The US Supreme Court is not a radical 3.

According to the passage, all rulings of the

institution, nor is it likely to become one as a Supreme Court ----.
result of any particular presidential election. A) are reconsidered after an election
The risks for the judiciary in presidential B) can be influenced by the federal judges
elections are a lot lower than many people C) must have had the support of at least five
imagine. This is not because there are no judges
significant ideological or methodological D) aim at preventing ideological extremism
differences among judges. Differences do E) are, to a very large extent, influenced by
exist, and they display party affiliation to some party affiliation
extent. And they matter – not just on public
issues such as abortion rights and racial
discrimination but also in those procedures 4. It is clear from the passage that the US
that actually guide the way lower courts judiciary system ----.
handle a large variety of legal cases. That said, A) reflects the opinions of the president
the courts have pretty strong institutional B) is well-protected against any kind of
defences against radicalism of any kind. For extremism
one thing, the judiciary’s power is spread C) consists of the Supreme Court and the
among more than 800 federal judges, no one various lower courts and all act independently
of whose views matter all that much in the of each other
broad scheme of things. Even on the Supreme D) takes its character, not from the Supreme
Court the idiosyncrasies or ideological Court, but from the federal courts
extremism of any one judge can have only a E) faces pressure from many quarters
limited effect. Without four likeminded
judges, his or her views are just noise.

1. It is pointed out in the passage that though

there are differences of opinion within the
judiciary, ----.
A) they play only a very small role in their
deliberations
B) they are far fewer than they used to be
C) these in no way concern party politics
D) it is almost impossible to avoid radicalism
E) this only becomes apparent at election
times

2. According to the passage, the Supreme

Court of the US ----.
A) is feared by the lower courts
B) is a breeding ground for radicalism
C) is cut off from the lower courts of justice
D) avoids, as far as possible, public issues like
abortion
E) can only be slightly affected by a
presidential election
American schools need more time if they are 6. It is pointed out in the passage that in
to teach efficiently. The school year is fixed at some countries, like Japan, France and
or below 180 days in all but a handful of states Germany, ----.
– down from more than 190 in the late A) the school curricula allow roughly equal
nineteenth century, when Saturday-morning time for academic and nonacademic subjects
sessions were common. The instructional day B) the school year is far too long and this
is only about six hours, of which much is taken makes it unproductive
up with nonacademic matters. In 1994, a C) students are given less homework than
national commission calculated that in four their American counterparts
years of high school a typical American D) achievement correlates well with the
student puts in less than half as much time on length of the school day
academic subjects as do students in Japan, E) the amount of time students spend on
France and Germany. Extending the school academic learning far exceeds that spent by
day or the school year can get expensive American students
and complicated, and reducing nonacademic
electives and physical education brings
complaints from parents and students alike. 7. According to the passage, any extension of
But there is one quite cheap and theinstructional day in American schools ----.
uncomplicated way to increase study time: A) is not to be recommended on account of
add more homework. You may not be the expenses involved
surprised to learn that homework raises B) would arouse much discontent among
student achievement, at least in the higher parents and students
grades. For young children homework appears C) needs to be reviewed by a national
not to be particularly helpful. Even among commission
older students it is hard to be sure of the D) should aim to bring them up to the level of
extent to which more homework may lead Japanese schools
to higher achievement. E) would have to have the approval of all the
states

5. We understand from the passage that

school programmes in America ----. 8.It is clear from the passage that the writer -
A) are of little concern to the parents, and so ---.
they tend to ignore them A) is urging schools to assign more homework
B) are at present being reviewed by a national to students of all grades
commission B) is doubtful about the benefits of homework
C) do not put much emphasis on academic for lower-grade students
learning C) believes that the school day should be
D) are run on similar lines to those in the rest extended
of the world D) is opposed to reducing the school year
E) have been extensively revised since 1994 from 190 to 180 days
E) is convinced of the need for more electives,
including physical education
During the Renaissance, especially in the 10. As pointed out in the passage, according
sixteenth century, it was customary to debate to Cellini ----.
the preeminence of the arts, particularly as A) the generally held belief on the pre-
between painting and sculpture. The more eminence of the arts was totally unfounded
commonly accepted opinion is represented by B) Leonardo’s skills as a painter did not exceed
Benvenuto Cellini, who thought that sculpture those of Michelangelo
is eight times as great as any other art C) the Renaissance debate on the pre-
based on drawing, because a statue has eight eminence of the arts should not be taken
views and they must all be equally good. A seriously
painting, he said, is nothing better than the D) the art of the sculptor is less demanding
image of a tree, man, or other object. In fact, than that of the painter
the difference between painting and sculpture E) a painting is inferior to a work of sculpture
is as great as between a shadow and the because it has no solidity
object casting it. Leonardo, on the other hand,
thought that painting is superior to sculpture
because it is more intellectual. By this he 11. It is clear from the passage that, during
meant that as a technique it is infinitely more the 16th century, ----.
subtle in the effects that it can produce, and A) the art of Leonardo was more highly
infinitely wider in the scope it offers to regarded than that of Cellini
invention or imagination. Michelangelo, when B) there was much discussion as to the
the question was referred to him, in his wise hierarchy of the arts
and direct way said that things which C) sculptors and painters liked to cooperate on
have the same end are themselves the same, major projects
and that therefore there could be no D) most artists were both sculptors and
difference between painting and sculpture painters
except differences due to better judgment E) Leonardo and Michelangelo were keen
and harder work. rivals but each admired the work of the other

