CPRA

April 11, 2023
CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
PREAMBLE
Ethics is the experiential manifestation of moral standards. The
observance of these standards of conduct is both a function of personal
choice and formal compulsion. A lawyer is ideally ethical by personal choice.
A code of ethics expressly adopted represents society's consensus and
dictate to conform to a chosen norm of behavior that sustains the
community's survival and growth.
The Code of Professional Responsibility and Accountability (CPRA), as
an institutional imperative, is meant to foster an environment where ethical
conduct performs a dedicated role in the administration of justice. In
particular, the standards embodied in the CPRA uniquely address the
characteristics of the Filipino lawyer as an amalgamation of influences and
m o o r i n g s , i.e., familial, cultural, religious, academic, political, and
philosophical. Inherently a social being, the Filipino lawyer inevitably
develops and cultivates relations, preferences and biases. The conscious
adoption of ethical standards that accounts for such relationships and
personal choices balanced against the demands of right and justice is
envisioned to govern and regulate these personal choices and make them
consistent with the institutional objectives.
The existence of a free and an independent society depends upon the
recognition of the concept that justice is based on the rule of law.
As a guardian of the rule of law, every lawyer, as a citizen, owes
allegiance to the Constitution and the laws of the land; as a member of the
legal profession, is bound by its ethical standards in both private and
professional matters; as an officer of the court, assists in the administration
of justice; and as a client's representative, acts responsibly upon a fiduciary
trust. HTcADC
An ethical lawyer is a lawyer possessed of integrity. Integrity is the

sum total of all the ethical values that every lawyer must embody and
exhibit. A lawyer with integrity, therefore, acts with independence, propriety,
fidelity, competence and diligence, equality and accountability.
Failure to abide by the Code results in sanctions.
CANON I
Independence
The independence of a lawyer in the discharge of professional duties
without any improper influence, restriction, pressure, or interference, direct
or indirect, ensures effective legal representation and is ultimately
imperative for the rule of law.
SECTION 1. Independent, Accessible, Efficient, and Effective Legal
Service. — A lawyer shall make legal services accessible in an efficient and
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effective manner. In performing this duty, a lawyer shall maintain
independence, act with integrity, and at all times ensure the efficient and
effective delivery of justice.
SECTION 2. Merit-based Practice. — A lawyer shall rely solely on the
merits of a cause and not exert, or give the appearance of, any influence on,
nor undermine the authority of, the court, tribunal or other government
agency, or its proceedings.
SECTION 3. Freedom from Improper Considerations and External
Influences. — A lawyer shall not, in advocating a client's cause, be
influenced by dishonest or immoral considerations, external influences, or
pressure.
SECTION 4. Non-Interference by a Lawyer. — Unless authorized by
law or a court, a lawyer shall not assist or cause a branch, agency, office or
officer of the government to interfere in any matter before any court,
tribunal, or other government agency.
SECTION 5. Lawyer's Duty and Discretion in Procedure. — A lawyer
shall not allow the client to dictate or determine the procedure in handling
the case.
Nevertheless, a lawyer shall respect the client's decision to settle or
compromise the case after explaining its consequences to the client.
CANON II
Propriety
A lawyer shall, at all times, act with propriety and maintain the
appearance of propriety in personal and professional dealings, observe
honesty, respect and courtesy, and uphold the dignity of the legal profession
consistent with the highest standards of ethical behavior.
SECTION 1. Proper Conduct. — A lawyer shall not engage in
unlawful, dishonest, immoral, or deceitful conduct.
SECTION 2. Dignified Conduct. — A lawyer shall respect the law, the
courts, tribunals, and other government agencies, their officials, employees,
and processes, and act with courtesy, civility, fairness, and candor towards
fellow members of the bar. CAIHTE
A lawyer shall not engage in conduct that adversely reflects on one's

fitness to practice law, nor behave in a scandalous manner, whether in
public or private life, to the discredit of the legal profession.
SECTION 3. Safe Environment; Avoid All Forms of Abuse or
Harassment. — A lawyer shall not create or promote an unsafe or hostile
environment, both in private and public settings, whether online, in
workplaces, educational or training institutions, or in recreational areas.
To this end, a lawyer shall not commit any form of physical, sexual,
psychological, or economic abuse or violence against another person. A
lawyer is also prohibited from engaging in any gender-based harassment or
discrimination.
SECTION 4. Use of Dignified, Gender Fair, and Child- and Culturally-
Sensitive Language. — A lawyer shall use only dignified, gender-fair, child-
and culturally-sensitive language in all personal and professional dealings.
To this end, a lawyer shall not use language which is abusive,
intemperate, offensive or otherwise improper, oral or written, and whether
made through traditional or electronic means, including all forms or types of
mass or social media.
SECTION 5. Observance of Fairness and Obedience. — A lawyer
shall, in every personal and professional engagement, insist on the
observance of the principles of fairness and obedience to the law.
SECTION 6. Harassing or Threatening Conduct. — A lawyer shall not
harass or threaten a fellow lawyer, the latter's client or principal, a witness,
or any official or employee of a court, tribunal, or other government agency.
SECTION 7. Formal Decorum and Appearance . — A lawyer shall
observe formal decorum before all courts, tribunals, and other government
agencies.
A lawyer's attire shall be consistent with the dignity of the court,
tribunal, or other government agency, with due respect to the person's
sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression.
SECTION 8. Prohibition Against Misleading the Court, Tribunal, or
Other Government Agency. — A lawyer shall not misquote, misrepresent, or
mislead the court as to the existence or the contents of any document,
argument, evidence, law, or other legal authority, or pass off as one's own
the ideas or words of another, or assert as a fact that which has not been
proven.
SECTION 9. Obstructing Access to Evidence or Altering, Destroying,
or Concealing Evidence. — A lawyer shall not obstruct another lawyer's
access to evidence during trial, including testimonial evidence, or alter,
destroy, or conceal evidence. aScITE
SECTION 10. Conduct in the Presentation of a Witness. — A lawyer

shall avoid all forms of impropriety when presenting or confronting a
witness.
A lawyer shall not coach, abuse, discriminate against, or harass any
witness, in or out of the court, tribunal, or other government agency, or talk
to a witness during a break or recess in the trial, while a witness is still under
examination. Neither shall a lawyer direct, assist, or abet any
misrepresentation or falsehood by a witness.
SECTION 11. False Representations or Statements; Duty to Correct .
— A lawyer shall not make false representations or statements. A lawyer
shall be liable for any material damage caused by such false representations
or statements.
A lawyer shall not, in demand letters or other similar correspondence,
make false representations or statements, or impute civil, criminal, or
administrative liability, without factual or legal basis.
A lawyer shall correct false or inaccurate statements and information
made in relation to an application for admission to the bar, any pleading, or
any other document required by or submitted to the court, tribunal or
agency, as soon as its falsity or inaccuracy is discovered or made known to
him or her.
SECTION 12. Duty to Report Dishonest, Deceitful, or Misleading
Conduct. — A lawyer shall immediately inform a court, tribunal, or other
government agency of any dishonest, deceitful or misleading conduct
related to a matter being handled by said lawyer before such court, tribunal,
or other government agency.
A lawyer shall also report to the appropriate authority any transaction
or unlawful activity that is required to be reported under relevant laws,
including the submission of covered and suspicious transactions under
regulatory laws, such as those concerning anti-money laundering. When
disclosing or reporting the foregoing information to the appropriate court,
tribunal, or other government agency, the lawyer shall not be deemed to
have violated the lawyer's duty of confidentiality.
Any such information shall be treated with strict confidentiality.
A baseless report shall be subject to civil, criminal, or administrative
action.
SECTION 13. Imputation of a Misconduct, Impropriety, or Crime
without Basis. — A lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly, impute to or
accuse another lawyer of a misconduct, impropriety, or a crime in the
absence of factual or legal basis.
Neither shall a lawyer, directly or indirectly, file or cause to be filed, or
assist in the filing of frivolous or baseless administrative, civil, or criminal
complaints against another lawyer.
SECTION 14. Remedy for Grievances; Insinuation of Improper
Motive. — A lawyer shall submit grievances against any officer of a court,
tribunal, or other government agency only through the appropriate remedy
and before the proper authorities. DETACa
Statements insinuating improper motive on the part of any such

officer, which are not supported by substantial evidence, shall be ground for
disciplinary action.
SECTION 15. Improper Claim of Influence or Familiarity. — A lawyer
shall observe propriety in all dealings with officers and personnel of any
court, tribunal, or other government agency, whether personal or
professional. Familiarity with such officers and personnel that will give rise to
an appearance of impropriety, influence, or favor shall be avoided.
A lawyer shall not make claims of power, influence, or relationship with
any officer of a court, tribunal, or other government agency.
SECTION 16. Duty to Report Life-Threatening Situations . — A lawyer
who has reasonable grounds to believe that a life-threatening situation is
likely to develop in relation to any proceeding in any court, tribunal, or other
government agency shall immediately report the same to the proper
authorities.
SECTION 17. Non-Solicitation and Impermissible Advertisement. — A
lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly, solicit, or appear to solicit, legal
business.
A lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly, advertise legal services on any
platform or media except with the use of dignified, verifiable, and factual
information, including biographical data, contact details, fields of practice,
services offered, and the like, so as to allow a potential client to make an
informed choice. In no case shall the permissible advertisement be self-
laudatory.
A lawyer, law firm, or any of their representatives shall not pay or give
any benefit or consideration to any media practitioner, award-giving body,
professional organization, or personality, in anticipation of, or in return for,
publicity or recognition, to attract legal representation, service, or
retainership.
SECTION 18. Prohibition Against Self-Promotion. — A lawyer shall
not make public appearances and statements in relation to a terminated
case or legal matter for the purpose of self-promotion, self-aggrandizement,
or to seek public sympathy.
SECTION 19. Sub-Judice Rule. — A lawyer shall not use any forum or
medium to comment or publicize opinion pertaining to a pending proceeding
before any court, tribunal, or other government agency that may:
(a) cause a pre-judgment, or
(b) sway public perception so as to impede, obstruct, or
influence the decision of such court, tribunal, or other
government agency, or which tends to tarnish the court's or
tribunal's integrity, or
(c) impute improper motives against any of its members, or
(d) create a widespread perception of guilt or innocence before
a final decision.HEITAD
SECTION 20. Disclosure of Relationship or Connection. — A lawyer

