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Reviewer For Logic

The document discusses the history and branches of philosophy and logic. It covers figures like Socrates, Thales, Aristotle and their contributions. It also outlines the key branches of philosophy like epistemology, metaphysics, ethics. It discusses logic as both an art and a science and the structure of logic involving mental operations, products and signs.

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Jessica L. Delim
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22 views4 pages

Reviewer For Logic

The document discusses the history and branches of philosophy and logic. It covers figures like Socrates, Thales, Aristotle and their contributions. It also outlines the key branches of philosophy like epistemology, metaphysics, ethics. It discusses logic as both an art and a science and the structure of logic involving mental operations, products and signs.

Uploaded by

Jessica L. Delim
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGIC

INTRO TO PHILOSOPHY
• According to Socrates, Philosophy started from a simple process called "WONDERING"
• The curious nature of the ancient people of Greece has helped them to initiate studies and
researches to feed their doubting and perplexed minds with philosophical ideas.
• With the growing intensity to understand everything that they encountered and experienced in
life, hey gradually became lovers of true wisdom.

THALES
• Regarded by Aristotle to be the first to make a philosophical articulation regarding the basic
stuff of the universe.
• His idea of water or moist was the first principle of life which inspired other Greeks to find
more answers and formulated new concepts which were solely based on the dictum popularized
by Socrates.

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

1. Epistemology - studies the nature of human knowledge


2. Metaphysics - studies the nature of being and beings
3. Ethics - studies the morality of human act
4. Psychology - studies the human mind and its condition
5. Cosmology - studies the nature of the universe
6. Social Philosophy - studies man and his society
7. Theodicy - studies the nature of God and the defense of God's goodness
LOGIC
-It demands that all activities corresponding to man's line of thinking must be correct.
But the correctness or incorrectness of thinking is not the sole concern of logic but also the rules

PHILOSOPHY

• Etymologically, it is derived from two greek words "philos" which means loving and
"sophia" which mens wisdom.
• Thus, philosophy is the love of wisdom.
• A science of the ultimate awareness of things with reference to their causes and effects.
• It opens man's intellectual cravings.
• It makes man know more about himself and the rest of the world.

HISTORY OF LOGIC
ARISTOTLE
• Regarded as the Father of Logic.
• He became successful in separating logic from the totality of philosophy.
• His six treatises which were collectively known as Organon became the bible for logical study
duting the Medieval and up to the modern times.
• Aristotle's legacy extended all the way to the writings of his student named Theophrastus of
lesbos.

THEOPHRASTUS OF LESBOS
• He added a treatise entitled Hypothetical Reasoning.

PORPHYR
• Was the Neoplatonist who wrote an introduction to the Categories of Aristotle which is
sometimes refers to as Isagoge.
BOETHIUS
• Translated the Organ of Aristotle from Greek to Latin and as such has made a profound
influence on the medieval study of logic.
• Other proponents of Aristotelian logic worthy of mentioning were Avicenna and Averroes who
both wrote some commentaries about the nature of the traditional logic.

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS


• Most influential figure in conncection to the development of logic
.• He was named as the Angelic doctor of the Church
• He introduced the logical ideas of Aristotle to the Christian world.

FRANCIS BACON, JOHN STUART MILL


• Made some negative criticism regarding the traditional logic of Aristotle.
• They both claimed that Aristotle's logic is outdated and is needed of a facelift.
• Novum Organum is a manifestation of Bacon's criticism to Aristotelian's logic.
• Bacon introduced a new tool for rational mind which is called Inductive reasoning which he
referred to as Scientific Method.
• Mill, through his work entitled System Logic made an explanation by using the same kind of
reasoning and eventually provided the empirical sciences with sets of formula and criteria to
serve their purpose.

PEDAGOGICAL NATURE OF LOGIC


• Logic as a branch of philosophy is considered by many t be the foundation of philosophy since
is function is to train the thinking mind toward the formulation of arguments necessary for the
study of their coherence, truthfulness, and validity.
• Logic guides the mind toward the attainment of correct and valid inferences.
• Aristotle claims that logic prepares man to a more comprehensive study of other sciences
OBJECTS OF LOGIC
1. Material Object - refers to the content of the mind known as the thought. Everything that the
mind grasps whether sensible or intelligible is connected to the material object of logic.
2. Formal Object - refers to the correctness of the thought. The mind in its desire to study the
correctness of the thought ultimately will succumb to the scrupulous study of logical analysis.

LOGIC AS THE ART OF ART


• Bachubber claims that Logic is the art of art.
• Perpendicular to this principle is the thought that art deals with basic skill, as in making a chair
or table, or I a much more complex manner, erecting a building or painting a scenery.
• If arts concerns skills, then logic is an art since it deals with correct use of inferential thinking
by following the rules and principles that go with it.

LOGIC AS SCIENCE
• If science is understood to be a systematized body of knowledge then logic is the science of
science since it presents some principles which are necessary for the attainment of correct and
valid inferences in a systematic way.

STRUCTURE OF LOGIC

MENTAL OPERATION MENTAL PRODUCT EXTERNAL SIGN


Simple Apprehensiom Concept Term
Judgement Enunciation Proposition
Reasoning Argument Syllogism

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