 y + 3z = 8
x + 3y + 6 y = −3
2 x + 6 y + 12 z = −6

Solution:

Solution:
 3x − 2 y + 3z = 8
Since x + 3y + 6 y = −3
2 x + 6 y + 12 z = −6

The augmented matrix of the system is

 3 −2 3 8 
 
1 3 6 −3 
 2 6 12 −6 
 

After applying row operations we get

 1 0 21/11 18 /11 
 
 0 1 15 /11 −17 /11 
0 0 
 0 0 

As the last row is all zero which means that two of the planes formed by the equations in the system of
equations are parallel, and thus the system of equations is said to have an infinite set of solutions.
 Practice Questions for Lecture # 4

Question # 1

Identify if the following matrices are in echelon form or reduced echelon form or not in both forms. Also
give the reason to justify your answer.

1 2 3 4 
a.
0 0 1 4 
 
0 0 0 0 
Echelon Form
6 2 1 4 

b. 0 0 0 0

 
0 0 4 0 

Neither Echelon nor Reduced echelon forms because row with all zero elements is not the last row. All
non-zero rows are above any rows of all zeros.

1 0 0 0 
c.
0 1 0 0 
 
0 0 1 0 

Reduced echelon form because:

The leading entry in each nonzero row is 1.

Each leading 1 is the only nonzero entry in its column

1 1 2 

d. 0 1 1

 
0 0 −2 

Echelon form:

Each leading entry of a row is in a column to the right of the leading entry of the row above it.

All entries in a column below a leading entry are zero

  −1 0 2 0 
e.
 0 1 0 0
 
 0 0 0 1 
Echelon form:

1 2 3 
f. 0 1 2 
 

Echelon form:

Question # 2

2 3 5 7
 
For the given linear system 0 2 3 9 , find the solution when free variable z = 0 .
 
 0 0 0 0 

Solution:

Corresponding system of equation is

2 x + 3 y + 5z = 7 − − − 1
2 y + 3z = 9 −−−2
as given z =0
put this value of z in equation 2 we get
2y + 0 = 9
y = 4.5
put the value of y and z in equation 1
2 x + 3(4.5) + 0 =7
2 x + 13.5 = 7
2x = 7 − 13.5 = −6.5
x = 3.25

Question # 3

Apply elementary row operations to transform the following matrix into the reduced echelon
form:
 3 6 9
A 1
= 3 3 
 4 8 5 
Solution:

3 6 9
A 1
= 3 3 
 4 8 5 
1/ 3R1
1 2 3
1 3 3 

 4 8 5
R2 − R1
1 2 3
0 1 0 

 4 8 5 
R4 − 4 R1
1 2 3 
0 1 0 
 
0 0 − 7 
R1 − 2 R2
1 0 3 
0 1 0 
 
0 0 − 7 
−1/ 7 R3
1 0 3
0 1 0 

0 0 1
R1 − 3R3
1 0 0
 0 
0 1
0 0 1

Question # 4
 Apply elementary row operations to transform the following matrix into the echelon form:

1 3 2
A 1 2 2 
= 
 4 −1 − 4 

Solution:

1 3 2
A 1 2 2 
= 
 4 −1 − 4 
R2 − R1 , R3 − 4 R1
1 3 2 
0 −1 − 1 
 
0 −13 −12 
− R2
1 3 2 
0 1 1 

0 −13 −12 
R3 + 13R2
1 3 2
0 1 1

0 0 1

Question # 5

Apply elementary row operations to transform the following matrix into

a. Echelon form:
b. Reduced Echelon form

1 − 3 − 2 1 
A =  −6 2 5 3 
 2 1 1 − 3
Solution:

1 − 3 − 2 1 
A =  −6 2 5 3 
 2 1 1 − 3
add      
6 times the 1st row to the 2nd row
−2 times the 1st row to the 3rd row
add      
by −1 / 16
multiply the 2nd row  
−7 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row
add      
multiply   
the 3rd row by 16 / 31
1 −3 −2 1 
0 1 7 /16 −9 /16 
 
0 0 1 −17 / 31

The matrix is in echelon form

To convert this in reduced echelon form

add -7/16 times the 3rd row to the 2nd row

add 2 times the 3rd row to the 1st row

add 3 times the 2nd row to the 1st row

1 0 0 −33 / 31
0 1 0 −10 / 31
 
0 0 1 −17 / 31

Question # 6

1 1 3 
Find the general solution of a linear system whose augmented matrix is  
 3 2 1

Solution:
Corresponding system of linear equation

x+ y=3
3x + 2 y =
1

Multiply equation 1 with 3 and subtract from sec ond

3x + 3 y =9
3x + 2 y =1
− − −
0 + y =8
put the value of y in first equation
x +8 = 3
x =3 − 8 =−5