shall, at the first available opportunity, formally disclose on record the
lawyer's relationship or connection with the presiding officer of any court,
tribunal, or other government agency, or any of its personnel, or the
lawyer's partners, associates, or clients, that may serve as a ground for
mandatory inhibition in any pending proceeding before such court, tribunal,
or other government agency.
SECTION 21. Prohibition Against Go-Giving and Donations. — A
lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly, give gifts, donations, contributions of
any value or sort, on any occasion, to any court, tribunal or government
agency, or any of its officers and personnel.
SECTION 22. No Undue Advantage of Ignorance of the Law. — A
lawyer shall not take advantage of a non-lawyer's lack of education or
knowledge of the law.
SECTION 23. Instituting Multiple Cases; Forum Shopping. — A
lawyer shall not knowingly engage or through gross negligence in forum
shopping, which offends against the administration of justice, and is a
falsehood foisted upon the court, tribunal, or other government agency.
A lawyer shall not institute or advise the client to institute multiple
cases to gain leverage in a case, to harass a party, to delay the proceedings,
or to increase the cost of litigation.
SECTION 24. Encroaching or Interfering in Another Lawyer's
Engagement; Exception. — A lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly, encroach
upon or interfere in the professional engagement of another lawyer.
This includes a lawyer's attempt to communicate, negotiate, or deal
with the person represented by another lawyer on any matter, whether
pending or not in any court, tribunal, body, or agency, unless when initiated
by the client or with the knowledge of the latter's lawyer.
A lawyer, however, may give proper advice and assistance to anyone
seeking relief against perceived unfaithful or neglectful counsel based on the
Code.
SECTION 25. Responsibility of a Solo Practitioner. — A lawyer in solo
practice shall ensure that all matters requiring such lawyer's professional
skill and judgment are promptly and competently addressed.
SECTION 26. Definition of a Law Firm; Choice of Firm Name. — A law
firm is any private office, partnership, or association, exclusively comprised
of a lawyer or lawyers engaged to practice law, and who hold themselves out
as such to the public. aDSIHc
In the choice of a firm name, no false, misleading, or assumed name

shall be used. The continued use of the name of a deceased, incapacitated,
or retired partner is permissible provided that the firm indicates in all its
communications that said partner is deceased, incapacitated, or retired.
SECTION 27. Partner Who Assumes Public Office . — When a partner
assumes public office, such partner shall withdraw from the firm and such
partner's name shall be removed from the firm name, unless allowed by law
to practice concurrently.
SECTION 28. Dignified Government Service. — Lawyers in
government service shall observe the standard of conduct under the CPRA,
the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and
Employees, and other related laws and issuances in the performance of their
duties.
Any violation of the CPRA by lawyers in government service shall be
subject to disciplinary action, separate and distinct from liability under
pertinent laws or rules.
SECTION 29. Lawyers Formerly in Government Service. — A lawyer
who has left government service shall not engage in private practice
pertaining to any matter before the office where he or she used to be
connected within a period of one (1) year from his or her separation from
such office. Justices, judges, clerks of court, city, provincial, and regional
prosecutors shall not appear before any court within the territorial
jurisdiction where they previously served within the same period.
After leaving government service, a lawyer shall not accept an
engagement which could improperly influence the outcome of the
proceedings which the lawyer handled or intervened in, or over which the
lawyer previously exercised authority, while in said service.
SECTION 30. No Financial Interest in Transactions; No Gifts. — A
lawyer in government shall not, directly or indirectly, promote or advance
his or her private or financial interest or that of another, in any transaction
requiring the approval of his or her office. Neither shall such lawyer solicit
gifts or receive anything of value in relation to such interest.
Such lawyer in government shall not give anything of value to, or
otherwise unduly favor, any person transacting with his or her office, with
the expectation of any benefit in return.
SECTION 31. Prosecution of Criminal Cases. — The primary duty of
a public prosecutor is not to convict but to see that justice is done.
Suppressing facts, concealing of, tampering with or destroying
evidence, coaching a witness, or offering false testimony is cause for
disciplinary action.
The obligations of a public prosecutor shall also be imposed upon
lawyers in the private practice who are authorized to prosecute under the
direct supervision and control of the public prosecutor. ATICcS
SECTION 32. Lawyers in the Academe. — A lawyer serving as a

dean, administrative officer, or faculty member of an educational institution
shall at all times adhere to the standards of behavior required of members of
the legal profession under the CPRA, observing propriety, respectability, and
decorum inside and outside the classroom, and in all media.
SECTION 33. Conflict of Interest for Lawyers in the Academe. — A
lawyer serving as a dean, administrative officer, or faculty member of an
educational institution shall disclose to the institution any adverse interest of
a client.
Upon discovery of any adverse interest of the lawyer's client which
directly affects any student who is under his or her direct supervision and
guidance, the lawyer shall likewise disclose the same to the institution.
SECTION 34. Paralegal Services; Lawyer's Responsibility. — A
paralegal is one who performs tasks that require familiarity with legal
concepts, employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation,
governmental agency, or other entity for non-diagnostic and non-advisory
work in relation to legal matters delegated by such lawyer, law office,
corporation, governmental agency, or other entity.
A lawyer must direct or supervise a paralegal in the performance of the
latter's delegated duties.
The lawyer's duty of confidentiality shall also extend to the services
rendered by the paralegal, who is equally bound to keep the privilege.
SECTION 35. Non-Delegable Legal Tasks . — A lawyer shall not
delegate to or permit a non-lawyer, including a paralegal, to:
(a) accept cases on behalf of the lawyer;
(b) give legal advice or opinion;
(c) act independently without the lawyer's supervision or
direction;
(d) to hold himself or herself out as a lawyer, or be named in
association with a lawyer in any pleading or submission to
any court, tribunal, or other government agency;
(e) appear in any court, tribunal, or other government agency,
or actively participate in formal legal proceedings on behalf
of a client, except when allowed by the law or rules;
(f) conduct negotiations with third parties unless allowed in
administrative agencies, without a lawyer's supervision or
direction;
(g) sign correspondence containing a legal opinion; and
(h) perform any of the duties that only lawyers may undertake.
ETHIDa
These provisions shall not apply to law student practitioners under Rule
138-A of the Rules of Court.
RESPONSIBLE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA
A lawyer shall uphold the dignity of the legal profession in all social
media interactions in a manner that enhances the people's confidence in the
legal system, as well as promote its responsible use.
SECTION 36. Responsible Use . — A lawyer shall have the duty to
understand the benefits, risks, and ethical implications associated with the
use of social media.
SECTION 37. Online Posts . — A lawyer shall ensure that his or her
online posts, whether made in a public or restricted privacy setting that still
holds an audience, uphold the dignity of the legal profession and shield it
from disrepute, as well as maintain respect for the law.
SECTION 38. Non-Posting of False or Unverified Statements,
Disinformation. — A lawyer shall not knowingly or maliciously post, share,
upload or otherwise disseminate false or unverified statements, claims, or
commit any other act of disinformation.
SECTION 39. Prohibition Against Fraudulent Accounts. — A lawyer
shall not create, maintain or operate accounts in social media to hide his or
her identity for the purpose of circumventing the law or the provisions of the
CPRA.
SECTION 40. Non-Disclosure of Privileged Information Through
Online Posts . — A lawyer shall not reveal, directly or indirectly, in his or her
online posts confidential information obtained from a client or in the course
of, or emanating from, the representation, except when allowed by law or
the CPRA.
SECTION 41. Duty to Safeguard Client Confidences in Social Media.
— A lawyer, who uses a social media account to communicate with any other
person in relation to client confidences and information, shall exert efforts to
prevent the inadvertent or unauthorized disclosure or use of, or
unauthorized access to, such an account.
SECTION 42. Prohibition Against Influence Through Social Media. —
A lawyer shall not communicate, whether directly or indirectly, with an
officer of any court, tribunal, or other government agency through social
media to influence the latter's performance of official duties.
SECTION 43. Legal Information; Legal Advice. — Pursuant to a
lawyer's duty to society and the legal profession, a lawyer may provide
general legal information, including in answer to questions asked, at any
fora, through traditional or electronic means, in all forms or types of mass or
social media. TIADCc
A lawyer who gives legal advice on a specific set of facts as disclosed

by a potential client in such fora or media dispenses Limited Legal Service
and shall be bound by all the duties in the CPRA, in relation to such Limited
Legal Service.
SECTION 44. Online Posts That Could Violate Conflict of Interest. —
A lawyer shall exercise prudence in making posts or comments in social
media that could violate the provisions on conflict of interest under the
CPRA.
CANON III
Fidelity
Fidelity pertains to a lawyer's duty to uphold the Constitution and the
laws of the land, to assist in the administration of justice as an officer of the
court, and to advance or defend a client's cause, with full devotion, genuine
interest, and zeal in the pursuit of truth and justice.
SECTION 1. Practice of Law. — The practice of law is the rendition of
legal service or performance of acts or the application of law, legal
principles, and judgment, in or out of court, with regard to the circumstances
or objectives of a person or a cause, and pursuant to a lawyer-client
relationship or other engagement governed by the CPRA. It includes
employment in the public service or private sector and requires membership
in the Philippine bar as qualification.
SECTION 2. The Responsible and Accountable Lawyer. — A lawyer
shall uphold the constitution, obey the laws of the land, promote respect for
laws and legal processes, safeguard human rights, and at all times advance
the honor and integrity of the legal profession.
As an officer of the court, a lawyer shall uphold the rule of law and
conscientiously assist in the speedy and efficient administration of justice.
As an advocate, a lawyer shall represent the client with fidelity and
zeal within the bounds of the law and the CPRA.
SECTION 3. Lawyer-Client Relationship . — A lawyer-client
relationship is of the highest fiduciary character. As a trust relation, it is
essential that the engagement is founded on the confidence reposed by the
client on the lawyer. Therefore, a lawyer-client relationship shall arise when
the client consciously, voluntarily and in good faith vests a lawyer with the
client's confidence for the purpose of rendering legal services such as
providing legal advice or representation, and the lawyer, whether expressly
or impliedly, agrees to render such services. cSEDTC
SECTION 4. Authority of Lawyer to Bind Client. — A lawyer can bind

