FLUIDS

Physics
Unit 5
This Slideshow was developed to accompany the textbook
OpenStax Physics
Available for free at https://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/college-physics
By OpenStax College and Rice University
2013 edition
Some examples and diagrams are taken from the textbook.

Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
[email protected]
 05-01 FLUIDS AND DENSITY
 Phases of Matter  Liquid
Atoms move past each other

 Solid Set volume

Atoms in close contact so they can’t Takes shape of container

move much Hard to compress
Set volume and shape
Can’t compress
 05-01 FLUIDS AND DENSITY
Gas Fluids
Atoms far apart Flow
Neither set volume or shape Both liquids and gases
Compressible
 05-01 FLUIDS AND DENSITY

Density Things with small density float

𝑚 on things with more density
𝜌 =
𝑉
Where
𝜌 = density Solids most dense
m = mass Gases least dense
V = Volume See Table 11.1
 05-01 FLUIDS AND DENSITY
Can use density to determine unknown material
An ornate silver crown is thought to be fake. How could we determine if is silver
without damaging the crown?
Find its mass using a balance. (It is 1.25 kg)
Find its volume by submerging in water and finding volume of displaces water. (It is
1.60 × 10−4 m3)
Find the density
𝜌 = 7.81 × 103 kg/m3
Table 11.1 says it is steel
Silver’s density is 10.5 × 103 kg/m3
 05-01 FLUIDS AND DENSITY
 Do the Density Lab

 Objective
Find the density in a coin and use it to help identify the metal.
Use a Vernier caliper.
 Materials
Coins of standard metals
Japan 1 Yen (1955-1989)
Denmark 2 øre (1948-1972)
Italy 50 Lire (1955-1989)
France 1 Franc (1959-2001)
Vernier caliper
 05-01 HOMEWORK

Don’t be dense, you can solve

these problems

Read 11.3, 11.4

 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

The molecules in a fluid are free to wander around

In their wanderings they sometimes collide with the sides of their
container (i.e. balloon)

The more the molecules collide with the walls, the more force is felt
 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴
P = Pressure
F = Force perpendicular to surface
A = Area of surface

Unit: N/m2 = Pa (pascal)

1 Pa is very small so we usually use kPa or atm
 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

In a fluid the pressure is exerted

perpendicularly to all surfaces

A static fluid cannot produce a force parallel to

a surface since it is not moving parallel to
surface
 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH
You are drinking a juice box. In the process you suck all the juice and air
out of the box. The top of the box is 7.5 cm by 5 cm. If the air pressure is
1.013 × 105 Pa, how much force is acting on the top of the box?
380 N = 85 lbs

Would the force of the side of the box be more or less than the top?
More because more area
 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

The force that squashes the juice box is from the weight of all the
air above it

Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level

1.013 × 105 Pa = 1 atmosphere (1 atm)
 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH
Do the Pressure vs. Depth Lab Describe how the distance the water
flowed out changed as the depth of
the water changed.
When will the water flow out the
farthest: when the water is nearly full, The pressure of a fluid
half-full, or nearly empty? _________________________ as depth
increases. So pressure and depth are
Hold the bottle over the bucket so that ____________________________ proportional.
the water will flow out the hole into This can be written as
the bucket and loosen the bottle cap. ____________________
Observe the flow of water. PUT THE
CAP BACK ON! Next Page
 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH
Consider taking an elevator down Pressure is also directly proportional to
from the top floor of a tall building. the acceleration due to gravity, so P = kg.
Consider diving down under water. Put set 5, 9, and 10 together to write an
equation relating pressure, depth,
Which one makes your ears hurt
density, and gravity. Put all the variables
more? that were directly related to pressure on
The pressure of a fluid the top of a fraction and all the variables
__________________________ as density that were inversely proportional on the
bottom. (Let k = 1)
increases. So pressure and density are
___________________________ proportional. Why does the water not flow out of the
bottle with the cap on tightly?
This can be written as __________________
 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

The column of static fluid

experiences several vertical
forces

Since the fluid is not moving, it

is in equilibrium and ∑𝐹 = 0
 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

∑𝐹 = 𝑃2 𝐴 − 𝑃1 𝐴 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ
𝑃2 𝐴 = 𝑃1 𝐴 + 𝑚𝑔 𝑃2 𝐴 = 𝑃1 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔𝐴ℎ

𝜌 =
𝑚
→ 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑉
𝑃2 𝐴 = 𝑃1 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑉𝑔 Or 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ where P is the
pressure due to the fluid at a
depth h below the surface
 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

If the pressure is known at a depth, the pressure lower down can
be found by adding ρgh

This assumes ρ is constant with depth

This is a good estimate for liquids, but not for gasses unless h is
small
 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

Would Hoover Dam need to be just as strong if the entire lake

behind the dam was reduced to an inch of water behind the dam,
but the same depth as the lake?

Yes, the pressure

depends only on the depth
 05-02 PRESSURE AND DEPTH

What is the total pressure at

points A and B?