9. We understand from the passage that 12. The point is made in the passage that, for
Michelangelo’s view concerning the relative Leonardo, ----.
merits of painting and sculpture ----. A) painting provided a greater capacity for
A) does not reflect his own position as an artistic creativity
artist B) Cellini’s understanding of the arts was a
B) can be regarded as a humourous attempt grossly distorted one
to bring about a peace between Cellini and C) painting came easily, but sculpture offered
Leonardo many challenges
C) is a light-hearted attempt to avoid the issue D) the practice of any art requires a great deal
D) is unbiased and favours neither of invention and imagination
E) has no relevance outside the Renaissance E) the effects of a statue are far more subtle
period than those of a painting
Governments have learned to value 14. It is pointed out in the passage that
innovation these days for good reason. Far government economic policies ----.
from being simply some missing factor in the A) rely more and more on the management of
growth equation, innovation is now the labour force
recognized as the single most important B) now take into account the importance of
ingredient in any modern economy. It actually innovation
accounts for more than half of economic C) regard the wealth-creation process as the
growth in America and Britain. In short, it is main target
innovation, more than the application of D) in Britain have undergone very little change
capital or labour, that keeps the world over many decades
economy going. As a result, economists have E) throughout the world are undergoing many
decided that the innovators of the world are changes
due some special recognition. It is not possible
to recognize all the countless innovations that
have helped to spread wealth, health and 15. It is pointed out in the passage that the
human happiness around the world. But a American and British economies ----.
handful of people who have made the biggest A) have been in the forefront in the creation
contribution to the wealth-creation process in of wealth
their own fields over the past few years, have B) have tended to ignore innovations
been nominated for awards. C) have grown largely on account of
innovation
D) have had an adverse effect upon the
world’s growth equation
13. One point made in the passage is that, E) have always been primarily concerned with
due to innumerable innovations, ----. the prosperity of their citizens
A) the world economy has acquired a certain
level of uniformity
B) the American economy has under- 16. It is clear from the passage that, although
performed a very large number of innovations have
C) capital has now returned to the fore in been made, ----.
economic policies A) only a few innovators have received awards
D) the quality of human life on earth has for their work
greatly improved B) the majority of them have turned out to be
E) countries like Britain have fewer labour economically unfeasible
problems than formerly C) they have had no significant impact on the
world economy
D) none of them have received any special
recognition
E) there has been no noticeable improvement
in the human condition anywhere
A nonprofessional-class working mother, who 18. It is clear from the passage that, when a
has been forced unwillingly into the labour nonprofessional working mother loses her
market, is oppressed by various unique forces. job ----.
She is oppressed by the fact that her work is A) she may neglect the child but not herself
oftentimes physically exhausting, ill-paid, and B) there are always opportunities available on
devoid of benefits such as health insurance the labour market
and paid sick leave. She is oppressed by the C) and her child gets ill, she probably cannot
fact that it is impossible to put a small child in get proper medical help
reliable day-care if you make only a minimum D) she has to be prepared to accept a lower-
wage, and she is oppressed by the terrible paid one
child-care options that are available at an E) she invariably has a great deal of trouble
inexpensive rate. She is oppressed by the fact finding a new one
that she has nothing to fall back on. If she is
out of work, and her child needs a visit to the
doctor and antibiotics, she may not be able to 19. We understand from the passage that
afford those things and will have to treat her very many nonprofessional working mothers
sick child with unprescribed medications, ----.
which themselves are far from cheap. A) enjoy health insurance which also covers
their children
B) are, on the whole, satisfied with their jobs
C) feel their children are being suitably cared
17. We understand from the passage that a for
workingmother, without a career, ----. D) are paid far more than the recognized
A) works so that her child can enjoy good day- minimum wage
care E) only work because they have to work
B) is usually granted several fringe benefits
C) rarely stays in her job for a long period
D) faces a very hard life 20. According to the passage, a
E) has a great deal of choice in the kind of nonprofessional mother’s working conditions
work she does ----.
A) are far from satisfactory, and she enjoys no
benefits
B) are being reviewed with the aim of
improving them
C) are no worse than those of other workers
D) have only recently become difficult
E) have received a great of public attention
Because a play presents its action through 22. It is emphasized in the passage that the
actors, its impact is direct, immediate, and effectiveness of a play’s action ----.
heightened by the actor’s skills. Instead of A) disappears as soon as the performance is
responding to words on a printed page, the over
spectator sees what is done and hears what is B) is maintained only temporarily depending
said. The experience of the play is registered on the audience
directly upon his senses. It may therefore be C) is largely created through facial expression
fuller and more compact. Where the work of and the playwright’s skill
prose fiction may tell us what a character D) is increased both through skilled
looks like in one paragraph, how he moves or performance and through professional
speaks in a second, what he says in a third, direction
and how his auditors respond in a fourth, the E) can be further strengthened through
acted play presents this material all at once. character analysis
Simultaneous impressions are not separated.
Moreover, this experience is interpreted by
actors who may be highly skilled in rendering 23. It is pointed out in the passage that the
nuances of meaning and strong emotion. performance of a play on the stage ----.
Through facial expression, gesture, speech A) enables the audience to be more closely
rhythm, and intonation, they may be able to involved
make a speaker’s words more expressive than B) has the same impact on the audience as
can the reader’s unaided imagination. Thus, that of the printed text
the performance of a play by skilled actors, C) depends much more on the director than
expertly directed, gives the playwright on the actors for its success
a tremendous source of power. D) can best be accomplished through close
attention to the playwright’s instructions
E) should not guide the way the audience feels
21. It is clear from the passage that unlike a
staged play, a work of prose fiction ----.
A) mainly focuses on character and action 24. Clearly, the passage is mainly concerned
B) is very effective in arousing the reader’s with ----.
emotions A) the techniques a director makes most use
C) allows no possibility of multiple of in the staging of a play
interpretation B) the sense of immediacy and the intensity
D) makes much use of various literary devices that a well-staged play offers
E) makes its impact slowly C) the role of imagination in prose fiction and
drama
D) the question of how a play can best be
performed
E) the relationship between the actors and the
writer of a play
The young child’s reliance on visual 26. It can be inferred from the passage that,
impressions is made clear by an experiment while very small children depend more on
on the conservation of number. If two rows of what they see to form a concept of their
checkers are matched one for one against environment, older children ----.
each other, young children will say, correctly, A) depend more on their intellect
that the rows have the same number of B) never make a mistake when counting
checkers. If the checkers in one row are objects
brought closer together to form a cluster, 5- C) know that the experimenters are trying to