a client in a legal engagement only when so authorized through a written
agreement. The lawyer, however, cannot compromise a client's litigation, or
receive anything in discharge of a client's claim, without a special power of
attorney for such purpose.
SECTION 5. Authority of Lawyer to Appear. — A lawyer is presumed
to be properly authorized to represent any cause in which he or she appears,
and no written power of attorney is required to authorize him or her to
appear in court for the client.
The court, tribunal, or other government agency may, on its own
initiative or on motion of either party, on just cause, require a lawyer to
produce or prove the authority to appear on behalf of the client.
SECTION 6. Fiduciary Duty of a Lawyer. — A lawyer shall be mindful
of the trust and confidence reposed by the client.
To this end, a lawyer shall not abuse or exploit the relationship with a
client.
SECTION 7. Prohibition Against Frivolous Suits and Abuse of Court
Processes. — A lawyer shall not:
(a) file or encourage the filing of any suit or proceeding not
authorized by law or jurisprudence and without any
evidentiary support;
(b) unduly impede the execution of an order or judgment which
is warranted; or
(c) abuse court processes.
SECTION 8. Lawyer's Duty to Encourage Settlement. — A lawyer
shall encourage the client to avoid, end or settle a controversy, whether
pending or not, in order to reach a settlement or a compromise if the matter
can be compromised under the law and will admit of a fair settlement.
To this end, the lawyer shall actively assist the parties and the court,
tribunal, or other government agency to effect mediation and/or dispute
resolution.
SECTION 9. Duty to Call Client to Rectify Fraudulent Act. — A lawyer
who receives information that a client has, in the course of the
representation, perpetrated a fraud in relation to any matter subject of the
representation before a court, tribunal, or other government agency, or
against any officer thereof, shall promptly call upon the client to rectify the
same. Such fraudulent act on the part of the client shall be a ground for the
termination by the lawyer of the engagement.
SECTION 10. Responsibility Over a Subordinate Lawyer, Paralegal,
or Employee. — A lawyer or law firm shall be responsible for the mistakes,
negligence, and/or acts or omissions of a subordinate lawyer, paralegal, or
employee under the lawyer's direct supervision and control, who is acting
within the scope of the assigned tasks, that cause damage or injury which
brings dishonor to the profession or violates the rule on confidentiality.
However, such liability of the supervising lawyer does not attach upon
proof of exercise of diligence of a good parent of a family in the selection
and supervision of subordinate lawyer, paralegal, or employee. AIDSTE
SECTION 11. Responsibility of a Supervisory Lawyer Over a

Supervised Lawyer. — A supervisory lawyer shall co-sign a pleading or other
submission to any court, tribunal, or other government agency with a
supervised lawyer. A supervisory lawyer shall be responsible for a violation
of the CPRA by the supervised lawyer in any of the following instances:
(a) the supervisory lawyer orders or directs the specific conduct
or, with knowledge of the specific conduct, ratifies it; or
(b) the supervisory lawyer knows of such conduct at a time
when it could be prevented or its consequences avoided or
mitigated, but fails to take reasonable remedial action; or
(c) the supervisory lawyer should have known of the conduct so
that reasonable remedial action could have been taken at a
time when the consequences of the conduct could have been
avoided or mitigated.
A supervisory lawyer is a lawyer having direct supervisory authority
over another lawyer, including a supervising lawyer under Rule 138-A of the
Rules of Court.
SECTION 12. Responsibilities of a Supervised Lawyer. — A
supervised lawyer acting under the direction of the supervising lawyer,
managing partner, or other partners of the firm is nevertheless bound by the
CPRA.
SECTION 13. Conflict of Interest. — A lawyer shall not represent
conflicting interests except by written informed consent of all concerned
given after a full disclosure of the facts.
There is conflict of interest when a lawyer represents inconsistent or
opposing interests of two or more persons. The test is whether in behalf of
one client it is the lawyer's duty to fight for an issue or claim, but which is
his or her duty to oppose for the other client.
SECTION 14. Prohibition Against Conflict-of-Interest Representation;
Current Clients. — In relation to current clients, the following rules shall be
observed:
(a) A lawyer shall not enter into a business transaction with a
client or knowingly acquire an ownership, possessory,
security, or other pecuniary interest adverse to a client
unless:
(1) it is shown that the transaction and terms on which the
lawyer acquires the interest are fair and reasonable to the
client and are fully disclosed and transmitted in writing in a
manner that can be reasonably understood by the client;
(2) the client is advised in writing of the desirability of seeking,
and is given a reasonable opportunity to seek, the advice of
another independent lawyer on the transaction; and SDAaTC
(3) the client gives written informed consent to the essential

terms of the transaction and the lawyer's role in the
transaction, including whether the lawyer is representing the
client in the transaction.
(b) A lawyer shall not use confidential information relating to
representation of a client without the client's written
informed consent, except as permitted or required by law or
the CPRA.
(c) A lawyer shall not, by undue influence, acquire any
substantial gift from a client, including a testamentary gift, or
prepare on behalf of a client an instrument giving the lawyer
such gift, directly or indirectly.
(d) Unless with the written informed consent of the client and
subject to the application of the sub judice rule, a lawyer
shall not make or negotiate an agreement giving the lawyer
literary or media rights to a portrayal or account based in
substantial part on information relating to the representation.
(e) A lawyer shall not accept compensation for representing a
client from any person other than the client, unless:
(1) the client gives written informed consent;
(2) there is no interference with the lawyer's independence or
professional judgment or with the lawyer-client relationship;
or
(3) the information relating to representation of a client is
protected as required by the rule on privileged
communication.
(f) A lawyer, who represents two or more clients in the same
case, in case there is a settlement or plea-bargaining, shall
disclose to all the clients the existence and nature of all the
claims or pleas involved and the participation of each client
in the settlement or plea-bargaining.
(g) A lawyer shall avoid testifying in behalf of the client, except:
(1) on formal matters, such as the mailing, authentication or
custody of an instrument, and the like; or
(2) on substantial matters, in cases where the testimony is
essential to the ends of justice, in which event the lawyer
must, during the testimony, entrust the trial of the case to
another counsel.
SECTION 15. Conflict of Interest of a Lawyer Hired by a Law Firm. —
When a lawyer joins a law firm, it shall be the duty of the lawyer to disclose
to the law firm, at the earliest possible opportunity, his or her previous
clients that may have a potential conflict of interest with the current clients
of the law firm. If there is a potential conflict of interest, the lawyer shall not
act on the case or cases of the affected current client. AaCTcI
SECTION 16. Prohibition Against Dating, Romantic, or Sexual

Relations with a Client. — A lawyer shall not have dating, romantic, or sexual
relations with a client during the engagement, unless the consensual
relationship existed between them before the lawyer-client relationship
commenced.
Prospective Clients. — In relation to prospective clients, the following rules
shall be observed:
(a) A lawyer shall, at the earliest opportunity, ascertain the
existence of any conflict of interest between a prospective
client and current clients, and immediately disclose the same
if found to exist.
In case of an objection by either the prospective or current
client, the lawyer shall not accept the new engagement.
(b) A lawyer shall maintain the private confidences of a
prospective client even if no engagement materializes, and
shall not use any such information to further his or her own
interest, or the interest of any current client.
Former Clients . — In relation to former clients, the following rules shall be
observed:
(a) A lawyer shall maintain the private confidences of a former
client even after the termination of the engagement, except
upon the written informed consent of the former client, or as
otherwise allowed under the CPRA or other applicable laws or
regulations, or when the information has become generally
known.
(b) A lawyer shall not use information relating to the former
representation, except as the CPRA or applicable laws and
regulations would permit or require with respect to a current
or prospective client, or when the information has become
generally known.
(c) Unless the former client gives written informed consent, a
lawyer who has represented such client in a legal matter
shall not thereafter represent a prospective client in the
same or related legal matter, where the prospective client's
interests are materially adverse to the former client's
interests.
SECTION 19. Corporate Lawyers; Conflict of Interest. — In relation to
organizational clients, a lawyer who represents a corporation or any
organization does not, by virtue of such representation, necessarily
represent any constituent or affiliated organization, such as a parent or
subsidiary. acEHCD
A lawyer for a corporation or other organization, who is also a member

of its board of directors or trustees, shall determine whether the
responsibilities of the two roles may conflict. In the event of the latter, the
lawyer shall disclose the conflict of interest to all concerned parties.
SECTION 20. Legal Services Organization; Conflict of Interest. — A
legal services organization is any private organization, including a legal aid
clinic, partnership, association, or corporation, whose primary purpose is to
provide free legal services.
A lawyer-client relationship shall arise only between the client and the
handling lawyers of the legal services organization. All the lawyers of the
legal services organization who participated in the handling of a legal matter
shall be covered by the rule on conflict of interest and confidentiality.
SECTION 21. Lawyers in Government Service; Conflict of Interest. —
A lawyer currently serving in the government shall not practice law privately,
unless otherwise authorized by the Constitution, the law or applicable Civil
Service rules and regulations. If allowed, private practice shall be upon the
express authority of the lawyer's superior, for a stated specified purpose or
engagement, and only during an approved leave of absence. However, the
lawyer shall not represent an interest adverse to the government.
SECTION 22. Public Attorney's Office; Conflict of Interest. — The
Public Attorney's Office is the primary legal aid service office of the
government. In the pursuit of its mandate under its charter, the Public
Attorney's Office shall ensure ready access to its services by the
marginalized sectors of society in a manner that takes into consideration the
avoidance of potential conflict of interest situations which will leave these
marginalized parties unassisted by counsel.
A conflict of interest of any of the lawyers of the Public Attorney's
Office incident to services rendered for the Office shall be imputed only to
the said lawyer and the lawyer's direct supervisor. Such conflict of interest
shall not disqualify the rest of the lawyers from the Public Attorney's Office
from representing the affected client, upon full disclosure to the latter and
written informed consent.
SECTION 23. Amicus Curiae. — A lawyer shall not decline, without
just cause, a request by any court, tribunal, or other government agency to
act as amicus curiae in any proceeding relating to the lawyer's expertise or
field of specialization.
SECTION 24. Active Involvement in Legal Education. — A lawyer
shall keep abreast of legal developments, participate in continuing legal
education programs, and support efforts to achieve standards of excellence
in law schools as well as in the practical training of law students.
In addition, a lawyer shall assist the Integrated Bar of the Philippines
(IBP), law schools, law alumni associations, law associations, or civic
organizations, in educating the public on the law and jurisprudence. EcTCAD
The IBP Chapters shall provide supervising lawyers to the legal aid
clinics in their jurisdiction.
SECTION 25. Support for Legal Internship, Apprenticeship, and
Training . — To prepare the next generation of lawyers for ethical practice,
lawyers shall support legal internship and apprenticeship programs and
accept law students for training.
The lawyer shall treat the apprentices as junior colleagues and future
counsels, and shall conscientiously supervise them.
SECTION 26. Prompt Payment of Membership Dues. — A lawyer
shall promptly pay the annual membership dues in the IBP, unless expressly
exempt from such payment by law or rules.
SECTION 27. Confidentiality of Privileged Communication. — A
lawyer shall maintain the confidences of the client, and shall respect data
privacy laws. The duty of confidentiality shall continue even after the
termination of the lawyer-client engagement.
SECTION 28. Protecting Client Confidences. — A lawyer shall not
reveal the confidences of the client, including data from the client's files,
except:
(a) When a written informed consent is obtained from the
client;
(b) When required by law, such as anti-money laundering
statutes, or the Rules of Court;
(c) To the extent necessary, to collect the lawyer's fees;
(d) In defense of the lawyer, or the lawyer's employees or
associates; or
(e) By judicial order, but only if material.
SECTION 29. Duty of Confidentiality by Former Lawyers of a Law
Firm. — A lawyer shall continue to be bound by the rule on confidentiality
pertaining to clients of his or her previous law office or law firm.
SECTION 30. Duty of Confidentiality of Members of a Law Firm. — A
lawyer may disclose the legal matters entrusted by a client of the firm to the
partners and associates, as well as paralegals, legal assistants, law clerks,
legal researchers, law interns, and other non-legal staff, who are or will be
involved in the handling of the client's account, unless expressly prohibited
by the client.
A lawyer directly entrusted with a client's confidences shall adopt
necessary measures to prevent other members of the law firm, both legal
and non-legal, to whom the client's confidences have been shared, from
disclosing or using them, without the written informed consent of the client.
SDHTEC
SECTION 31. Prohibition Against Filial Disclosure. — A lawyer shall

