1.

Write step wise details as in NCERT BOOK

(balanced equation) Cr2O72- +3 C2O4 2-+ 14 H+ 2Cr3+ + 6CO2 +7H2O

2 a) OHC-(CH2)4-CHO Functional group –Aldehyde

3. Mass of the compound = 0.3780 g

Mass of silver chloride = 0.5740 g

4. a) pH = -log[H3O+]

pH = -log[ 3.8x10 -3]

pH =2.42

5. i) The common ion effect is an effect that suppresses the ionization of an electrolyte when

another electrolyte (which contains an ion which is also present in the first electrolyte, i.e. a
common ion) is added.

ii) The solutions which resist change in pH on dilution or with the

addition of small amounts of acid or alkali are called Buffer Solutions

6. a) Hyperconjugation effect is a permanent effect in which localization of σ electrons of C-H

bond of an alkyl group directly attached to an atom of the unsaturated system or to an atom with
an unshared p orbital takes place.

b)
7. (a)(i)HSO4 – (ii) CO3 2-
(b) (i)NH3 ii) NH4 +
(c) 3.398
(d)5.5x10 -10
8. (a) Correct answer

(b) O2N CH2CH2O- is more stable than CH3CH2O- because NO2 group has -I effect and tends to
disperse the -ve charge on the oxygen atom.

(c) (CH3)3C+ > CH3CH2+ > CH3+

9. i)8 sigma 1 pi ii) 9 sigma 2 pi

b)) i)2-hydroxybutanoic acid ii)3-Chloropropanal

c)

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10. Step-I Balancing of reduction half reaction by adding protons and electrons on LHS and
more water molecules on RHS:

8H+ + MnO4– +5e-→ Mn2+ + 4H2O

- -
Step-II Balancing of oxidation half reaction by adding electrons on RHS: 2I → I2 +2e

Step-III To multiply the Oxidation Half Reaction by 5; Reduction Half reaction by2 and to add
both to get overall redox reaction(cancellation of electrons of RH & LH reactions):

-
[8H+(aq) + MnO4–(aq) +5e → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)] x 2

- -
[ 2I → I2 +2e ] x 5

MnO4–(aq) +5Fe2+(aq) + 8H+(aq) → Mn2+(aq)+ 5Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

11. (a) CH3-CH2-CCl(CH3)-CH2-OH

(b) Hyper conjugation interaction in (CH3)3 –C+ is greater than inCH3-CH2+ has (CH3)3 C+ 9 no
bond resonating structures. In CH3+ no hyperconjugation. +I effect of 3 alkyl gp in (CH3)3 C+ so
more is the stability.

12. a)Organic compound is fused with sodium metal to convert nitrogen, sulphur,halogens
present it into ionisable form.
b) Steam distillation is used to purify the liquids which has steam volatile and immiscible in
water.

13a) . Le Chatelier's principle states that if a reaction at equilibrium is subjected to change in

parameters like temperature, pressure or concentration of reactants and products, then the
reaction equilibrium shifts in a direction in which the change is counteracted upon.

(b) (i) The equilibrium will shift in backward reaction because number of moles of products are
more than reactants Δn>0.

(b)(ii) No effect because number of moles of reactants and products are equal, i.e., Δn=0.

14. a) Functional group isomerism

b) The isomers which differ in position of functional groups are called position isomers. e.g
But-1-ene and But-2-ene

The isomers which differ in functional group are called functional group isomers.e.g C2H5OH
and CH3OCH3

15
 (a) Differential extraction
(b) Distillation under reduced pressure
(c) H2C = C = CH2
Sp2 sp sp2

(d) The extract is boiled with FeSO4 and acidified with concentrated H2SO4. The
appearance of Prussian blue colour indicates the presence of nitrogen. The following
reactions occur,

1. Fe2+ + 6CN– → [Fe(CN)6]4-

2. Fe2+ + H+→ Fe3+ + e–
3. [Fe(CN)6]4- + 4Fe3+ → Fe4[Fe(CN)6].H2O
The acid helps in the oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions. The formation of ferriferous cyanide
indicates the presence of nitrogen.

16 )

Inductive effect Resonance effect

1 .Involves displacement of sigma Involves delocalization of pi electrons and lone
electrons and pair and hence occurs in unsaturated compounds
hence occurs only in saturated compound and conjugated systems.

