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Python Basics

This document discusses Python basics including math operators, data types, strings, variables, comments, and common functions like print(), input(), len(), str(), int(), and float(). It provides examples of using operators, concatenating and replicating strings, defining variables, and using built-in functions.

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joydhonchakma
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7 views

Python Basics

This document discusses Python basics including math operators, data types, strings, variables, comments, and common functions like print(), input(), len(), str(), int(), and float(). It provides examples of using operators, concatenating and replicating strings, defining variables, and using built-in functions.

Uploaded by

joydhonchakma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Python Basics

Math Operators
From Highest to Lowest precedence:

Operators Operation Example

** Exponent 2 ** 3 = 8

% Modulus/Remainder 22 % 8 = 6

// Integer division 22 // 8 = 2

/ Division 22 / 8 = 2.75

* Multiplication 3 * 3 = 9

- Subtraction 5 - 2 = 3

+ Addition 2 + 2 = 4

Examples of expressions:

>>> 2 + 3 * 6
# 20

>>> (2 + 3) * 6
# 30

>>> 2 ** 8
#256

>>> 23 // 7
# 3

>>> 23 % 7
# 2

>>> (5 - 1) * ((7 + 1) / (3 - 1))


# 16.0

Augmented Assignment Operators


Operator Equivalent

var += 1 var = var + 1

var -= 1 var = var - 1

var *= 1 var = var * 1

var /= 1 var = var / 1

var %= 1 var = var % 1


Examples:

>>> greeting = 'Hello'


>>> greeting += ' world!'
>>> greeting
# 'Hello world!'

>>> number = 1
>>> number += 1
>>> number
# 2

>>> my_list = ['item']


>>> my_list *= 3
>>> my_list
# ['item', 'item', 'item']

Data Types
Data Type Examples

Integers -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Floating-point numbers -1.25, -1.0, --0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.25

Strings 'a', 'aa', 'aaa', 'Hello!', '11 cats'

Concatenation and Replication


String concatenation:

>>> 'Alice' 'Bob'


# 'AliceBob'

String Replication:

>>> 'Alice' * 5
# 'AliceAliceAliceAliceAlice'

Variables
You can name a variable anything as long as it obeys the following rules:

1. It can be only one word.

>>> # bad
>>> my variable = 'Hello'

>>> # good
>>> var = 'Hello'

2. It can use only letters, numbers, and the underscore ( _ ) character.


>>> # bad
>>> %$@variable = 'Hello'

>>> # good
>>> my_var = 'Hello'

>>> # good
>>> my_var_2 = 'Hello'

3. It can’t begin with a number.

>>> # this wont work


>>> 23_var = 'hello'

4. Variable name starting with an underscore ( _ ) are considered as "unuseful".

>>> # _spam should not be used again in the code


>>> _spam = 'Hello'

Comments
Inline comment:

# This is a comment

Multiline comment:

# This is a
# multiline comment

Code with a comment:

a = 1 # initialization

Please note the two spaces in front of the comment.

Function docstring:

def foo():
"""
This is a function docstring
You can also use:
''' Function Docstring '''
"""

The print() Function


The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. [...] it
handles multiple arguments, floating point-quantities, and strings. Strings are
printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format
things nicely:
>>> print('Hello world!')
# Hello world!

>>> a = 1
>>> print('Hello world!', a)
# Hello world! 1

The end keyword


The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end
the output with a different string:

phrase = ['printed', 'with', 'a', 'dash', 'in', 'between']


>>> for word in phrase:
... print(word, end='-')
...
# printed-with-a-dash-in-between-

The sep keyword


The keyword sep specify how to separate the objects, if there is more than one:

print('cats', 'dogs', 'mice', sep=',')


# cats,dogs,mice

The input() Function


This function takes the input from the user and converts it into a string:

>>> print('What is your name?') # ask for their name


>>> my_name = input()
>>> print('Hi, {}'.format(my_name))
# What is your name?
# Martha
# Hi, Martha

input() can also set a default message without using print() :

>>> my_name = input('What is your name? ') # default message


>>> print('Hi, {}'.format(my_name))
# What is your name? Martha
# Hi, Martha

The len() Function


Evaluates to the integer value of the number of characters in a string, list,
dictionary, etc.:

>>> len('hello')
# 5
>>> len(['cat', 3, 'dog'])
# 3

Test of emptiness example:

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]

# bad
>>> if len(a) > 0: # evaluates to True
... print("the list is not empty!")
...
# the list is not empty!

# good
>>> if a: # evaluates to True
... print("the list is not empty!")
...
# the list is not empty!

The str(), int(), and float() Functions


These functions allow you to change the type of variable. For example, you can
transform from an integer or float to a string :

>>> str(29)
# '29'

>>> str(-3.14)
# '-3.14'

Or from a string to an integer or float :

>>> int('11')
# 11

>>> float('3.14')
# 3.14

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