year-olds say there are now more checkers in trick them
the straight row – even though no checkers D) are more interested in their friends
have been removed. The visual impression of E) have a better understanding of games
a long row of checkers overrides the
numerical equality that was obvious when the
checkers appeared in matching rows. In 27. By the words “conservation of number”
contrast, 7- year-olds assume that if the in the passage is meant ----.
number of objects was equal before, it must A) numbers should be used sparingly so as not
remain equal. At this age, numerical equality to run out of them
has become more significant than visual B) even when the members of a group move
impression. their places, the number of the members
remains constant
C) every child should learn how to play
25. The passage is mainly concerned with ----. checkers
A) differences in counting ability between 5- D) when the members of a group move their
and 7- year-old children places, the number of members may change
B) the game of checkers E) the visual impression of a long row of
C) the fact that older children are better at checkers taking precedence over numerical
playing checkers than younger children equality, at least for very young children
D) an incorrect assumption made by most 7-
yearolds
E) differences in perception between older 28. According to the passage, the reason that
and younger children 5-yearolds say that there are more checkers
in a straight row than in a cluster with the
samenumber is that they ----.
A) are trying to confuse the experimenter
B) become confused when the experimenter
moves the checkers
C) have a counting ability on the same level
with that of older children
D) depend on the outward appearance of
things to understand them
E) are frustrated with the experiment and
unwilling to carry on
In 1964, Kitty Genovese was murdered outside 30. It is clear from the passage that ----.
her home in New York City late at night. She A) whenever a person tries to offer help in an
fought back, and the murder took over half an emergency, other bystanders will think he is
hour. At least 38 neighbours heard foolish
herscreams for help, but nobody came to her B) all people intervening in emergencies must
aid. No one even called the police. The testify in court
American public was horrified by this C) the American public likes to get involved in
incident, and social psychologists began to emergencies
investigate the causes of what at first was D) there are so many obstacles to intervening
termed “bystander apathy”. Their work in an emergency that most people are
showed that “apathy” was not a very accurate unwilling to do so
term, however. It is not simple indifference E) simple indifference prevents most
that prevents bystanders from intervening in bystanders from intervening in emergencies
emergencies. First, there are realistic
deterrents such as physical danger. Second,
getting involved may mean lengthy court 31. According to the passage, one thing that
appearances or other entanglements. Third, prevents witnesses from getting involved in
emergencies are unpredictable and require emergencies is ----.
quick, unplanned action; few of us are A) the fact that they are too busy
prepared for such situations. Finally, B) their distrust of the legal system
one risks making a fool of oneself by C) their surprise and horror at the incident
misinterpreting a situation as an emergency D) their fear of the police
when it is not. Researchers concluded that E) the possibility of physical harm
“the bystander to an emergency situation is in
an unenviable position. It is perhaps surprising
that anyone should intervene at all”. 32. It can be understood from the passage
that although Kitty Genovese cried out for
help when she was attacked, ----.
29. According to the passage, Kitty A) the police arrived too late to help
Genovese’s murder is an example of what B) the American public disregarded the
was at first called ----. incident
A) a realistic deterrent C) none of her neighbours helped her
B) quick, unplanned action D) her neighbours put themselves in danger
C) court entanglements trying to help her
D) misinterpretation of a situation E) her neighbours had to appear in court
E) bystander apathy because they did nothing to help her
During the “hunger winter” of 1944 in 34. It is stated in the passage that although --
Amsterdam, over 20,000 people died of --, it was mostly unable to do so.
starvation. Many of the city’s trees were cut A) a small playground was the first project
down, and the interiors of abandoned designed by van Eyck while at the Office for
buildings broken up for fuel. When peace Public Works in Amsterdam
came this once most beautiful and urbane of B) modern European architecture had a
cities was in urgent need of large-scale chance after World War II to create an
reconstruction. In the years following the end attractive new style in cities
of World War II in Europe, modern C) post-war architecture in Europe was greatly
architecture had an unprecedented influenced by the ideas of Aldo van Eyck
opportunity to demonstrate a socially minded, D) Amsterdam suffered major destruction
urban style. The consensus today is that in during World War II
most places it failed. The young Dutch E) post-World War II architecture in Europe
architect Aldo van Eyck was one of the earliest took a mechanistic approach
critics of the mechanistic approach taken by
his modernist colleagues to urban
reconstruction. The failure of architecture and 35. It is clear from the passage that the new
planning to recreate forms of urban towns and residential areas built after World
community and solidarity has become a War II in Europe ----.
problem in post-war Europe, as so many A) were the work of a very talented group of
acclaimed housing estates, new towns, young architects
or newly designed urban quarters, around B) immediately became popular and have
Europe, have been troubled by vandalism, remained so to this day
disrepair and abandonment. Van Eyck saw this C) became the most beautiful areas in and
coming. In 1947 at the age of 28, he went to around the cities
work for the Office for Public Works in D) failed to provide a sense of community for
Amsterdam and, as his first project, built a the residents
small playground. This was in line with his E) had playgrounds designed by van Eyck
belief that by promoting and shaping the daily
“encounter” or “inbetween-ness” of social
space, architecture could humanize cities and 36. According to the passage, Aldo van Eyck --
create public trust. --.
A) approved of the mechanistic design
approach of his modernist colleagues
33. We understand from the passage that, in B) thought that many post-war residential
the late 1940s, Europe was in need of areas deserved acclaim
massive reconstruction due to ----. C) viewed the post-war period as an
A) the destruction caused by World War II opportunity to display his design ability
B) the mechanistic approach taken by post- D) thought the post-war period was a good
war architects to urban reconstruction opportunity to destroy older buildings and
C) vandalism, disrepair and abandonment of design modern cities
property E) believed that urban architecture had the
D) the unprecedented opportunity to power to create a sense of solidarity and trust
demonstrate a socially minded, urban style in a city’s residents
E) the failure of modern architecture
Not long ago, football was not a good example 38. An example of football’s globalization
of globalization. The labour market in given in the passage is ----.
international club football was highly A) the large number of foreign players on
protected. National leagues like Italy’s Serie A many teams today
and Spain’s La Liga imposed quotas on their B) the ruling by the European court in 1995
teams, allowing them to import only a limited C) the quotas that many national leagues still
number of players. Some teams could have impose on their teams
only two foreign players on the field. This D) that the Italian teams exchange their
arrangement, however, began to crumble in players more frequently than the other teams
1995, when the European court ruled that the do
difference of treatment of nationals from E) that the number of football teams in the EU
other EU countries was anticonstitutional. countries has increased since 1995
This permitted players to move freely
within the EU, and made the club teams much