2 Electronegativity difference induces this It takes place due to interaction between two pi
effect bonds or a pi bond and a lone pair of electron
towards the more electronegative atom to
give
partial +ve or –ve charges.
3 Inductive effects are transmitted over The resonance effects are transmitted all along
short the length in the conjugated system. The electron
distances in saturated carbon chains and pair is completely transferred to form positive and
the negative charge centre
magnitude of the effect decreases rapidly
as the
distance from the halogen atom increases

(b) The species which are positively charged or electron deficient are called
electrophiles(electron seeking agent).example: H+, Cl+,AlCl3 .
 -
© No, it is because CCl4 is non-polar compound, does not give Cl in aqueous solution, therefore
it will not form any precipitate with silver nitrate (aq).

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17. Nitric acid is added to sodium extract so as to decompose

NaCN + HNO3 ——-> NaNO3 + HCN
Na2S + 2HNO3 ——> 2NaNO3 + H2S
OR
18. For testing sulphur sodium extract is acidified with acetic acid because lead acetate is soluble and
does not interfere with the test.

19.

20. To get maximum yield of NH3---

(i) Conc. Of N2 and H2 should be increased.
(ii) decrease in pressure.
(iii) decrease in temperature

21. Estimation of sulphur: The organic substance is heated with fuming nitric acid but no silver nitrate
is added. The sulphur of the substance is oxidised to sulphuric acid which is then precipitated as barium
sulphate by adding excess of barium chloride solution. From the weight of BaSO 4 so obtained the
percentage of sulphur can be calculated.

Mass of the compound = 0.468 g

Mass of barium sulphate= 0.668 g

22(a )

b)
 23

(i) O2N——<——- CH2——<——- CH2 —<——- O– is more stable than CH3——<——-CH2——<

——-O- because NO2 group has -I-effect and hence it tends to disperse the -ve charge on the O-atom. In
contrast, CH3CH2 has +I-effect. It, therefore, tends to intensify the -ve charge and hence destabilizes it.

(ii) correct resonating str.

(iii) Electrophiles: The name electrophiles means electron loving. Electrophiles are electron deficient.
They may be positive ions or neutral molecules.
Ex: H+, Cl+, Br+, NO2+, R3C+, RN2+, AlCl3, BF3
Nucleophiles: The name nucleophiles means ‘nucleus loving’ and indicates that it attacks the region of
low electron density (positive centres) in a substrate molecule. They are electron rich they may be
negative ions or neutral molecules.
Ex: Cl– Br–, CN–, OH–, RCR2–, NH3, RNH2, H2O, ROH etc
iv)(CH3)3C+ is more stable due to +I effect due to three alkyl groups.
Three strs. Showing +I effect.
(v) Correct str. Formula.

(v i) Lassaigne’s test: Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens and phosphorous present in an organic compound are
detected by Lassaigne’s test.
First of all compounds are converted to ionic form by fusing the compound with sodium metal.

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24. Correct steps , 2H+ + Cr2O7 2- + 3SO2 ---> 2Cr 3+ +3 SO4 2- + H2O

25. Distillation under reduced pressure: It is used to purify those liquids

which decompose at or below their normal boiling point. Steam
Distillation : It is used to separate steam volatile substances from nonsteam
volatile impurities .
26. PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ΔrH0 = 124.0kj mol-1
(i) Kc= [PCl3][Cl2] / [PCl5]
(ii) Kc = 1/ 8.3X 10 -3 = 1000/8.3 = 120.48
(iii) a) Kc is not affected when more PCl5 is added
(b) Kc is not affected when pressure is increases
(c) Kc will increase when temperature because, the process is
endothermic ( rate constant for forward reactions ) will increase.

