Information Management System

Lab

Bennett University
 CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
CREATE
•CREATE DATABASE databasename;

List of
CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
CREATE
•CREATE TABLE table_name ( column1 datatype,....);

queries
ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
ALTER
•ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;

DROP TABLE - deletes a table

DROP
•DROP TABLE table_name;
•SQL Constraints
•- CREATE TABLE table_name ( column1 datatype constraint,....);(not
null, unique,check,primary key)
SELECT SELECT - extracts data from a database

SELECT SELECT * FROM Table name;

SELECT SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...FROM table_name;

UPDATE - updates data in a database

UPDATE
•UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

DELETE - deletes data from a database

DELETE
•DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition; (AND, OR and NOT
Operators)

INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database

INSERT
•INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...) VALUES
(value1, value2, value3, ...);
 MySQL NOT NULL: By default, a column can
hold NULL values. The NOT NULL constraint
Constraints enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values.
• Eg. Select position, pname, role from team where shirt_no
is NOT NULL.

UNIQUE: Ensures that all the values in columns

are unique. (Eg. Roll no, Date of Birth, tshirt no
of same team players etc.)

PRIMARY KEY: Combination of NOT NULL and

UNIQUE.

FOREIGN KEY: Uniquely identify a row/record

in any other database table.

CHECK: The check constraints ensures that all

values in a column specify certain condition.
CHECK and UNIQUE
Constraint
CREATE TABLE newbook (
book_id varchar(15) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
book_name varchar(50) ,
isbn_no varchar(15) NOT NULL UNIQUE ,
no_page int(5)
CHECK(no_page>3) ,
book_price decimal(5,2) ,
PRIMARY KEY (book_id)
);

INSERT INTO newbook (book_id, book_name, isbn_no, no_page,

book_price) values ('B1','ABC','1.0.2','20','100.00');
INSERT INTO newbook (book_id, book_name, isbn_no, no_page,
book_price) values ('B2','DEF','2.0.6',‘1','200.00');
select * from newbook;
 • create table orders(
• oid int(10),
• orderdate date,
• amount varchar(20),
• cid int(10));

Orders table
• INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid)
values ('1','2020-04-04','100','1');
• INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid)
values ('2','2020-05-05','200','2');
• INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid)
values ('3','2020-06-06','300','1');
• INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid)
values ('4','2020-07-07','400','3');
• INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid)
values ('5','2020-08-08','500','4');

• select * from orders;

 Select Particular records from table
• select oid, orderdate, cid from orders where
amount >=300;
oid orderdate amount cid

output
 Select Distinct records from table
• select DISTINCT cid from orders;

oid orderdate amount cid

output
 Delete Particular records from table
• delete from orders where amount <=200;
• select * from orders;
oid orderdate amount cid

output
 Update Particular records in table
• update orders set amount=800 where oid=1;
• select * from orders;
oid orderdate amount cid

output
 condition
• select oid, orderdate, amount, cid from orders
where oid>2 AND amount<500;
oid orderdate amount cid

output
• AND
• OR
• NOT equal to ( <> )
 SORTING
• select *from orders ORDER BY amount;

oid orderdate amount cid

output

• ASCENDING- ORDER BY column_name;

• DESCENDING – ORDER BY column__name DESC;
 LIMIT
• select *from orders ORDER BY amount LIMIT
2;
oid orderdate amount cid

output
LIMIT 10 would return the first 10 rows
matching the SELECT criteria.
 OFFSET
• select *from orders ORDER BY amount LIMIT 5
OFFSET 3;
oid orderdate amount cid

output

OFFSET is used to specify which row should be

fetched first.
 Create table customers(
cid int(10),
cname varchar(30),

Customers cemail varchar(20));

Table INSERT INTO customers

(cid,cname,cemail) values
('1','A','[email protected]');
INSERT INTO customers
(cid,cname,cemail) values
('2','B','[email protected]');
INSERT INTO customers
(cid,cname,cemail) values
('3','C','[email protected]');
INSERT INTO customers
(cid,cname,cemail) values
('5','D','[email protected]');
select * from customers;
 Orders table
create table orders(
oid int(10),
orderdate date,
amount varchar(20),
cid int(10));

INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('1','2020-04-04','100','1');

INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('2','2020-05-05','200','2');
INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('3','2020-06-06','300','1');
INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('4','2020-07-07','400','3');
INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('5','2020-08-08','500','4');

select * from orders;

 Orders table
create table orders(
oid int(10),
orderdate date,
amount varchar(20),
cid int(10));

INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('1','2020-04-04','100','1');

INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('2','2020-05-05','200','2');
INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('3','2020-06-06','300','1');
INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('4','2020-07-07','400','3');
INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('5','2020-08-08','500','4');

select * from orders;

 Between Clause
select * from orders where amount >=200 and
amount <=500;
oid orderdate amount cid

select * from orders where amount BETWEEN 200

and 500;
 Group By Clause
• It groups a set of rows by values of columns or
expressions.
• It returns one row for each group.
• It is used with aggregate functions such as
SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN and COUNT.
 Group By Clause Contd…
Syntax:
Select c1, c2 …..
From Tablename
where condition
Group By c1, c2, …, cn;
Example:
SELECT cid, count(*)
FROM orders
GROUP BY cid;
 HAVING Clause
• It is added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be used with
aggregate functions.
Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name(s);
Example
SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5
ORDER BY COUNT(CustomerID) DESC;
 Count, Group By, IN, MAX, MIN
Clause
Note: In operator allows you to specify
oid orderdate amount cid
multiple values in a where clause

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders;

cid count
SELECT cid, COUNT(*) FROM orders GROUP BY cid;
oid amount cid
SELECT oid, amount, cid FROM orders where amount
IN(100,300,500);

SELECT MAX(amount) FROM orders;

SELECT MIN(amount) FROM orders;

 SUM, AVG, RAND, SQRT Clause
oid orderdate amount cid

SELECT SUM(amount) FROM orders;

SELECT AVG(amount) FROM orders;

SELECT RAND( ), RAND( ), RAND( );

select SQRT(16);

Note: NULL values are ignored.

 SQL Aliases
• SQL aliases are used to give a table, or a column in a table, a temporary
name.
• Aliases are often used to make column names more readable.
• An alias only exists for the duration of the query.
Syntax
SELECT column_name AS alias_name
FROM table_name;
Example:
SELECT CONCAT(City, " ", Country) AS Address FROM Customers;
Advantages:
• There are more than one table involved in a query
• Functions are used in the query
• Column names are big or not very readable
• Two or more columns are combined together

Note: It requires double quotation marks or square brackets if the alias

name contains spaces:
 LIKE clause
• The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search
for a specified pattern in a column.
• There are two wildcards used in conjunction with the LIKE
operator:
▪ % - The percent sign represents zero, one, or multiple
characters
▪ _ - The underscore represents a single character
• LIKE Syntax •
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
 LIKE clause contd…
create table orders(
cid int(10),
cust_name varchar (10),
oid int(10),
amount int(20));

INSERT INTO orders (cid, cust_name, oid, amount) values (1, 'abc', 1231, 500);
INSERT INTO orders (cid, cust_name, oid, amount) values (1, 'abc', 1232, 500);
INSERT INTO orders (cid, cust_name, oid, amount) values (2, 'def', 1233, 500);
INSERT INTO orders (cid, cust_name, oid, amount) values (3, 'ghi', 1234, 500);

select * from orders;

select * from orders where cust_name LIKE ‘b%';

create table A(
one varchar(5),
UNION
two varchar(5));

create table B(
three varchar(5),
four varchar(5));

INSERT INTO A (one, two) values ('a','b');

INSERT INTO A (one, two) values ('a','c');
INSERT INTO A (one, two) values ('a','d');
INSERT INTO B (three, four) values ('b','c');
INSERT INTO B (three, four) values ('a','d');

SELECT * from A; SELECT * from B;

Duplicate
SELECT one, two FROM A UNION ALL SELECT three, four FROM B; Rows

SELECT one, two FROM A UNION SELECT three, four FROM B;

No Duplicate
Rows
 Orders table
create table orders(
oid int(10),
orderdate date,
amount varchar(20),
cid int(10));

INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('1','2020-04-04','100','1');

INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('2','2020-05-05','200','2');
INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('3','2020-06-06','300','1');
INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('4','2020-07-07','400','3');
INSERT INTO orders (oid, orderdate,amount,cid) values ('5','2020-08-08','500','4');

select * from orders;

 Customers Table
Create table customers(
cid int(10),
cname varchar(30),
cemail varchar(20));

INSERT INTO customers (cid,cname,cemail) values ('1','A','[email protected]');

INSERT INTO customers (cid,cname,cemail) values ('2','B','[email protected]');
INSERT INTO customers (cid,cname,cemail) values ('3','C','[email protected]');
INSERT INTO customers (cid,cname,cemail) values ('5','D','[email protected]');
select * from customers;
Thank you