not discuss a client's confidences even with family members.
SECTION 32. Non-Disclosure of Legal Consultation. — A lawyer shall
not reveal that he or she has been consulted about a particular case except
to avoid possible conflict of interest.
SECTION 33. Foreign Lawyers. — Foreign lawyers cannot, directly or
indirectly, practice law in the Philippines.
SECTION 34. Active Participation in the Development of the Legal
Profession. — A lawyer shall participate in the development of the legal
system by initiating or supporting efforts in law reform, the improvement of
the administration of justice, strengthening the judicial and legal system,
and advocacies in areas of special concern such as the environment,
indigenous peoples' rights, human rights, access to justice, and good
governance.
SECTION 35. Limited Legal Services. — Limited Legal Services refer
to services for a specific legal incident, with the expectation by the lawyer
and the client that the lawyer will not provide continuing legal services in the
matter. This includes being appointed as counsel de officio only for
arraignment purposes or special appearances to make any court submission,
to give advice, to draft legal documents, to provide legal assistance before
courts or administrative bodies, and the like.
In all instances, the lawyer shall state that the service being rendered
is in the nature of Limited Legal Services.
A lawyer who renders Limited Legal Services shall be entitled to
compensation as may be agreed upon or provided by the Rules of Court.
SECTION 36. Pro Bono Limited Legal Services. — A lawyer
appointed by the court as counsel de officio shall not refuse to render
Limited Legal Services pro bono on the ground of conflict of interest. Instead,
the lawyer shall disclose to all affected parties such conflict of interest.
In any case, the lawyer may not refuse to render such pro bono legal
services to the person concerned if only to the extent necessary to
safeguard the latter's fundamental rights and not to deprive such person of
remedies available under the law or rules.
A lawyer currently serving in the government shall not be exempt from
pro bono service and may be appointed by any court, tribunal, or other
government agency as counsel de officio, unless prohibited by law, or the
applicable Civil Service rules and regulations, or when there is a conflict of
interest with the government. HSAcaE
SECTION 37. Duty of Confidentiality in Limited Legal Services. — A

lawyer who provides Limited Legal Services must protect the client's private
confidences to the same extent as if engaged under regular terms.
SECTION 38. Termination of Limited Legal Services . — Unless
governed by Canon III, Section 36, a lawyer must cease to provide Limited
Legal Services to a client when the lawyer becomes aware that there may be
an actual or potential conflict of interest, except with the written informed
consent of the client.
In all cases, the Limited Legal Services terminates upon the completion
of such services.
SECTION 39. Limited Legal Services of Law Student Practitioners. —
The Limited Legal Services rendered by a law student practitioner under the
Clinical Legal Education Program shall be governed by the CPRA.
SECTION 40. Accountability of Legal Clinic Director and Supervising
Lawyer. — A law student clinic director and supervising lawyer, under Rule
138-A of the Rules of Court shall provide meaningful training to law students.
They shall assume responsibility for any work performed by the law student
while under their supervision and shall comply with all the laws, rules, and
guidelines pertaining to Law Student Practice.
SECTION 41. Fair and Reasonable Fees . — A lawyer shall charge
only fair and reasonable fees.
Attorney's fees shall be deemed fair and reasonable if determined
based on the following factors:
(a) The time spent and the extent of the service rendered or
required;
(b) The novelty and difficulty of the issues involved;
(c) The skill or expertise of the lawyer, including the level of
study and experience required for the engagement;
(d) The probability of losing other engagements as a result of
acceptance of the case;
(e) The customary charges for similar services and the
recommended schedule of fees, which the IBP chapter shall
provide;
(f) The quantitative or qualitative value of the client's interest
in the engagement, or the benefits resulting to the client
from the service;
(g) The contingency or certainty of compensation;
(h) The character of the engagement, whether limited,
seasonal, or otherwise; and
(i) Other analogous factors. AScHCD
SECTION 42. Division of Fees upon Referral . — A lawyer shall, in

case of referral of legal services in favor of another lawyer with the written
informed consent of the client, be entitled to a division of fees in proportion
to the work performed and responsibility assumed.
Where a lawyer undertakes to complete unfinished legal business of a
deceased lawyer, a division or sharing of fees is allowed with the deceased
lawyer's legal heirs or estate.
SECTION 43. Non-Sharing of Fees with Non-Lawyers. — A lawyer
shall not share, split, or divide or stipulate to divide, directly or indirectly, a
fee for legal services with persons or organizations not licensed or authorized
to practice law.
SECTION 44. Payment of Compensation by Third Party. — A lawyer
shall not receive any fee, reward, costs, commission, interest, rebate or
forwarding allowance or other compensation from anyone other than the
client, except upon the written informed consent of such client.
Receipt of compensation from someone other than the client must not
interfere with the lawyer's independence, professional judgment, or the
lawyer-client relationship. Neither should information relating to
representation of a client be disclosed in violation of the rule on privileged
communication.
SECTION 45. Prompt Payment of Legal Fees . — A lawyer is entitled
to prompt payment from the client of attorney's fees.
Absent an express agreement as to professional fees, a lawyer is
entitled to be paid reasonable attorney's fees in accordance with Canon III,
Section 41.
SECTION 46. Controversy Over Legal Fees. — A lawyer shall avoid
any controversy with a client concerning fees for legal services and shall
resort to judicial action solely to prevent imposition, injustice or fraud.
SECTION 47. Enforcement of Attorney's Lien. — In case of non-
payment of attorney's fees, a lawyer may resort to the enforcement of the
attorney's lien under Canon III, Section 54, by filing a Notice of Enforcement
of Attorney's Lien with the court, tribunal, or other government agency of
origin where the action or proceeding the lawyer rendered service for is
pending, without prejudice to other remedies under the law or the Rules of
Court. The Notice shall be accompanied by proof of the services rendered,
and served on the client. The court, tribunal, or other government agency,
after hearing, shall determine the lawyer's entitlement to the claimed fees.
The enforcement of an attorney's lien shall be treated as an
independent claim and shall in no instance delay the resolution of the main
case. The resolution of the lawyer's claim may be included in the main
judgment or in a separate partial judgment. In the case of a partial
judgment, the same shall be subject of appeal.
An appeal in the main case shall not stay the execution of the lawyer's
lien. In the execution of the judgment in the main case, the court shall give
due consideration to the pending claim of the lawyer. HESIcT