more multi-national. Now it is not unusual for 39. According to the passage, the European
a majority of the players on a successful court ruling of 1995 ----.
league team to be foreign nationals. A) created a new constitution
B) resulted in a complete reorganisation of the
European football leagues
37. It can be understood from the passage C) restricted the number of foreign players a
that the quotas imposed in the past by team could import
national leagues ----. D) made mandatory the inclusion of at least
A) pushed their teams toward a more global two foreign players from outside the EU on
approach every national team
B) allowed many foreign nationals to enter the E) made it illegal for EU teams to refuse to
labour market employ foreign players simply because they
C) created a closed labour market in were foreign
international club football
D) were approved by the European court
E) made the club teams quite multi-national 40. As is understood from the passage, in the
past, football was not a good example of
globalization because ----.
A) there weren’t many national football clubs
playing internationally
B) most players didn’t want to leave their
native country
C) most teams weren’t allowed to have many
foreign players
D) the number of clubs throughout Europe
was limited
E) foreign players could not cross the borders
to play in other countries
Despite various scientific advances, in the 42. It can be understood from the passage
early 1900s the public still did not understand that, in the early 1900s, people feared mental
mental illness and viewed mental hospitals hospitals and mental patients due to ----.
and their inmates with fear and horror. A) their lack of education about mental health
Clifford Beers undertook the task of educating B) the torture and chains that were still in
the public about mental health. As a young constant use to cure mental illness
man, Beers developed a bipolar disorder C) the book Clifford Beers had written about
and was confined for 3 years in several private his experiences in mental hospitals
and state hospitals. Although chains and other D) the work of the National Committee for
methods of torture had been abandoned long Mental Hygiene
before, the straitjacket was still widely used to E) the inmates who had escaped from the
restrain excited patients. Lack of funds made hospitals
the average state mental hospital – with its
overcrowded wards, poor food, and
unsympathetic attendants – a far from 43. It is pointed out in the passage that the
pleasant place to live. After his recovery, Beers part played by the mental hygiene
wrote about his experiences in the now- movement in founding centres for child
famous book A Mind That Found Itself (1908), guidance and mental health was ----.
which aroused considerable public interest. A) unwanted
Beers worked ceaselessly to educate the B) minimal
public about mental illness and helped to C) not at all helpful
organize the National Committee for Mental D) extremely important
Hygiene. In 1950, this organization joined with E) short-lived
two related groups to form the National
Association for Mental Health. The mental
hygiene movement played an invaluable role
in stimulating the organization of child- 44. It can be inferred from the passage that
guidance clinics and community mental health Beers’ desire to educate people about mental
centres to aid in the prevention and treatment health resulted from ----.
of mental disorders. A) the improvements he saw taking place in
mental hospitals
41. According to the passage, Clifford Beers’ B) his three-year confinement in mental
book, A Mind That Found Itself, ----. hospitals
A) became popular when it was published, but C) his having been chained for long periods of
is not popular anymore time
B) concentrates on the better aspects of life in D) his reading of the book A Mind That Found
a mental hospital Itself
C) did not gain much popularity among the E) various scientific advances
public
D) did little to inform the public about what
went on inside mental hospitals
E) made people more interested in mental
health than they had previously been
Each year in the touristic town of Agrigento, 46. According to the passage, the building
Sicily, hundreds of illegally-built houses are prohibition in Agrigento, Sicily, ----.
bulldozed by the local government. New A) has meant that no new houses have been
construction in Agrigento, home to many built there since 1968
ancient temples which tourists come to see, B) has not put a stop to the building of new
has been banned since 1968. In spite of this, houses
hundreds of new and half-built houses can be C) has meant that there are no houses on the
seen in the hills surrounding the surrounding hills
archaeological park. Not only do these D) has caused the destruction of many ancient
buildings spoil the landscape, but many are temples
also unsafe and unsanitary. Some of the E) has led to the strict control of new
people living in these buildings pour sewage construction
into the sea and pile garbage on roadsides
since their houses are illegal and they aren’t
allowed to use the city sewage system and 47. It can be inferred from the passage that
garbage service. Several of these houses are the local government in Agrigento, Sicily,
also built on dangerous cliffs, sites that would does not want new houses to be built near
never be allowed by Italy’s strict building the archaeological park because ----.
codes. A) the local government wants to use the land
to build houses for its officials
B) the local government cannot collect taxes
from the owners of these houses as they are
45. It is made clear in the passage that built on public land
pouring sewage into the sea and piling C) there is no water, sewage or garbage
garbage on roadsides are examples of ----. service available near the temples
A) the reason these houses are built in the D) new houses spoil the landscape around the
hills ancient temples
B) compliance with Italy’s strict building codes E) the local government is planning to build
C) why the illegally-built houses in Agrigento several new hotels for tourists on the land
areunsanitary
D) the beautification of Agrigento’s
archaeological park 48. This passage is mainly concerned with ----.
E) a protest against the Italian government A) the illegal construction of a new
archaeological park in Agrigento, Sicily
B) the beautiful ancient temples found in
Agrigento, Sicily
C) the pollution of the archaeological park in
Agrigento, Sicily, which began in 1968
D) the reasons why illegal construction is still
continuing in Agrigento, Sicily
E) the problem of illegally-built houses in
Agrigento, Sicily
The Roman city of Pompeii in A.D. 79 was a 50. It is emphasized in the passage that the
thriving provincial centre, a few miles from economic well-being of Pompeii ----.
the Bay of Naples, with a population of A) reached its climax in A.D. 79, the year in
between 10,000 and 20,000 people. Its which there was a sharp increase in its
narrow streets, made narrower by street population
vendors and shops with cloth awnings for B) primarily depended on the commercial
shade, were full of shoppers, tavern-goers, activities of its people as well as
slaves, and vacationers from the North. A holidaymakers from the North
huge new aqueduct supplied running water C) attracted all kinds of people with money,
from the Lower Apennine mountains, which who crowded its streets and led a carefree life
flowed from fountains throughout the city, D) was essentially related to the fertility of its
even in private homes. But the key to land, which was due to the volcanic eruptions
Pompeii’s prosperity, and that of smaller of Mount Vesuvius
settlements nearby like Oplontis and Terzigna, E) was the outcome of its exploitation of the
was the region’s rich black earth provided by settlements around it such as Oplontis and
Mount Vesuvius’ volcanic eruptions. “One of Terzigna
the ironies of volcanoes is that they tend to 51. One understands from the passage that
produce very fertile soils, and that tends to Pompeii ----.
tempt people to live around them”, says
geologist Philip Janey. Had Roman knowledge A) was the only Roman city famous for its
in the summer of A.D. 79 been less taverns and shopping centres
mythological and more geological, the B) was one of the Roman centres for the slave
Pompeiians might have recognized the danger trade
signs from Mount Vesuvius and escaped the
volcanic eruption that was to follow. C) had a very efficient water system