1.013 × 105 𝑃𝑎
 05-02 HOMEWORK

Yes, there is a lot of pressure

riding on this assignment

Read 11.5, 11.6

 05-03 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE AND MEASURING
PRESSURE
Do the Pascal’s Principle Lab.

Did anything surprising happen?

 05-03 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE AND MEASURING
PRESSURE
 Pascal’s Principle
A change in pressure applied to an
enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to all portions of the fluid
and the walls of its container.

Basis of hydraulics
𝐹
Since 𝑃 = , if we change the area, the
𝐴
force is changed
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
 05-03 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE AND MEASURING
PRESSURE
How much force must be exerted at A to support the 850-kg car at
B? The piston at A has a diameter of 17 mm and the piston at B a
diameter of 300 mm.

F = 26.7 N
B
A
 05-03 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE AND MEASURING
PRESSURE
Gauge Pressure
Used by pressure gauges
Measures pressure relative to atmospheric pressure

Absolute Pressure
Sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
 05-03 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE AND MEASURING
PRESSURE
Open-Tube Manometer • 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠
U-shaped tube with fluid in it
• 𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒
One end is connected to the
container of which we want to
measure the pressure
The other end is open to the
air
𝑃2 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
 05-03 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE AND MEASURING
PRESSURE
 Barometer
Used to measure air pressure

A tube with the top sealed and filled with

mercury
The bottom is open and sitting in a pool
of mercury

Pressure at top = 0
Pressure at bottom = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
 05-03 HOMEWORK

Let me pressure you into

solving these problems

Read 11.7
 05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Think of trying to push a beach ball under water

The water pushes it up

All fluids push things up because the pressure is higher at greater depths

The upward force is buoyant force

 05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Do the Buoyancy Lab.

When you are finished DRY the washer before putting them away!!

Make a conclusion about the buoyant force and the weight of water
displaced.
 05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

𝐹𝐵 = 𝑃2 𝐴 − 𝑃1 𝐴 𝜌 =
𝑚
 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝑉
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝐴 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ
𝑚 = 𝜌ℎ𝐴
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ  𝑃2 − 𝑃1 =
𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑊𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝐴
 05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyant force = weight of the displaced fluid
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊𝑓𝑙

If buoyant force ≥ gravity, then it floats

If buoyant force < gravity, then it sinks
 05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

As you might have guessed

An object will float if its average density < density of the fluid
In other words, it will float if it displaces more fluid than its own
weight
 05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Specific Gravity
𝜌
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜌 = fraction submerged
𝑓𝑙

If specific gravity < 1 it floats

If specific gravity > 1 it sinks
 05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

An ice cube is floating in a glass of fresh water. The cube is 3 cm on

each side. If the cube is floating so a flat face is facing up, what is
the distance between the top of the cube and the water?
h
0.25 cm
 05-04 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

A man tied a bunch of helium balloons to a lawn chair

and flew to a great altitude. If a single balloon is
estimated as a sphere with a radius of 20 cm and is filled
with helium, what is the net force on one balloon?
0.3648 N
How many balloons would be required
to lift a 80 kg man and chair?
2150 balloons
 05-04 HOMEWORK

Be buoyed up by the thought of

the joy derived from solving
these problems

Read 12.1, 12.2

 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Do the Air Streams Lab

All the motion observed in this lab was caused by differences in pressure.
In all the experiments, which way is the object move: towards or away
from the moving air?
An object will move from higher to lower pressure. Where was the
pressure the lowest: moving or still air?
Where was the pressure the highest?
 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Flow Rate  𝑄=
𝑉
=
𝐴𝑑
= 𝐴𝑣
𝑡 𝑡
𝑉
𝑄 = A = cross-section area
𝑡
Q = Flow rate 𝑣 = average velocity of fluid
V = Volume of fluid
t = time
 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Since flow rate is constant for a If incompressible

given moving fluid 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
Equation of continuity If incompressible and several
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2 branches
𝑛1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝑛2 𝐴2 𝑣2
 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Where does the water flow the fastest?

A B C
 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

A garden hose has a diameter of 2 cm and water enters it at 0.5

m/s. You block 90% of the end of the hose with your thumb. How
fast does the water exit the hose?

v = 5 m/s
 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

When a fluid goes through narrower channel, it speeds up

It increases kinetic energy
1 1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣 2
− 2 𝑚𝑣02
2

Net work comes from pressure pushing the fluid

 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Derivation
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐸0
𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸
1
= 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑥
𝐹
𝑃 = 𝐴 → 𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴 → 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑃𝑉

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑉
 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
1 1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣12 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ1 − 𝑚𝑣22 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ2
2 2
Divide by V and rearrange
𝑚
𝜌 =
𝑉

Bernoulli’s Equation
1 2 1 2
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣1 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2
2 2
This is a form of conservation of energy 𝐸0 + 𝑊𝑛𝑐 = 𝐸𝑓 where the net work comes
from the pressure in the fluid.
 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Think about driving down a road with something in your car’s

trunk. The object is too large to completely shut the trunk lid.
While the car is stopped, the lid quietly rests as far down as it can
go. As you drive down the road, why does the trunk open?