If the claim for attorney's lien arises after a decision has been rendered
by the court, tribunal, or other government agency of origin on the action or
proceeding, the claim for the enforcement of the lien shall be by an
independent action.
SECTION 48. Compensation for Counsel De Officio. — Subject to
availability of funds as may be provided by law, the court may, in its
discretion, order a lawyer engaged as counsel de officio to be compensated
in such sum as the court may fix following Canon III, Section 41, provided
that it is not covered by the provision on Limited Legal Services.
SECTION 49. Accounting during Engagement. — A lawyer, during
the existence of the lawyer-client relationship, shall account for and prepare
an inventory of any fund or property belonging to the client, whether
received from the latter or from a third person, immediately upon such
receipt.
When funds are entrusted to a lawyer by a client for a specific purpose,
the lawyer shall use such funds only for the client's declared purpose. Any
unused amount of the entrusted funds shall be promptly returned to the
client upon accomplishment of the stated purpose or the client's demand.
SECTION 50. Separate Funds . — A lawyer shall keep the funds of
the clients separate and apart from his or her own and those of others kept
by the lawyer.
SECTION 51. Prohibition Against Acquiring Interest in Object of
Litigation or Transaction . — A lawyer shall not acquire, directly or indirectly,
a proprietary interest in the property or rights which is the object of any
litigation or transaction in which the lawyer may take part by virtue of the
profession.
SECTION 52. Prohibition on Lending and Borrowing; Exceptions. —
During the existence of the lawyer-client relationship, a lawyer shall not lend
money to a client, except under urgent and justifiable circumstances.
Advances for professional fees and necessary expenses in a legal matter the
lawyer is handling for a client shall not be covered by this rule.
Neither shall a lawyer borrow money from a client during the existence
of the lawyer-client relationship, unless the client's interests are fully
protected by the nature of the case, or by independent advice. This rule
does not apply to standard commercial transactions for products or services
that the client offers to the public in general, or where the lawyer and the
client have an existing or prior business relationship, or where there is a
contract between the lawyer and the client.
SECTION 53. Termination of Engagement by the Lawyer . — A
lawyer shall terminate the lawyer-client engagement only for good cause
and upon written notice, in any of the following cases:
(a) When the client pursues an illegal or immoral course of
conduct in connection with the engagement;
(b) When the client insists that the lawyer pursue conduct that
is violative of these Canons and rules; AcICHD
(c) When the lawyer's inability to work with a co-counsel will not
promote the best interest of the client;
(d) When the moral predisposition or the mental or physical
condition of the lawyer renders it difficult to carry out the
engagement effectively;
(e) When the client deliberately fails to pay the fees for the
lawyer's services, fails to comply with the retainer
agreement, or can no longer be found despite diligent efforts;
(f) When the lawyer is elected or appointed to public office;
(g) Other similar cases.
SECTION 54. Termination of Engagement by the Client . — The
lawyer-client engagement may be terminated by the client at any time upon
loss of trust and confidence.
The termination of the engagement shall not relieve the client from full
payment of all professional fees due to the lawyer. If the engagement has
been reduced to writing, the lawyer shall be entitled to recover from the
client the full compensation stipulated, unless found by the court, tribunal or
other government agency to be unconscionable or unreasonable under
Canon III, Section 41 of the CPRA.
For the payment of the compensation, the lawyer shall have a charging
lien upon all judgments for the payment of money, and executions issued in
pursuance of such judgment, rendered in the case where the lawyer's
services had been retained by the client.
SECTION 55. Termination of Engagement upon Death . — The death
of the lawyer or client shall terminate the lawyer-client relationship. The
death of such lawyer shall not extinguish the lawyer-client engagement
between the law firm and the client handled by such law firm.
SECTION 56. Accounting and Turn Over upon Termination of
Engagement. — A lawyer who is discharged from or terminates the
engagement shall, subject to an attorney's lien, immediately render a full
account of and turn over all documents, evidence, funds, and properties
belonging to the client.
The lawyer shall cooperate with the chosen successor in the orderly
transfer of the legal matter, including all information necessary for the
efficient handling of the client's representation.
A lawyer shall have a lien upon the funds, documents, and papers of
the client which have lawfully come into his or her possession and may
retain the same until the fair and reasonable fees and disbursements have
been paid, and may apply such funds to the satisfaction thereof. caITAC
CANON IV
Competence and Diligence

A lawyer professionally handling a client's cause shall, to the best of his
or her ability, observe competence, diligence, commitment, and skill
consistent with the fiduciary nature of the lawyer-client relationship,
regardless of the nature of the legal matter or issues involved, and whether
for a fee or pro bono.
SECTION 1. Competent, Efficient and Conscientious Service. — A
lawyer shall provide legal service that is competent, efficient, and
conscientious. A lawyer shall be thorough in research, preparation, and
application of the legal knowledge and skills necessary for an engagement.
SECTION 2. Undertaking Legal Services; Collaborating Counsel. — A
lawyer shall only undertake legal services he or she can deliver.
With the prior written consent of the client, a lawyer may secure the
services of a collaborating counsel.
SECTION 3. Diligence and Punctuality. — A lawyer shall diligently
and seasonably act on any legal matter entrusted by a client.
A lawyer shall be punctual in all appearances, submissions of pleadings
and documents before any court, tribunal or other government agency, and
all matters professionally referred by the client, including meetings and
other commitments.
SECTION 4. Diligence in All Undertakings. — A lawyer shall observe
diligence in all professional undertakings, and shall not cause or occasion
delay in any legal matter before any court, tribunal, or other agency.
A lawyer shall appear for trial adequately familiar with the law, the
facts of the case, and the evidence to be presented. A lawyer shall also be
ready with the object and documentary evidence, as well as the judicial
affidavits of the witnesses, when required by the rules or the court.
SECTION 5. Prompt and Objective Assessment of the Merits. — A
lawyer shall, after reasonable inquiry, promptly give an objective
assessment of the merits and probable results of the client's case.
A lawyer shall explain the viable options to the client to enable an
informed decision regarding the matter.
SECTION 6. Duty to Update the Client. — A lawyer shall regularly
inform the client of the status and the result of the matter undertaken, and
any action in connection thereto, and shall respond within a reasonable time
to the client's request for information. TAIaHE
SECTION 7. Extension of Time to File. — A lawyer shall avoid asking

for an extension of time to file any pleading, motion, or other court
submission, except when allowed by the Rules of Court or for good cause.
When an extension is obtained, the lawyer shall not let the period
lapse without submitting the pleading, motion, or other court submission,
except upon the client's decision not to pursue the case any further or for
other justifiable cause.
SECTION 8. Lifelong Learning. — A competent lawyer engages in
lifelong learning through the continued development of professional skills.
SECTION 9. Practice of Law Concurrent with Another Profession. — A
lawyer who is engaged in another profession or occupation concurrently with
the practice of law shall expressly provide in the pertinent contract the
nature of the services the lawyer is engaged to perform.
The practice of another profession or occupation shall not jeopardize
such lawyer's competence, integrity, probity, and independence in rendering
legal services.
SECTION 10. Non-Legal Activities. — A lawyer who is engaged in
business or other non-legal profession shall likewise observe the ethical
duties and responsibilities of a lawyer under the CPRA.
CANON V
Equality
Every lawyer shall adhere to the principle of equality and hold firmly
the belief that every person, regardless of nationality or ethnicity, color,
sexual orientation or gender identity, religion, disability, age, marital status,
social or economic status, and other like circumstances, has the fundamental
right to equal treatment and representation.
As such, the lawyer shall accord equal respect, attention, dedication
and zeal in advancing the client's cause, regardless of personal opinion,
religious or political beliefs pertaining on the personal circumstances of the
client, except for justifiable reasons.
SECTION 1. Non-Discrimination. — A lawyer shall not decline to
represent a person solely on account of the latter's nationality or ethnicity,
sexual orientation or gender identity, religion, disability, age, marital status,
social or economic status, political beliefs, or such lawyer's or the public's
opinion regarding the guilt of said person, except for justifiable reasons.
SECTION 2. Treatment of Vulnerable Persons . — In dealing with a
client who belongs to a vulnerable sector, a lawyer shall be mindful and
sensitive of, and consider the client's special circumstances, as well as the
applicable laws and rules. ICHDca
The lawyer shall observe a higher standard of service suited to the

particular needs of the vulnerable person and shall assert such person's right
to meaningful access to justice.
A vulnerable person is a person who is at a higher risk of harm than
others, and shall include children, the elderly, the homeless, persons with
disability, persons deprived of liberty, human rights victims, victims of
domestic violence, victims of armed conflict, those who are socio-
economically disadvantaged, those who belong to racial or ethnic minorities,
or those with debilitating physical or mental conditions.
SECTION 3. Indigent Person . — A lawyer shall not refuse the
representation of an indigent person, except if:
(a) the lawyer is not in a position to carry out the work
effectively or competently due to a justifiable cause;
(b) the lawyer will be placed in a conflict-of-interest situation;
or
(c) the lawyer is related to the potential adverse party, within
the sixth degree of consanguinity or affinity, or to the
adverse counsel, within the fourth degree.
An indigent is any person who has no money or property sufficient for
food, shelter and other basic necessities for oneself and one's family.
SECTION 4. Standard of Service. — A lawyer shall observe the same
standard of service for all clients, regardless of remuneration, except for the
higher standard required for representation of vulnerable persons.
CANON VI
Accountability
By taking the Lawyer's Oath, a lawyer becomes a guardian of the law
and an administrator of justice. As such, the lawyer shall observe the highest
degree of morality, adhere to rigid standards of mental fitness, and faithfully
comply with the rules of the legal profession.
Failure to honor this covenant makes the lawyer unfit to continue in the
practice of law and accountable to society, the courts, the legal profession,
and the client.
SECTION 1. Nature of Disciplinary Proceedings Against Lawyers. —
Disciplinary proceedings against lawyers shall be confidential in character
and summary in nature.
Nonetheless, the final order of the Supreme Court shall be published
like its decisions in other cases. cDHAES
SECTION 2. How Instituted. — Proceedings for the disbarment,

suspension, or discipline of lawyers may be commenced by the Supreme
Court on its own initiative, or upon the filing of a verified complaint by the
Board of Governors of the IBP, or by any person, before the Supreme Court
or the IBP. However, a verified complaint against a government lawyer which
seeks to discipline such lawyer as a member of the Bar shall only be filed in
the Supreme Court.
A verified complaint filed with the Supreme Court may be referred to
the IBP for investigation, report and recommendation, except when filed
directly by the IBP, in which case, the verified complaint shall be referred to
the Office of the Bar Confidant or such fact-finding body as may be
designated.
Complaints for disbarment, suspension and discipline filed against
incumbent Justices of the Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax
Appeals and judges of lower courts, or against lawyers in the judicial service,
whether they are charged singly or jointly with other respondents, and
whether such complaint deals with acts unrelated to the discharge of their
official functions, shall be forwarded by the IBP to the Supreme Court for
appropriate disposition under Rule 140, as amended.
SECTION 3. Contents of the Complaint. — The complaint shall be
verified. It shall state clearly and concisely the acts or omissions complained
of and shall be supported by judicial affidavits of the witnesses and such
other documents in support thereof.
If the verified complaint is filed before the IBP, six (6) copies thereof
shall be filed with the Secretary of the IBP or the Secretary of any of its
chapters, who shall forthwith transmit the same to the IBP Board of
Governors.
SECTION 4. List of Investigating Commissioners; Qualifications. —
The IBP shall recommend to the Supreme Court one hundred fifty (150)
lawyers in good standing and repute, whom the IBP shall proportionately
select from its nine (9) regions. The IBP may periodically recommend the
adjustment of the number of Investigating Commissioners to the Supreme
Court according to the existing caseload.
The list, with the curriculum vitae of the recommended lawyers, shall
be submitted by the IBP within a month from the effectivity of the Code.
Only those approved by the Supreme Court may be designated as
Investigating Commissioners, who shall serve for a term of three (3) years,
unless sooner removed, replaced or resigned.
An updated list shall be submitted by the IBP to the Supreme Court
upon removal, replacement, or resignation of a lawyer previously designated
as Investigating Commissioner by the Supreme Court.
All approved Investigating Commissioners shall take an oath of office in
the form prescribed by the IBP. A copy of the Investigating Commissioner's
appointment and oath shall be transmitted to the Supreme Court. TCAScE
SECTION 5. Assignment by Raffle of Investigating Commissioner. —