D) was the second largest city in the Roman

Empire
49. According to the passage, in A.D. 79,
there had been some geological indications E) had been destroyed by volcanic eruptions
that ---. several times before A.D. 79

A) Mount Vesuvius was about to erupt, but 52. According to the passage, what geologist
the people of Pompeii failed to understand Philip Janey is actually saying in the part
them quoted is that ----.

B) the Bay of Naples posed a serious danger to A) the city of Pompeii should have been
the city of Pompeii, but it was ignored by the founded on the other side of the Bay of
Pompeiians Naples

C) the area in which the city of Pompeii was B) volcanic terrain is most suitable for people
situated was becoming less and less fertile to settle and live on

D) the water resources in the Lower Apennine C) people always prefer to settle in volcanic
mountains were no longer adequate to supply areas since they believe the land there is more
water to the city of Pompeii fertile

E) Oplontis and Terzigna, the settlements near D) the Pompeiians knew that the area around
Pompeii, were not safe to live in and, Mount Vesuvius was not a safe place to settle
therefore, had to be evacuated in, but they settled there anyway

E) people attracted by the fertile lands around

volcanoes prefer to live there, ignoring the
dangers of a volcanic eruption
Artist Paul Cézanne wanted to make paint 54. According to the passage, Cézanne’s style
“bleed”. The old masters, he said, painted of painting ----.
warmblooded flesh and made the trees look
warm and alive, and he would too. He wanted A) was widely acclaimed by art critics and the
to capture “the green odour” of his Provence public
fields and “the perfume of marble from Saint- B) mainly derived from the views held by his
Victoire”, the mountain that was the subject friends Manet, Monet, Pissarro and Renoir
of so many of his paintings. He was bold,
spreading and slapping paint onto his still-lifes C) was achieved by copying the works of the
with a palette knife. “I will astonish Paris with old masters whom he studied
an apple”, he boasted. In the years when his
friends Manet, Monet, Pissarro and Renoir D) differed significantly from that of his fellow
were finally gaining acceptance, Cézanne artists
worked furiously and mostly in isolation, E) had a great influence on his contemporaries
ridiculed by critics and mocked by the public, and their work
sometimes tearing up his own canvases. He
wanted more than the quick impressions of
the Impressionists, and devoted himself to
studying the natural world. He called himself a 55. It is pointed out in the passage that the
“slave to nature”, but he knew that he could world of nature ----.
never completely capture the natural A) appealed to Cézanne so powerfully that it
landscape on canvas. became the main focus of his art