The air in the trunk is still. The air above the trunk is moving.
The air in the trunk is at a higher pressure than above the trunk. So
the trunk is pushed open.
 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
The blood speed in a normal segment of a horizontal artery is 0.15 m/s. An
abnormal segment of the artery is narrowed down by an arteriosclerotic plaque
to one-half the normal cross-sectional area. What is the difference in blood
pressures between the normal and constricted segments of the artery?

35.8 Pa
 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Why do all houses need a plumbing vent?

Waste water flows through a sewer line.

Something like a sink is connected to the line, but there is a water trap to
keep the sewer gasses from entering the house.
The flowing water in the sewer means the air directly above the flowing
water has a lower pressure than the air above the sink.
This pushes the water in the trap down the pipe and sewer gasses enter
the house
05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

How do airplane wings work (even paper airplanes)?

The top of the wing is curved and the bottom is not. The air flows
faster over the top of the wing, than the bottom. This pushes the
wing up.
 05-05 FLOW RATE AND BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

How does a curve ball in baseball work?

 05-05 HOMEWORK

The faster you work, the less

pressure you’ll feel?

Read 12.3
 05-06 THE MOST GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Previous examples of Bernoulli’s Equation had simplified
conditions
Bernoulli’s Equation work in real world
 05-06 THE MOST GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Water circulates throughout a house in a hot-water heating system. If the
water is pumped at a speed of 0.50 m/s through a 4.0-cm-diameter pipe
in the basement under a pressure of 3.0 atm, what will be the flow speed
and pressure in a 2.6-cm-diameter pipe on the second floor 5.0 m above?
Assume the pipes do not divide into branches.
𝑚
𝑣2 = 1.2 𝑠
𝑃2 = 2.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚
 05-06 THE MOST GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
The tank is open to the
atmosphere at the top. Find an
expression for the speed of the
liquid leaving the pipe at the
bottom.
𝑣1 = 2𝑔ℎ
 05-06 THE MOST GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Since Bernoulli’s Equation is
conservation of energy, the
water would rise up to the
same height as the water in the
tank.
 05-06 THE MOST GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
 AirDancer used to draw attention at used car lots.
 The behavior is explained by Bernoulli’s principle.
 Initially, the moving air, which behaves as an incompressible flow in
the open-ended AirDancer, creates enough pressure to inflate the
tube.
 As the tube stands more upright, the turbulent air inside flows more
freely and its speed increases until the decreasing pressure can no
longer support the mass of the nylon fabric.
 The collapsing material creates a kink in the tube, a constriction that
causes the air speed to temporarily slow and the pressure to rise
again.
 The elevated pressure drives the bend upward, sending a shimmy
through the AirDancer and restarting the cycle.
 05-06 THE MOST GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
Power in Fluid Flow Multiply Bernoulli’s Equation
Power is rate of work or energy by volume and divide by time
Or multiply by flow rate Q
Bernoulli’s Equation terms are
in energy per volume 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃
1
+ 2 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝑄
 05-06 HOMEWORK

Apply yourself to these

applications

Read 12.4, 12.5

 05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
TURBULENCE
Viscosity
Fluid friction
Turbulent
Laminar Flow
Smooth flow in layers that don’t mix
Turbulent Flow
Has eddies and swirls that mix
layers of fluid
Turbulent flow is slower than
laminar flow Laminar
 05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
TURBULENCE
How viscosity is measured
Two plates with fluid
between
Top plate moved
Friction causes the fluid to
move
𝐹𝐿
𝜂 =
𝑣𝐴
 05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
TURBULENCE
Laminar flow in tubes Poiseuille’s law for resistance
Difference in pressure causes
fluids to flow 8𝜂𝑙
𝑅= 4
𝜋𝑟
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 Where
𝑄=
𝑅 𝜂 is viscosity
Where
Q is flow rate l is length of tube
𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are pressures r is radius of tube
R is resistance
 05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
TURBULENCE
Since flow rate depends on  Higher resistance, higher
pressure pressure difference to
Higher pressure difference, maintain constant Q
higher Q  In blood vessels this is a
problem with plaque on
artery walls
 05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
TURBULENCE
How to tell if laminar or Reynolds number
turbulent flow Below 2000  laminar
Low speed with smooth, Above 3000  turbulent
streamlined object  Between 2000 and 3000
laminar depends on conditions
High speed or rough object 2𝜌𝑣𝑟
 turbulent 𝑁𝑅 =
𝜂
 05-07 VISCOSITY, POISEUILLE’S LAW, AND
TURBULENCE
A hypodermic syringe is filled with a
solution whose viscosity is 1.5 ×
10−3 Pa ⋅ s. The plunger area of the
syringe is 8.0 × 10−5 m2 , and the
length of the needle is 0.025 m. The
internal radius of the needle is 4.0 ×
10−4 m. The gauge pressure in a vein
is 1900 Pa (14 mmHg). What force
must be applied to the plunger, so that  Is the flow laminar if the density is
1.0 × 10−6 m3 of solution can be 1000 kg/m3?
injected in 3.0 s?  𝑁𝑅 = 353; Yes
𝐹 = 0.25 N
 05-07 HOMEWORK

Let the answers flow

Read 12.6, 12.7