The IBP Board of Governors shall assign by raffle an Investigating
Commissioner from among the lawyers approved by the Supreme Court in
the list submitted by the IBP or, when special circumstances so warrant, a
panel of three (3) Investigating Commissioners, to investigate the complaint.
SECTION 6. Complaint Against a Government Lawyer. — When a
complaint is filed against a government lawyer, the Investigating
Commissioner shall determine, within five (5) calendar days from
assignment by raffle, whether the concerned agency, the Ombudsman, or
the Supreme Court has jurisdiction. If the allegations in the complaint touch
upon the lawyer's continuing obligations under the CPRA or if the allegations,
assuming them to be true, make the lawyer unfit to practice the profession,
then the Investigating Commissioner shall proceed with the case. Otherwise,
the Investigating Commissioner shall recommend that the complaint be
dismissed.
SECTION 7. Disqualification of Investigating Commissioner. — An
Investigating Commissioner shall, on his or her own initiative or upon
motion, recuse from acting as such on the grounds of relationship within the
fourth degree of consanguinity or affinity with any of the parties or their
counsel, professional legal relationship, pecuniary interest, or where he or
she has acted as counsel for either party, unless, in the last instance, the
parties sign and enter upon the record their written consent.
Where an Investigating Commissioner does not disqualify himself or
herself, a party may file the appropriate motion for disqualification before
the IBP Board of Governors. The IBP Board of Governors shall resolve the
motion within five (5) calendar days from receipt thereof. Upon vote of
majority of the members present, there being a quorum, the IBP Board of
Governors shall order the disqualification and designate a replace of the
disqualified Investigating Commissioner. The decision of the IBP Board of
Governors on the disqualification shall be final.
SECTION 8. Duties of the Investigating Commissioner. — The
Investigating Commissioner shall investigate a complaint against any
member of the Integrated Bar, and thereafter submit a report embodying
the recommended action to the IBP Board of Governors, within a total period
not exceeding one hundred eighty (180) calendar days, from assignment by
raffle.
SECTION 9. Submissions Allowed; Verification. — The only
submissions allowed are the complaint, answer, and position papers, all of
which shall be verified.
A Certificate of Non-Forum Shopping shall accompany the verified
complaint. ASEcHI
An unverified complaint shall be recommended for outright dismissal.

An unverified answer or position paper shall not be considered.
SECTION 10. Prohibited Submissions. — The following submissions
are prohibited:
(a) Motion to dismiss the complaint or petition, except on the
ground of lack of jurisdiction, litis pendentia or res judicata;
(b) Motion for a bill of particulars;
(c) Motion to reopen or for new trial;
(d) Petition for relief from judgment;
(e) Supplemental pleadings;
(f) Motion for reconsideration of a judgment on the merits,
except a motion for reconsideration of an interlocutory order
or resolution.
SECTION 11. Lack of Prima Facie Showing of Liability; Outright
Dismissal. — Within fifteen (15) calendar days from assignment by raffle, if
the Investigating Commissioner finds no prima facie showing of liability, the
Investigating Commissioner shall recommend the outright dismissal of the
complaint to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court may adopt the
recommendation and dismiss the complaint outright. Otherwise, the
Supreme Court shall direct the Investigating Commissioner to conduct
further proceedings.
SECTION 12. Effect of Death of Lawyer on Administrative
Disciplinary Cases. — Disciplinary proceedings may not be instituted against
a lawyer who has died. If such proceedings have been instituted
notwithstanding the lawyer's death, the administrative case against said
lawyer shall be dismissed.
The death of the lawyer during the pendency of the case shall cause its
dismissal.
SECTION 13. Issuance of Summons. — Within fifteen (15) calendar
days from assignment by raffle, the Investigating Commissioner shall issue
the required summons, attaching thereto a copy of the verified complaint
and supporting documents, if any. The summons shall require the
respondent to file a verified answer.
SECTION 14. Verified Answer . — The answer shall be verified and
filed within thirty (30) calendar days from receipt of the summons. The
verified answer shall be accompanied by judicial affidavits of the witnesses
and such other documents in support thereof.
The respondent may, upon motion, for good cause, be given one
extension of fifteen (15) calendar days to file the verified answer.
cTDaEH
Two (2) copies of the verified answer shall be filed with the
Investigating Commissioner, with proof of service on the complainant or the
latter's counsel.
SECTION 15. Dismissal After Answer . — If the Investigating
Commissioner finds that the complaint is not meritorious based on the
verified answer, the Investigating Commissioner shall recommend to the
Supreme Court the dismissal of the complaint. Otherwise, the Supreme Court
shall direct the Investigating Commissioner to conduct further proceedings.
SECTION 16. Irrelevance of Desistance, Settlement, Compromise,
Restitution, Withdrawal, or Failure to Prosecute . — No investigation shall be
interrupted or terminated by reason of the desistance, settlement,
compromise, restitution, withdrawal of the charges, or failure of the
complainant to prosecute the same.
SECTION 17. Counsel De Officio. — The IBP Board of Governors shall
appoint a suitable member of the Integrated Bar as counsel de officio to
assist the complainant or the respondent during the investigation in case of
need for such assistance.
SECTION 18. Investigation. — Upon joinder of issues or upon failure
of the respondent to answer, the Investigating Commissioner shall proceed
with the investigation of the case. However, if despite reasonable notice, the
respondent fails to file an answer or appear, the investigation shall proceed
ex parte. In both instances, the investigation shall proceed with dispatch.
The respondent shall be given full opportunity to defend and be heard,
whether through counsel or not, and to present witnesses.
The Investigating Commissioner shall have the power to issue
subpoena and administer oaths and affirmations in relation to the conduct of
the proceedings.
SECTION 19. Indirect Contempt. — Willful failure or refusal to obey
a subpoena or any other lawful order issued by the Investigating
Commissioner shall be dealt with as indirect contempt of court. The
Investigating Commissioner shall require the alleged contemnor to show
cause within ten (10) calendar days from notice. Upon receipt of the
compliance or lapse of the period to comply, the Investigating Commissioner
may conduct a hearing, if necessary, in accordance with the procedure set
forth under Canon VI, Section 22 for hearings before the Investigating
Commissioner. Such hearing shall be terminated within fifteen (15) calendar
days from commencement. Thereafter, the Investigating Commissioner shall
submit a report and recommendation to the IBP Board of Governors within a
period of fifteen (15) calendar days from termination of the contempt
hearing.
Within thirty (30) calendar days from receipt of the Investigating
Commissioner's report and recommendation on the contempt charge, the
IBP Board of Governors, through a Resolution, may either adopt, modify or
disapprove the recommendation of the Investigating Commissioner. The
action of the IBP Board of Governors shall be immediately executory. ITAaHc
The action of the IBP Board of Governors may be appealed to the

Supreme Court. The execution of the order of contempt shall not be
suspended, unless a bond is filed by the person adjudged in contempt, in an
amount fixed by the IBP Board of Governors, conditioned upon compliance
with and performance of the final action in the contempt case, if decided
against the contemnor.
SECTION 20. Submission of Preliminary Conference Briefs. —
Immediately upon receipt of the verified answer, the Investigating
Commissioner shall send a notice to the parties and counsels to
simultaneously file, within a non-extendible period of ten (10) calendar days
from receipt of the notice, their respective preliminary conference briefs
which shall contain the following:
(a) Admissions;
(b) Stipulation of facts;
(c) Definition of issues;
(d) Judicial affidavits and marked exhibits, accompanied by the
lawyer's certification that the attached documents are the
genuine or faithful reproductions of the original in his or her
custody or possession;
(e) Such other matters as may aid in the prompt disposition of
the action.
SECTION 21. Preliminary Conference Order; Position Papers . —
Within ten (10) calendar days from receipt of the preliminary conference
briefs, the Investigating Commissioner shall issue a Preliminary Conference
Order, on the basis of such briefs submitted by the parties and counsels,
summarizing the stipulated facts, issues and marked exhibits.
The Investigating Commissioner shall further direct the parties to
submit their verified position papers within a non-extendible period of ten
(10) calendar days from receipt of the preliminary conference order.
SECTION 22. Clarificatory Hearing. — Within ten (10) calendar days
from receipt of the last position paper, the Investigating Commissioner shall
determine whether there is a need to conduct a hearing to clarify factual
issues and confront witnesses.
If deemed necessary, the Investigating Commissioner shall set the
hearing within fifteen (15) calendar days from such determination, and
identify the factual issues to be made subject of the hearing.
The Investigating Commissioner may subpoena any witness to appear
at the hearing to answer clarificatory questions. Thereafter, the Investigating
Commissioner may allow the parties to confront the witnesses and propound
their own clarificatory questions on the factual issues identified by the
Investigating Commissioner. cSaATC
The clarificatory hearing may be done in-person or through