B) depicted by Manet and the other

53. It is stated in the passage that, as a Impressionists failed to appeal to the public
painter, Cézanne ----. C) was most successfully represented by
A) wasn’t able to depict nature in his works as Cézanne in all of his works
fully or as vividly as he would have liked to D) meant for Cézanne only different shades of
B) achieved far more popularity in art circles colours and nothing else
than his contemporaries E) was understood by Cézanne as a reference
C) dismissed the old masters as only artists to environmental issues
whose style was old-fashioned

D) was interested more in the representation 56. It is clear from the passage that, in his
of still life than in the depiction of landscape paintings, Cézanne ----.
and natural scenes
A) developed a completely new style which
E) was noted for his quiet personality and was imitated by his contemporaries
refined manners
B) was influenced, to a great extent, by the
French Impressionists

C) used daring techniques to produce his

likenesses of the fields of Provence

D) attached more importance to the depiction

of the human body than the natural landscape

E) almost always depicted Paris and its

surroundings
Angola’s emergence as a serious player in the 58. One understands from the passage that
global oil sector has been underlined by the Angola’s previously poor oil output ----.
publication of its latest production figures. A) can only be improved through the
After several years of slow output growth, the exploitation of its deepwater reserves
fruits of the multi-billion dollar deepwater B) has improved dramatically and reached a
investment programme are finally feeding record level in 2005
through. Thus, production reached 1.3 million C) is related to Nigeria’s dominant position in
barrels a day during the final quarter of 2005. the sub-Saharan oil sector
With the new deepwater fields now coming D) prevents it from competing efficiently with
into production, the government’s target of other oil producing countries
producing 2 million barrels a day by 2008 now E) does not make it a current major player in
seems eminently within reach. In the the global oil sector
meantime, official Angolan government
figures indicate that oil production averaged
1.25 million barrels a day during the course of 59. It is pointed out in the passage that the
2005, a steep jump on the year before. In Angolan government ----.
addition, the government’s estimate of proven A) is working on multi-billion dollar deepwater
oil reserves has finally been increased from investment programmes to be implemented in
5.4 billion barrels to 12.4 billion barrels. This 2008
shows that, as sub-Saharan Africa’s second B) feels that its 2008 oil production target may
biggest oil producer after Nigeria, Angola is in not be realized due to the high costs of
an excellent position to overtake countries deepwater investments
such as Libya and Algeria in the table of oil C) is resolved to challenge only Libya for oil
powers on the continent as a whole. leadership in Africa
D) has invested huge sums for the production
of oil from its deepwater fields
E) announced that it has published its oil
figures in order to prove to the world that it is
57. It is suggested in the passage that, with a serious player in the global oil sector
its rich oil reserves and rapidly increasing oil
production, Angola ----. 60. It is pointed out in the passage that,
A) has become one of the major oil powers in according to the Angolan government, ----.
Africa A) the country’s verified oil reserves are more
B) has already completely left behind such than twice the original estimate
major oil producers as Nigeria, Libya and B) the country owns the largest and most
Algeria productive deepwater oil fields in sub-Saharan
C) has emerged as a threat in sub-Saharan Africa
Africa as well as the global oil sector C) Angola has already become the largest oil
D) can be regarded as a long-time constructive producer in all of Africa
player in the African oil league D) after 2008, Nigeria and other oil producing
E) has always been in fierce competition with countries in Africa will no longer be major
Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African players in the global oil sector
countries E) the country’s deepwater oil reserves have
finally been verified but are too costly to be
exploited
Supporters of today’s international criminal 62. It is stressed in the passage that the
tribunals say that their work builds on the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials ----.
post-World War II tribunals in Nuremberg and,
to a lesser degree, Tokyo. As a matter of legal A) were not interested in what is today
doctrine, that is true. The category of “crimes termed “crimes against humanity”
against humanity”, for example, was B) were conducted in accordance with the
developed at Nuremberg and is now a central provisions of both military and civilian law
element in many prosecutions. But there is a
critical difference between now and then. The C) involved both prolonged and extremely
courts in Nuremberg and Tokyo were part of a complicated proceedings
broader political project that aimed to
rehabilitate Germany and Japan, respectively, D) were mainly confined to war crimes with
both socially and economically, not simply to the single aim of handing out harsh
try guilt or innocence or hand out harsh punishments
punishments. These were military courts that E) made up the first stage of a broader policy
operated with military efficiency, and the which aimed for the reconstruction of
Allies could then focus fully on the Germany and Japan
reconstruction of these countries. Yet, the
international courts for the former Yugoslavia,
Rwanda, and the new International Criminal
Court (ICC) in the Hague, on the other hand, 63. It is stated in the passage that, a case in
operate under civilian law and provide an international criminal court today ----.
generous protection to defendants. The result A) may not always be conducted within the
is a ballooning of the court timelines and context of civilian law
costs. For instance, it took the International
Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 10 years B) has far-reaching positive political and social
to complete the same number of trials that consequences
Nuremberg conducted in less than a year.
Indeed, it is clear that, because of their C) is not necessarily concerned with crimes
protracted proceedings and excessive costs, against humanity
today’s war crimes trials cannot serve the D) can continue for many years before being
decisive political and social function that finalized
Nuremberg did.
E) can be conducted at a lower cost
61. It is argued in the passage that today’s
international criminal courts ----.