Question # 7

1 0 0 
Find the general solution of a linear system whose augmented matrix is  
0 1 0
Corresponding system of linear equation

x + 0y = 0
0x + y = 0

x=0
y=0
 Practice Question Lecture # 5

Question:

Find a vector equation of the plane whose parametric equations are given below:
x =1 − 2 t1 + 3 t2 , y =4 − 5 t1 + 6 t2 , z =7 − 8 t1 − 9 t2

Solution:

Since x =1 − 2 t1 + 3 t2 , y =4 − 5 t1 + 6 t2 , z =7 − 8 t1 − 9 t2
To find the vector equation of the plane, we have to rewrite the three equations as the single
vector equation as following:

( x , y , z ) =(1 − 2 t1 + 3 t2 , 4 − 5 t1 + 6 t2 , 7 − 8 t1 − 9 t2 )
⇒ = (1, 4, 7 ) + ( −2 t1 , − 5 t1 , − 8 t1 ) + ( 3 t2 , 6 t2 , − 9 t2 )
⇒= (1, 4, 7 ) + t1 ( −2, − 5, − 8 ) + t2 ( 3, 6, − 9 )
This is the required equation of the plane that passes through the point (1, 4, 7 ) .

Question:

Find a vector equation of the line in R 2 that passes through the point (1, 3) and is parallel to the vector

=
v ( 3, 4 )
Solution:
→
Let x = ( x , y ) and x 0 = ( 1,3) , the vector equation of the line is determined as:
→ →
x = x0 + v t
(x , y=
) ( 1 ,3 ) + ( 3, 4)t
1  3 
(x , y=
)  + t
 3  4 
Question:

Write the vector a = ( 2,3) as a linear combination of the vectors (1, 0 ) and ( 0,1) .

Solution:

To write the vector a = ( 2,3) as a linear combination of the vectors (1, 0 ) and ( 0,1) , we need
two scalars
2 1  0 
=
3  2 0  + 3 1 
     
2  2  0 
=   0  + 3 
3     

Question:

1   1 3 
     
If a1 =  2  , a2 =  − 5  and b =  −4  . Determine whether b can be generated as a linear
 −3   − 2 6 
     
combination of a1 and a2 ?

Solution:

First we see the equation x1a1 + x2 a2 =

b has a solution.
To answer this, reduce the augmented matrix [ a1 a2 b ] in echelon form:
1 1 3
 2 −5 −4 
 
 −3 −2 6 
R2 − 2 R1 , R3 + 3R1
1 1 3 
0 −7 −10 
 
0 1 15 
−1/ 7 R2
1 1 3 
0 1 10 / 7 
 
0 1 15 
R1 − R2 , R3 − R2
1 0 11/ 7 
0 1 10 / 7 
 
0 0 95 / 7 

We can write this system as:

x1 = 11/ 7
x2 = 10 / 7
0.x1 + 0.x2 = 95 / 7
Which cannot be true for any value of x1 , x2 ∈  .
⇒ Given system has no solution.
∴ b ∉ Span {a1 , a2} i.e. vector b does not lie in the plane spanned by vectors a1 and a2 .
⇒ b Cannot be generated as a linear combination of a1 and a2 .

Question:

 2   1  5   
If s =   and t =   . Determine whether b =   is in Span { s , t } or not?
8  4  15

Note: Show the complete steps.

Solution:
  
To show that b is in Span { s , t } , we have to show that b can be written as a linear combination
    
of s and t . For this the linear system with augmented matrix  s t b  should be consistent.
So,
2 1 5 
8 4 15
 
1/ 2 R1
1 1/ 2 5 / 2 
8 4 15 

R2 − 8 R1
1 1/ 2 5 / 2 
0 0 −5 


The linear system is not consistent because 0 = − 5 is never true. So, b can not be written as a linear
    
combination of s and t . Therefore b ∉ Span { s , t }.
 Solution of Practice Questions Lecture # 6

Question # 1:

 2  1   3 
Express b =   as a linear combination of s =   and t =  
4 2 4

Solution:
  
To express b as a linear combination of s and t , the scalars c1 and c2 should be determined as
following:
  
b = c1 s + c2 t
=
( 2, 4 ) c1 (1, 2) + c2 ( 3, 4)
(2, 4 ) =
( c1 + 3 c2 , 2c1 + 4 c2 )

The following system of equations is obtained by equating the corresponding entries:

c1 + 3 c2 =
2
2 c1 + 4 c2 =
4
multiply first equation by 2 and subtract from second
2c1 + 6 c2 =4
2 c1 + 4 c2 =
4
− − −
2 c2 = 0
c2 = 0
Put in first equation
∴ c1 = 2
Hence (=
2, 4 ) 2 ( 1, 2 ) + 0 ( 3, 4 )

Question # 2
  
( 1, 2, − 1) , v2 =
Determine whether the set of vectors v1 = ( 3, − 3, 4 ) and v3 = ( 2, − 1, − 2 ) will
3
span R ?