videoconferencing. If it is conducted in-person, the clarificatory hearing shall
be done at the most convenient venue for the parties.
The clarificatory hearing shall be terminated within thirty (30) calendar
days from its commencement.
SECTION 23. Minutes of Proceedings. — The proceedings before the
IBP shall be recorded.
SECTION 24. Non-Appearance of Parties. — Non-appearance at the
clarificatory hearing shall be deemed a waiver of the right to participate
therein.
SECTION 25. Issuance of Report and Recommendation by the
Investigating Commissioner. — If there is no clarificatory hearing, the
Investigating Commissioner shall render a report and recommendation and
submit the same to the IBP Board of Governors within a non-extendible
period of sixty (60) calendar days from receipt of the last position paper or
lapse of the period given.
In case the Investigating Commissioner sets a clarificatory hearing, the
report and recommendation shall be rendered and submitted to the IBP
Board of Governors within a non-extendible period of thirty (30) calendar
days from the termination of the hearing.
The report and recommendation shall be accompanied by the duly
certified transcript of stenographic notes, or in lieu thereof, the audio
recording, if any, or the Investigating Commissioner's personal notes duly
signed, which should be attached to the records, together with the evidence
presented during the investigation. The submission of the report need not
await the transcription of the stenographic notes, it being sufficient that the
report reproduce substantially from the Investigating Commissioner's
personal notes any relevant and pertinent testimonies.
If the hearing is conducted through videoconferencing, the proceedings
shall be recorded by the Investigating Commissioner. It shall form part of the
records of the case, appending thereto relevant electronic documents taken
up or issued during the hearing.
SECTION 26. Submission of Resolution by the Board of Governors.
— The IBP Board of Governors shall have a non-extendible period of ninety
(90) calendar days from receipt of the Report and Recommendation of the
Investigating Commissioner, within which to submit to the Supreme Court its
Resolution adopting, modifying or disapproving such Report and
Recommendation.
SECTION 27. Depositions. — Depositions may be taken in
accordance with the Rules of Civil Procedure, as amended, with leave of the
Investigating Commissioner. CHTAIc
SECTION 28. Filing and Service. — The filing and the service of
papers or notices required by this Canon shall be made with the
Commission, or upon the parties personally, by registered mail, accredited
courier, electronic mail or other electronic means, or as provided for in
international conventions to which the Philippines is a party.
For this purpose, the office address and the electronic mail address
supplied by the lawyer to the IBP shall be the official addresses to which all
notices, orders and processes shall be served.
Proof of filing and service shall be submitted in accordance with the
Rules of Civil Procedure, as amended.
SECTION 29. Substantial Defects; Motion to Reopen . — Any
substantial defect in the complaint, notice, answer, or in the proceeding or
the Investigating Commissioner's Report which may result in the miscarriage
of justice may be raised as an error before the Supreme Court, unless the
defect results in the deprivation of the right to due process. In case of the
latter, the matter may be brought before the IBP Board of Governors by way
of a motion to reopen within sixty (60) calendar days from knowledge.
SECTION 30. Proceedings Initiated Before the Supreme Court. — In
proceedings initiated by the Supreme Court, or proceedings commenced by
complaint filed with the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court may refer the
case for investigation, report and recommendation to the Office of the Bar
Confidant, or the IBP, or other fact-finding body that is designated or created
by the Supreme Court for such purpose.
Cases referred to the Office of the Bar Confidant, or other fact-finding
body, or the IBP shall proceed in the same manner provided in Sections 5 to
29 of this Canon.
In any event, the report and recommendation on the investigation shall
be reviewed directly by the Supreme Court, which shall take such necessary
action on the report and recommendation as may be warranted.
SECTION 31. Preventive Suspension. — After receipt of
respondent's answer or lapse of the period therefor, the Supreme Court, on
its own initiative, or upon the recommendation of the IBP Board of
Governors, the Office of the Bar Confidant, or the fact-finding body referred
to in Section 30, may suspend a lawyer from the practice of law during the
pendency of the investigation for a period not exceeding one hundred eighty
(180) calendar days or until such suspension is lifted by the Supreme Court,
in order to prevent interference with or obstruction of the investigation,
tampering, concealment or destruction of evidence, intimidating or exerting
undue influence on any witness. cHDAIS
SECTION 32. Quantum and Burden of Proof. — In administrative

disciplinary cases, the complainant has the burden of proof to establish with
substantial evidence the allegations against the respondent. Substantial
evidence is that amount of relevant evidence which a reasonable mind
might accept as adequate to justify a conclusion.
SECTION 33. Serious Offenses. — Serious offenses include:
(a) Gross misconduct, or any inexcusable, shameful or flagrant
unlawful conduct;
(b) Serious dishonesty, fraud, or deceit, including falsification of
documents and making untruthful statements;
(c) Bribery or corruption;
(d) Gross negligence in the performance of duty, or conduct
that is reckless and inexcusable, which results in the client
being deprived of his or her day in court;
(e) Conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude;
(f) Grossly immoral conduct, or an act that is so corrupt or false
as to constitute a criminal act, or so immoral as to be
reprehensible to a high degree;
(g) Misappropriating a client's funds or properties;
(h) Gross ignorance of the law or procedure, or the disregard of
basic rules and settled jurisprudence, when either is attended
by bad faith, malice, or corrupt motive;
(i) Grossly undignified conduct prejudicial to the administration
of justice;
(j) Sexual abuse;
(k) Gender-based sexual harassment or discrimination;
(l) Open defiance to any order of the court, tribunal, or other
government agency;
(m) Threat of physical or economic harm, amounting to a
crime, directed at a fellow lawyer, the latter's client or
principal, a witness, or any official or employee of a court,
tribunal, or other government agency;
(n) Willful and deliberate forum shopping, and forum shopping
through gross negligence;
(o) Intentional violation of the rule on privileged
communication;
(p) Violation of the notarial rules, except reportorial
requirements, when attended by bad faith;
(q) Intentional violation of the conflict of interest rules; EATCcI
(r) Influence-peddling or using one's relationships to obtain a

favorable action on, or outcome in, any pending matter or
proceeding, directly or indirectly, with or without monetary
consideration, from any officer of a court, tribunal or other
government agency;
(s) Unlawful discrimination under Canon V; and
(t) Sale, distribution, possession and/or use of illegal drugs or
substances.
SECTION 34. Less Serious Offenses. — Less serious offenses
include:
(a) Simple misconduct, or such misconduct without the
manifest elements of corruption, clear intent to violate the
law or flagrant disregard of established rules;
(b) Simple negligence in the performance of duty, or such
negligence which does not result in depriving the client of his
or her day in court;
(c) Violation of Supreme Court rules and issuances in relation to
Bar Matters and administrative disciplinary proceedings,
including willful and deliberate disobedience of the orders of
the Supreme Court and the IBP;
(d) Simple dishonesty;
(e) Other violations of the conflict of interest rules;
(f) Prohibited borrowing of money from a client;
(g) Prohibited lending of money;
(h) Other unlawful threats;
(i) Instituting frivolous or baseless actions, on the basis of a
final decision or order dismissing such action for being
frivolous or baseless;
(j) Violation of the sub judice rule;
(k) Deliberate failure or refusal to pay just debts;
(l) Termination of legal services absent good cause and written
notice;
(m) Use of intemperate or offensive language before any court,
tribunal, or other government agency;

(n) Unjustifiable failure or refusal to render an accounting of the
funds or properties of a client;
(o) Unauthorized division of fees with a non-lawyer; and
(p) Other violations of reportorial requirements.
SECTION 35. Light Offenses. — Light offenses include:
(a) Violation of IBP rules and issuances governing membership
in the IBP; ISHCcT
(b) Use of vulgar or offensive language in personal dealings;

(c) Fraternizing with the officials or employees of a court,
tribunal, or other government agency where the respondent
has a pending case or cases, to such a degree and frequency
as would give the appearance of power or influence over
them, or which tends to create an impression of impropriety;
(d) Filing of frivolous motions for inhibition;
(e) Failure to promptly call upon client to rectify a fraudulent
act; or
(f) Other similar or analogous infractions of the CPRA.
SECTION 36. Assisting in the Commission of an Offense. — Any
lawyer who shall knowingly assist another lawyer in the commission of any
serious, less serious, or light offense punished by the CPRA may also be held
liable.
SECTION 37. Sanctions. —
(a) If the respondent is found guilty of a serious offense, any of the
following sanctions, or a combination thereof, shall be imposed:
(1) Disbarment;
(2) Suspension from the practice of law for a period exceeding
six (6) months;
(3) Revocation of notarial commission and disqualification as
notary public for not less than two (2) years; or
(4) A fine exceeding P100,000.00.
(b) If the respondent is found guilty of a less serious offense, any of
the following sanctions, or a combination thereof, shall be imposed:
(1) Suspension from the practice of law for a period within the
range of one (1) month to six (6) months, or revocation of
notarial commission and disqualification as notary public for
less than two (2) years;
(2) A fine within the range of P35,000.00 to P100,000.00.
(c) If the respondent is found guilty of a light offense, any of the
following sanctions shall be imposed:
(1) A fine within the range of P1,000.00 to P35,000.00;
(2) Censure; or
(3) Reprimand. DHITCc
In addition to the above sanctions in paragraph (c), the

respondent may also be required to do community service or
service in the IBP legal aid program.
In all instances, when the offense involves money or property owed,
which is intrinsically linked to the lawyer-client relationship, the respondent
shall be ordered to return the same.
SECTION 38. Modifying Circumstances. — In determining the
appropriate penalty to be imposed, the Court may, in its discretion,
appreciate the following mitigating and aggravating circumstances:
(a) Mitigating circumstances:
(1) First offense, except in charges of gross misconduct, bribery
or corruption, grossly immoral conduct, misappropriating a
client's funds or properties, sexual abuse, and sale,
distribution, possession and/or use of illegal drugs or
substances;
(2) Absence of bad faith or malice;
(3) Return of the amounts owed;
(4) Expression of remorse;
(5) Reconciliation with the complainant;
(6) Rectification of wrongdoing;
(7) Act or omission did not prejudice the client;
(8) Age;
(9) Number of years in the practice of law;
(10) Humanitarian considerations; and
(11) Other analogous circumstances.
(b) Aggravating Circumstances:
(1) Finding of previous administrative liability where a penalty
is imposed, regardless of nature or gravity;
(2) Age;
(3) Number of years in the practice of law;
(4) Employment of fraudulent means to conceal the offense;
(5) Respondent's act or omission was tainted with bad faith or
malice, except when it is an element of the offense;
(6) Lack of remorse;
(7) Failure to comply with the orders of the Court and the IBP in
relation to an administrative case; and
(8) Other analogous circumstances. CAacTH