A) were originally established in Nuremberg 64. One understands from the passage that
and Tokyo for the trial of war crimes people put on trial at an international
committed during World War II criminal court today ----.
B) have no correlation whatsoever with the A) usually complain about protracted
principles of the Nuremberg trials proceedings and excessive expenses
C) follow a punitive policy and recognize no B) always deny that they have committed
right of appeal for defendants crimes against humanity
D) are costly, time-consuming and lacking in C) are given extensive rights to defend
efficiency themselves
E) have been set up only for the trial of D) are invariably found guilty and, therefore,
specific crimes and are to be abolished in due given harsh punishments
course
E) only remain on trial for, at most, one year
The ability to deal with numbers and 66. It is suggested in the passage that boys --.
mathematical concepts reveals an interesting
pattern of differences between girls and boys. A) are never influenced by their social
Girls usually begin counting before boys. environment in their attitude towards
Throughout the primary-school years and mathematics
middle school, girls are better at B) are always discouraged when they are
computational problems, whereas boys do faced with a mathematical problem
better with math-reasoning problems. During
this period, girls also tend to get higher C) are genetically far more motivated towards
grades. By high school, however, boys begin to mathematics than girls
perform better, especially at the higher levels
of ability. Some psychologists believe this D) are more successful than girls at primary
advantage is genetic, but others think that it level in dealing with mathematical problems
may derive, in part, from males’ use of more which require reasoning
effective strategies and their lower level of E) usually rely on their parents and teachers in
anxiety when approaching mathematics solving all kinds of mathematical problems
problems. It has also been suggested that the
sex differences come about to some degree
because girls view math as a male activity
(and, therefore, have less interest in it) and 67. One learns from the passage that,
because some parents and teachers offer according to one view, the sex difference
greater encouragement to males in this area. between boys and girls ----.
Some studies support this analysis, but others A) has been categorically ruled out by all
do not. In this area, too, biological and psychologists as an important factor in
socialization factors probably combine to learning mathematics
produce the observed differences.
B) ought to be taken into consideration by
parents and teachers
65. The author thinks that differences C) is negligible at the high school level
between girls and boys ----.
D) cannot be a significant factor in their
A) can be observed only through their performance at high school
approach to mathematics
E) does have some effect on their
B) have concerned psychologists far more mathematical performance
than their performance at school

C) is a subject that has attracted a great deal

of attention in recent years from psychologists 68. It is pointed out in the passage that girls--
D) remain constant throughout their school A) never fail in their determination to excel
years over boys in mathematics

E) may be attributed to the joint effect of their B) begin to use numbers before boys do
biological nature and social environment
C) are relatively more conscious than boys as
regards their sex differences

D) always use mathematical concepts as

efficiently as boys in solving problems

E) in the long run perform much better than

boys in all aspects of mathematics
The printing press was first introduced into 70. One understands from the passage that,
England by William Caxton in the last quarter with the printing press, ----.
of the fifteenth century. During his earlier
travels in Europe, he had seen the newly A) Caxton soon caught the attention of the
invented system of printing from moveable general public and was much respected
type in Germany. He set up his own press in B) Caxton was able to produce a lot of books
London in 1476. This initiated a major change and make a huge profit from their sale
in English literature. Now books did not have
to be laboriously copied by hand. Soon, they C) London came to be a major centre of book
would become relatively cheap. With books production in the fifteenth century
easily obtainable, more people could learn to
read, and more books would be produced. D) the number of books produced increased
The experience of literature would soon shift greatly and to the benefit of the reading
from the breathless group of listeners public
gathered in a hall or around a fire, hearing an E) booksellers in London began to compete
old tale told once more, to the solitary with each other fiercely
individual, alone with the thoughts and
feelings of another person speaking from the
printed page.
71. It is clear from the passage that Caxton’s
interest in the printing press ----.
A) was originally aroused when he was visiting
69. It is asserted in the passage that the Germany
introduction of the printing press into B) had always been strong ever since his early
England ----. years
A) made book production easy but caused a C) was essentially related to his desire to make
major increase in their prices a lot of profit from book production
D) was the main motive for his journey to
B) caused the complete disappearance of oral Germany
literature E) became stronger as more and more people
were learning to read
C) was too late to have any constructive effect
on social and literary life 72. It is pointed out in the passage that, after
D) aroused a great deal of objection from the introduction of the printing press, a
copyists and booksellers reader’s easy access to books ----.

E) had a very significant impact on people’s A) contributed enormously to the

relationship with literature development of different types of literature in
fifteenth-century England