27. The molar mass of BaSO4 is 233 g/mol. Thus, 233 g of BaSO4
corresponds to 32 g of sulphur. 0.668 g of BaSO4 will contain
32×0.668233=0.0917g of sulphur.
The percentage of sulphur in the given compound is
0.0917×1000.468=19.6 %

28. The relationship between the Kb (base dissociation constant) of a

base and the Ka (acid dissociation constant) of its conjugate acid is given
by the equation:
Ka * Kb = Kw 2 Marks
where Kw is the dissociation constant of water, approximately
1.00 x 10-14 at 25°C.
Therefore, knowing the Kb of NH3 (1.80 x 10-5), we can calculate the Ka
of its conjugate acid, NH4
+:

Ka_NH4
+ = Kw / Kb_NH3

Ka_NH4
+ = (1.00 x 10-14) / (1.80 x 10-5)

Ka_NH4
+ = 5.55 x 10-10

Therefore, the Ka of NH4

+ is approximately 5.55 x 10-10. or (c) pH = pKa

+ log([Base] / [Acid]) pH = 4.75 + log(0.1 / 0.01)

pH = 4.75 + log(10)
pH = 4.75 + 1 (since log 10 = 1)
pH = 5.75

29.

The organic compound is fused with Na metal so as to convert

organic compound into inorganic compound. Na+C+N ----heat -->
NaCN , 2Na+S--Heat--> Na2S , Na+C+N+S--Heat--> NaSCN , Na+X --
heat--> NaX
(b) There are two types of phases : stationary phase ( chromatographic
paper ) & mobile phase ( solvent ). the continuous differential
partitioning of compound mixture between stationary phase & mobile
phases.
(c) It is because sulphuric acid contains S, so H2SO4 cannot be used for
acidification of sodium extract instead of acetic acid. it will form lead
sulphate with lead acetate solution. Pb(COOCH3)2+ H2SO4---> PbSO4
+2CH3COOH
(d ) (CH3)3C+ >CH3CH+CH2CH3 > (CH3)3CCH2 +> CH3CH2CH2+
(e ) The best and latest technique : Chromatography
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30. P4(s)+3OH−(aq)+3H2O(l)→PH3(g)+3H2PO2 − (aq)

2MnO4 – (aq) + 5SO2(g) + 2H20(l) + H+ 2Mn2+(aq) + 5HSO4(aq) – (aq)

31. Correct definition with example

32. Hyperconjugation interaction in (CH3)3C + is greater than in (CH3)2CH+ as the (CH3)3C +
has nine C-H bonds. In + CH3 , vacant p orbital is perpendicular to the plane in which C-H
bonds lie; hence cannot overlap with it. Thus, + CH3 lacks hyperconjugative stability

33. 1)CH3- (Cl)C(C6H5)-CH2-CH3 (2) Br-CH2-CH2-Br (3) HOOC-CH2-CH(COOH)-CH2-COOH

34. (a) Le Chatelier's principle states that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the
conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to reestablish an equilibrium. If a
chemical reaction is at equilibrium and experiences a change in pressure, temperature, or concentration
of products or reactants, the equilibrium shifts in the opposite direction to offset the change.

(b ) -forward, backward, backward, forward

35. (a) Because presence of HCl reduces the concentration of sulphide ions

(b) For the detection of Fe3+, ammonium chloride is added before ammonium hydroxide in group III
analysis because otherwise the cations of higher group may get precipitated in group 3.

(c) There is increase in the concentration of NH4 + and decrease in the concentration of OH-due to
common ion effect

(d) AX2 ⇌ A2+ + 2X- Ksp = s X (2s)2 S = 2 X 10-4 mol/L

36. (a) sufficient difference in their boiling points. and It is based on the difference in movement of
individual components of a mixture through the stationary phase under the influence of mobile phase.

(b) On heating with sulphuric acid, some ferrous is oxidized to ferric hexacyanoferate (II) Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
which is Prussian blue in colour
(c) O2NCH2CH2O– is more stable than CH3CH2O– because NO2 group has –I effect

37. (a) C2H2 (120 pm) < C2H4 (134 pm) < C2H6 (154 pm) (b)(i) As n-pentane is linear and iso-pentane is
not so, n-pentane has higher surface area than iso-pentane. Hence, the magnitude of van der Waals’
force is higher in n-pentane. erefore, it has higher boiling point. (ii) Wurtz reaction occurs between two
alkyl halides to yield alkane. Methane has only one carbon atom, hence cannot be prepared using Wurtz
reaction.

(c) 188 g AgBr contains 80 g bromine 0.12 g AgBr contains 80 012 188 . g bromine 80 0.12 100
Percentage of bromine= 188 0.15 = 34.04%