SECTION 39. Manner of Imposition. — If one (1) or more aggravating
circumstances and no mitigating circumstances are present, the Supreme
Court may impose the penalties of suspension or fine for a period or amount
not exceeding double of the maximum prescribed under this Rule. The
Supreme Court may, in its discretion, impose the penalty of disbarment
depending on the number and gravity of the aggravating circumstances.
If one (1) or more mitigating circumstances and no aggravating
circumstances are present, the Supreme Court may impose the penalties of
suspension or fine for a period or amount not less than half of the minimum
prescribed under the CPRA.
If there are both aggravating and mitigating circumstances present,
the Supreme Court may offset each other.
SECTION 40. Penalty for Multiple Offenses. — If the respondent is
found liable for more than one (1) offense arising from separate acts or
omissions in a single administrative proceeding, the Court shall impose
separate penalties for each offense. Should the aggregate of the imposed
penalties exceed five (5) years of suspension from the practice of law or
P1,000,000.00 in fines, the respondent may, in the discretion of the Supreme
Court, be meted with the penalty of disbarment.
If a single act or omission gives rise to more than one (1) offense, the
respondent shall still be found liable for all such offenses, but shall,
nonetheless, only be meted with the appropriate penalty for the most
serious offense.
SECTION 41. Payment of Fines and Return of Client's Money and
Property. — When the penalty imposed is a fine or the respondent is ordered
to return the client's money or property, the respondent shall pay or return it
within a period not exceeding three (3) months from receipt of the decision
or resolution. If unpaid or unreturned, the Court may cite the respondent in
indirect contempt.
SECTION 42. Penalty When the Respondent Has Been Previously
Disbarred. — When the respondent has been previously disbarred and is
subsequently found guilty of a new charge, the Court may impose a fine or
order the disbarred lawyer to return the money or property to the client,
when proper. If the new charge deserves the penalty of a disbarment or
suspension from the practice of law, it shall not be imposed but the penalty
shall be recorded in the personal file of the disbarred lawyer in the Office of
the Bar Confidant or other office designated for the purpose. In the event
that the disbarred lawyer applies for judicial clemency, the penalty so
recorded shall be considered in the resolution of the same.
SECTION 43. Immediately Executory; Furnished Copies. — The
decision or resolution pronouncing the respondent's administrative liability is
immediately executory. The copies of the decision or resolution shall be
furnished to the Office of the Bar Confidant, the IBP National Office and local
chapter to which the respondent belongs, and the Office of the Court
Administrator for circulation to all the courts.
cEaSHC

SECTION 44. Confidentiality. — Proceedings against lawyers shall
be confidential. However, the final order of the Supreme Court shall be
published like its decisions in other cases.
SECTION 45. Sworn Statement After Service of Suspension. — Upon
the expiration of the period of suspension from the practice of law, the
lawyer shall file a Sworn Statement with the Supreme Court, through the
Office of the Bar Confidant, to show that the petitioner, during the period of
suspension:
(a) has not appeared before any court, tribunal or other
government agency, whether in respect of current, former or
prospective clients;
(b) has not signed or filed any pleading or other court
submission;
(c) has duly informed his or her clients, law firm, law school
where the lawyer is teaching, legal clinic, or other legal
service organization of which he or she is a member,
regarding the suspension; and
(d) has not otherwise performed any act, directly or indirectly,
that amounts to the practice of law.
The Sworn Statement shall state the date of the lawyer's receipt of the
order, decision or resolution imposing the penalty of suspension, as well as a
list of the lawyer's engagements affected by the suspension, indicating the
relevant court, tribunal or other government agency, if any.
Copies of the Sworn Statement shall be furnished to the Local Chapter
of the IBP, to the Executive Judge of the courts where the suspended lawyer
has pending cases handled by him or her, and/or where he or she has
appeared as counsel.
SECTION 46. Resumption of Practice of Law. — The Sworn
Statement shall be considered as proof of the suspended lawyer's
compliance with the order of suspension. Such lawyer shall be allowed to
resume the practice of law upon the filing of the Sworn Statement before the
Supreme Court.
However, any false statement in the Sworn Statement shall be a
ground for a complaint for disbarment.
Within five (5) days from the filing of the Sworn Statement and the
Office of the Bar Confidant determines that there is a false statement stated
therein, it shall refer the same to the Court for its immediate action.
SECTION 47. Reinstatement in the Roll of Attorneys. — A lawyer
who has been disbarred may file a verified petition for judicial clemency
after five (5) years from the receipt of the order, decision, or resolution of
disbarment.
SECTION 48. Petition for Judicial Clemency. — The verified petition
for judicial clemency shall allege the following: IAETDc

(a) that the verified petition was filed after five (5) years from
the receipt of the order, decision, or resolution of disbarment;
(b) that the disbarred lawyer has fully complied with the terms
and conditions of all prior disciplinary orders, including orders
for restitution;
(c) that he or she recognizes the wrongfulness and seriousness
of the misconduct for which he or she was disbarred by
showing positive acts evidencing reformation;
(d) that he or she has reconciled, or attempted in good faith to
reconcile, with the wronged private offended party in the
disbarment case, or if the same is not possible, an
explanation as to why such attempt at reconciliation could
not be made.
Where there is no private offended party, the plea for
clemency must contain a public apology; and
(e) notwithstanding the conduct for which the disbarred lawyer
was disciplined, he or she has the requisite good moral
character and competence.
Any of the following allegations may also be made in support of the
petition:
(a) that he or she still has productive years that can be put to
good use if given a chance; or
(b) there is a showing of promise (such as intellectual aptitude,
learning or legal acumen or contribution to legal scholarship
and the development of the legal system or administrative
and other relevant skills), as well as potential for public
service.
SECTION 49. Action on the Petition for Judicial Clemency; Prima
Facie Merit. — Upon receipt of the petition, the Supreme Court shall conduct
a preliminary evaluation and determine if the same has prima facie merit
based on the criteria.
If the petition has prima facie merit, the Supreme Court shall refer the
petition to the Office of the Bar Confidant or any fact-finding body the Court
so designates for investigation, report and recommendation.
If the petition fails to show any prima facie merit, it shall be denied
outright.
SECTION 50. Investigation by the Office of the Bar Confidant or
Other Fact-Finding Body. — The Office of the Bar Confidant or any other fact-
finding body designated shall conduct and terminate the investigation and
submit to the Supreme Court its report and recommendation within ninety
(90) calendar days from receipt of the referral. CTIEac
SECTION 51. Decision on the Petition for Judicial Clemency;

Quantum of Evidence. — The Supreme Court shall decide the petition on the
basis of clear and convincing evidence.
SECTION 52. Prohibition Against Employment of Disbarred or
Suspended Lawyer. — A lawyer who has been disbarred or suspended shall
not be employed or engaged in the practice of law, including the
performance of the following acts:
(a) Providing legal consultation or advice;
(b) Appearing on behalf of a client in any hearing or proceeding
before any court, tribunal, or other government agency or
office;
(c) Appearing as a representative of a client at a deposition or
other discovery matter;
(d) Negotiating or transacting any legal matter for or on behalf
of a client with third parties;
(e) Receiving, disbursing, or otherwise handling a client's
funds;
(f) Teaching law subjects in any educational institution; or
(g) Acting and being commissioned as a Notary Public.
A suspended lawyer shall immediately cease and desist from the
practice of law until the suspension is lifted by the Supreme Court.
Any client previously represented by a suspended lawyer may engage
the services of a new lawyer.
The disbarment or suspension of a handling lawyer shall not terminate
the lawyer-client engagement between the client and the law firm, unless
the client chooses otherwise.
SECTION 53. Costs. — All reasonable and necessary expenses
incurred in relation to disciplinary and disbarment proceedings are lawful
charges for which the parties may be taxed as costs, subject to proof.
REVISED LAWYER'S OATH
I, ________________ (name), do solemnly swear ____________ (affirm) that
I accept the honor, privilege, duty, and responsibility of practicing law in the
Philippines as an Officer of the Court in the interest of our people.
I declare fealty to the Constitution of the Republic of Philippines.
In doing so, I shall work towards promoting the rule of law and a regime
of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace. DcHSEa
I shall conscientiously and courageously work for justice, as well as

safeguard the rights and meaningful freedoms of all persons, identities and
communities. I shall ensure greater and equitable access to justice. I shall do
no falsehood nor shall I pervert the law to unjustly favor nor prejudice
anyone. I shall faithfully discharge these duties and responsibilities to the
best of my ability, with integrity, and utmost civility. I impose all these upon
myself without mental reservation nor purpose of evasion.

[For oaths] So help me, God. (Omit for affirmations)
GENERAL PROVISIONS
SECTION 1. Transitory Provision . — The CPRA shall be applied to all
pending and future cases, except to the extent that in the opinion of the
Supreme Court, its retroactive application would not be feasible or would
work injustice, in which case the procedure under which the cases were filed
shall govern.
SECTION 2. Repealing Clause . — The Code of Professional
Responsibility of 1988, Sections 20 to 37 of Rule 138 and Rule 139-B of the
Rules of Court are repealed.
The Lawyer's Oath, as found in Rule 138 of the Rules of Court, is
amended and superseded.
Any resolution, circular, bar matter, or administrative order issued by
or principles established in the decisions of the Supreme Court inconsistent
with the CPRA are deemed modified or repealed.
SECTION 3. Effectivity Clause. — The CPRA shall take effect fifteen
(15) calendar days after its publication in the Official Gazette or any
newspaper of general circulation. SaCIDT

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April 11, 2023

CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY

An ethical lawyer is a lawyer possessed of integrity. Integrity is the

A lawyer shall not engage in conduct that adversely reﬂects on one's

SECTION 10. Conduct in the Presentation of a Witness. — A lawyer

Statements insinuating improper motive on the part of any such

SECTION 20. Disclosure of Relationship or Connection. — A lawyer

In the choice of a ﬁrm name, no false, misleading, or assumed name

SECTION 32. Lawyers in the Academe. — A lawyer serving as a

A lawyer who gives legal advice on a speciﬁc set of facts as disclosed

SECTION 4. Authority of Lawyer to Bind Client. — A lawyer can bind

SECTION 11. Responsibility of a Supervisory Lawyer Over a

(3) the client gives written informed consent to the essential

SECTION 16. Prohibition Against Dating, Romantic, or Sexual

A lawyer for a corporation or other organization, who is also a member

SECTION 31. Prohibition Against Filial Disclosure. — A lawyer shall

SECTION 37. Duty of Conﬁdentiality in Limited Legal Services. — A

SECTION 42. Division of Fees upon Referral . — A lawyer shall, in

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CD Technologies Asia, Inc. © 2023 cdasiaonline.com

SECTION 7. Extension of Time to File. — A lawyer shall avoid asking

The lawyer shall observe a higher standard of service suited to the

SECTION 2. How Instituted. — Proceedings for the disbarment,

SECTION 5. Assignment by Raﬄe of Investigating Commissioner. —

An unveriﬁed complaint shall be recommended for outright dismissal.

The action of the IBP Board of Governors may be appealed to the

The clariﬁcatory hearing may be done in-person or through

SECTION 32. Quantum and Burden of Proof. — In administrative

(r) Inﬂuence-peddling or using one's relationships to obtain a

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(b) Use of vulgar or offensive language in personal dealings;

In addition to the above sanctions in paragraph (c), the

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SECTION 51. Decision on the Petition for Judicial Clemency;

I shall conscientiously and courageously work for justice, as well as

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