Solution:
 
To show that the given vectors span R 3 , choose a general vector from = R 3 , let u ( u1 , u2 , u3 )∈ R 3

and determine if we can find scalars c1 , c2 , c3 so that u ∈ R 3 can be written as a linear
combination of the given vectors. That is ,
   
u =c1 v1 + c2 v2 + c3 v3
( u1 , u2 =
, u3 ) c1 (1 , 2 , − 1) + c2 ( 3 , − 3 , 4 ) + c3 ( 2 , − 1 , − 2 )
The following system of equations is obtained by doing some vector algebra:
u1 =c1 + 3 c2 + 2c3
u2 = 2c1 − 3 c2 − c3
u3 =− c1 + 4 c2 − 2c3
Writing in matrix form
1 3 2  c1  u1 
 2 − 3 − 1   c  = u 
  2  2
 −1 4 − 2  c3  u3 
Now we determine if this system is consistent ( i.e have at least one solution) for every possible

=
choice of u ( u1 , u2 , u3 )∈ R 3 . We know that the system will be consistent for every possible

choice of u = ( u1 , u2 , u3 ) provided the coefficient matrix is invertible and that will be checked by
computing the determinate of the coefficient matrix. So that

det ( A=) 45 ≠ 0
Therefore the coefficient matrix is invertible and so this system will have solution for every

choice of u = ( u1 , u2 , u3 ) which in turns determine that the given set of vectors span R 3 .

Question # 3
  
Determine whether the set of vectors v1 = ( 1,3,1,1) , v2 = ( 1, 2,1, 0 ) and v3 = (1,1, 0, 0 ) will span
R3 ?

Solution:
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
         
3 2 1 → 3 2 1
→
0 2 1 0
→
1 0
→
0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 1
         
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

At this point, it is clear the rank of the matrix is 3, so the vectors span a subspace of
dimension 3, hence they span R3.

Question # 4

Determine whether the vectors v1 = (1, −1, 4), v2 = (−2, 1, 3), and v3 = (4, −3, 5) span R 3.
 Solution:

 1 −2 4  1 −2 4  1 −2 4  1 −2 4 
 −1 1 −3 
R2 + R1 , R3 − 4 R1
→ 0 −1 1  → 0 1 −1 → 0 1 −1
  − R1 , 1/11R3   R3 − R2
 
 4 3 5  0 11 −11 0 1 −1 0 0 0 

It is in Echelon form, where it can be seen that 3rd row does not contain any Pivot . so it cannot span
R3 .

Question # 5

 1  −1   h
=
   
Let v1 = 2  , v2  1  and z =  2  . If →z can be generated by v and v , then find value of
    1 2

 −3   4   −3 
'h'.

Solution:

   
Consider c1v1 + c2 v2 =
z.
 1  −1   h 
      
Therefore, c1  2  + c2  1  =  2 
 −3   4   −3 
 
c1 −= c2 h ........ e.q.(1)

2c1 + c= 2 2 ........ e.q.(2)
 
−3c1 + 4c2 =−3 ......... e.q.(3)

Multiply equation 2 by 3 and multiply equation 3 by 2 and then add both equations

6c1 + 3c2 =6
 
−6c1 + 8c2 = −6

11c2 = 0

c2 = 0

Put the value of c2 in equation 3 we get


c1 = 1
 
Now put the value of c1 and c2

1− 0 =h
h =1
 Practice Questions Lecture # 7 and 8

Question # 1

Determine whether the following system has a trivial solution or non-trivial solution:
x1 − 2 x2 + x3 =
0
3 x2 − 3 x3 =
0
x1 − 3 x2 =
0
Solution:
The coefficient matrix is
1 −2 1 0
0 3 − 3 0 

1 − 3 0 0 
1 − 2 1 0
 0 1 − 1 0  1/ 3R2 , R3 − R1
0 − 1 − 1 0 
1 − 2 1 0
0 1 − 1 0  R3 + R2

0 0 − 2 0 
The corresponding system of equations will be
x1 − 2 x2 + x3 =
0
x2 − x3 =
0
− 2 x3 =0
By backward substitution, we get= x1 0,=
x2 0,=
x3 0 . Thus, the given system has only the
trivial solution.

Question # 2

Solve the following system using the reduced echelon form:

x1 + 4 x2 + 6 x3 =
0
− 2 x1 − 5 x3 =
0
3 x2 − 7 x3 = 0

Solution:

Given system of equation could be translated into matrix form as

1 4 6
-2 0 -5
0 3 -7

add 2 times the 1st row to the 2nd row

1 4 6
0 8 7
0 3 -7

Multiply the 2nd row by 1/8

1 4 6
7
0 1
8
0 3 -7

add -3 times the 2nd row to the 3rd row

1 4 6
7
0 1
8
-77
0 0
8

Multiply the 3rd row by -8/77

1 4 6
 7
0 1
8
0 0 1

add -7/8 times the 3rd row to the 2nd row

1 4 6
0 1 0
0 0 1

add -6 times the 3rd row to the 1st row

1 4 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
add -4 times the 2nd row to the 1st row
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

Question # 3
  
Check whether {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly dependent or not?

 −2  1   2
        
where v1 = 1  , v2 =  0  and v3 =  −2 
3   2   1 
Solution:

The set S = {v 1 , v 2 , v 3 } of vectors in R3 is linearly independent if the only solution of

c1 v 1 + c2v2 + c3 v3 = 0

is c1, c2, c3 = 0

Otherwise (i.e., if a solution with at least some nonzero values exists), S is linearly dependent.
With our vectors v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , becomes:

-2 1 2 0
c1 1 + c 2 0 + c 3 -2 = 0
3 2 1 0

Rearranging the left hand side yields

-2 c 1 +1 c 2 +2 c 3 0
1 c 1 +0 c 2 -2 c 3 = 0
3 c 1 +2 c 2 +1 c 3 0

The matrix equation above is equivalent to the following homogeneous system of equations

-2 c 1 +1 c 2 +2 c 3 = 0
1 c 1 +0 c 2 -2 c 3 = 0
3 c 1 +2 c 2 +1 c 3 = 0

We now transform the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous system above to the reduced row
echelon form to determine whether the system has

• the trivial solution only (meaning that S is linearly independent), or

• the trivial solution as well as nontrivial ones (S is linearly dependent).

-2 1 2
1 0 -2
3 2 1

can be transformed by a sequence of elementary row operations to the matrix

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

The reduced row echelon form of the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous system is
 1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

which corresponds to the system

1 c1 =0
1 c2 =0
1 c3 = 0

Since each column contains a leading entry (highlighted in yellow), then the system has only the
trivial solution, so that the only solution is c 1 , c 2 , c 3 = 0.

Therefore the set S = {v 1 , v 2 , v 3 } is linearly independent.

Question # 4

Determine, without solving, whether the following set of vectors is linearly independent or
 1  3   4  7  
dependent. S =   ,   ,   ,   
  2   4   6  3  

Solution:

Using the same rule in previous question, with our vectors v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4

1 3 4 7 0
c1 + c2 + c3 + c4 =
2 4 6 3 0

Rearranging the left hand side yields

1 c 1 +3 c 2 +4 c 3 +7 c 4 0
=
2 c 1 +4 c 2 +6 c 3 +3 c 4 0

The matrix equation above is equivalent to the following homogeneous system of equations

1 c 1 +3 c 2 +4 c 3 +7 c 4 = 0
 2 c 1 +4 c 2 +6 c 3 +3 c 4 = 0

• We now transform the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous system above to the
reduced row echelon form

1 3 4 7
2 4 6 3

can be transformed by a sequence of elementary row operations to the matrix

-19
1 0 1
2
11
0 1 1
2

The reduced row echelon form of the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous system is

-19
1 0 1
2
11
0 1 1
2

which corresponds to the system

1 c1 +1 c 3 +(-19/2) c 4 = 0
1 c 2 +1 c 3 +(11/2) c 4 = 0

The leading entries have been highlighted in yellow.

Since some columns do not contain leading entries, then the system has nontrivial solutions, so
that some of the values c 1 , c 2 , c 3 , c 4 solving the system of equation may be nonzero.

Therefore the set S = {v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4 } is linearly dependent.

Question # 5

2 4 
Show that the columns of A =   are linearly independent.
 4 −3 
Solution:

Vectors in R2 is linearly independent if the only solution of

c1 v1 + c2 v2 = 0

is c 1 , c 2 = 0

2 4 0
c1 + c2 =
4 -3 0

Rearranging the left hand side yields

2 c 1 +4 c 2 0
=
4 c 1 -3 c 2 0

The matrix equation above is equivalent to the following homogeneous system of equations

2 c 1 +4 c 2 = 0
4 c 1 -3 c 2 = 0

• We now transform the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous system above to the
reduced row echelon form

2 4
4 -3

can be transformed by a sequence of elementary row operations to the matrix

1 0
0 1
The reduced row echelon form of the coefficient matrix of the homogeneous is

1 0
0 1

which corresponds to the system

1 c1 =0
1 c2 = 0

Since each column contains a leading entry (highlighted in yellow), then the system has only the
trivial solution, so that the only solution is c 1 , c 2 = 0.

Therefore columns of A are linearly independent.