B) was hindered by the fact that books were

hardly affordable

C) was what the London book publishers

primarily cared about

D) made storytelling obsolete and, hence,

angered the storytellers of the time

E) enabled the individual to share the

thoughts and experiences of another person
through the printed page
We commonly speak of both law and laws, 74. As regards the use of the terms “law” and
and these terms, though not used with “laws”, the writer claims that ----.
precision, point to two different aspects under A) there needs to be a common approach
which legal science may be approached. The among the lawyers of a country
laws of a country are thought of as separate, B) lawyers and the people outside the legal
distinct, individual rules; the law of a country, profession share the same view
however much we may analyse it into C) each country has a different approach
separate rules, is something more than the because of its distinct legal system
mere sum of such rules. It is, rather, a whole, a D) it is not lawyers but laymen who need to be
system which orders our conduct and in which more precise
the separate rules have their place and their E) there is not much clarity since both terms
relation to each other and to the whole. are often confused
Moreover, it is never completely exhausted by
any analysis, however far the analysis may be
pushed, and however much the analysis may 75. As is emphasized in the passage, there
be necessary to our understanding of the can be no limit to ----.
whole. Thus, each rule which we call a law is A) the political laws that constitute the totality
part of the whole we call the law. Lawyers of a country’s legal system
generally speak of law; laymen more often of B) the number of the laws in a country that
laws. are distinct from each other
C) an analysis of a country’s law, however
extensive the analysis may be
73. It is pointed out in the passage that, in D) what meanings and interpretations laymen
legal science, the term “law” ----. can make of the laws of a country
A) is very ambiguous and cannot be clearly E) the variety of laws that can be included
defined due to the variety of meanings it has within the law of a country
B) signifies a whole which, as a system,
embodies all the separate rules referred to as
laws
C) refers to the different aspects of a country’s 76. As can be understood from the passage,
legal system and, hence, is difficult to explain the laws of a country, ----.
D) has always been controversial and, A) though varied and numerous, embody a
therefore, cannot be interpreted accurately common goal for the country’s peace and
E) has a limited meaning that does not prosperity
deserve any analysis or understanding B) which lawyers are expected to interpret
precisely, indicate the efficiency of the legal
system
C) whether understood properly or
misinterpreted, are necessary for the well-
being of society
D) which can also be understood accurately by
laymen, are seldom related to each other
E) though separate and distinct from each
other, are essentially interrelated
Four years ago in 2003, when Paul Barrett first 78. As one understands from the passage, in
began planning an ambitious book on Muslims the aftermath of September 11, Muslims in
in America, who would have thought that the America ----.
topic would still be of such urgent interest by A) experienced a wide range of economic
the time it was published early this year? But, handicaps and political setbacks
if anything, intervening events have made B) formed a group that ambitiously pursued
Barrett’s exploration of American Muslims their professional objectives
more timely and important than ever. With C) began to resist full assimilation into
the United States even more deeply American society and culture
embroiled in warfare in Iraq and Afghanistan, D) began, according to Barrett, to be regarded
with sectarian conflict exploding within the as potentially dangerous
Muslim world, with tensions high among E) were involved in sectarian conflicts that
Muslim populations in Europe, and with divided them politically
relations strained between some leaders of
the Christian and Islamic religions, readers 79. It is suggested in the passage that
need as much information as they can get although Barrett’s book was published four
about Islam and its adherents. In his book, years after its initial planning in 2003, ----.
Barrett notes that, despite being targets of A) it has captured the attention of the reading
suspicion in the wake of the attacks of public due to the events that took place
September 11, Muslims in America, as a during this period
group, offer a perfect illustration of old- B) the facts that it relayed about Muslims in
fashioned American assimilation. Overall, they America had already been revealed to the
are prosperous, well-educated, politically reading public
active, and successful in business and the C) the war in Iraq was deliberately excluded
professions. from it because of the uncertainty about the
outcome
D) its predictions about the consequences of
77. It is clear from the passage that Paul the American involvement in the Middle East
Barrett’s book ----. were proven by the developments during this
A) presents a socially, politically and period
economically very positive picture of Muslims E) it dwelt solely on a comparison of
in America Christianity and Islam, leaving out a number of
B) focuses completely on the political other important current issues
achievements of Muslims in America
C) seems to present a somewhat cynical view 80. According to the passage, there are
of the way of life of American Muslims several reasons ----.
D) is mainly concerned with how the wars in A) why the relations between the Christian
Iraq and Afghanistan have affected American and Muslim leaders in Europe have been
Muslims broken
E) has failed to arouse any significant interest B) that can be put forward for the American
among American Muslim readers involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan
C) for the sectarian conflicts that are taking
place in Iraq and elsewhere in the Muslim
world
D) why readers should be attracted by any
study, such as Barrett’s, related to Islam and
Muslims
E) for the war in Iraq, which has already
increased tensions between the United States
and Europe
Kierkegaard was one of the most original 82. It is pointed out in the passage that much
thinkers of the nineteenth century in Europe. of Kierkegaard’s most striking writings ----.
He wrote widely on religious, philosophical, A) restate the views and theories which
and literary themes. However, his peculiar prevailed and were commonly shared in his
manner of presenting some of his leading time
ideas initially obscured their fundamental B) were based on the ethical and religious
significance. He developed his views in strong theories that had been formulated during
opposition to prevailing opinions, such as earlier centuries
certain metaphysical claims about the relation C) were widely read and discussed by his
of thought to existence. He reacted against contemporaries in Europe in the nineteenth
the ethical and religious theories of Kant and century
Hegel. Moreover, he opposed the doctrines D) are limited to topics related to religion and
and ideas which were being advanced by philosophy
some of his contemporaries like Feuerbach E) deal with the idea of individual choice
and Marx. His discussion of the human
condition, which emphasizes the significance
of individual choice, has arguably been his 83. It is suggested in the passage that
most striking philosophical legacy, particularly because Kierkegaard expressed his major
for the growth of existentialism. ideas in an unusual personal way, ----.
A) their essential importance was not
recognized at first
81. It is clear from the passage that, in view B) he was widely appreciated and fully
of his focus on the question of individual understood by his contemporaries
choice, Kierkegaard can be regarded as ----. C) he immediately became famous as a
A) the only thinker in the nineteenth century philosopher in nineteenth-century Europe
who was concerned with metaphysical D) they were very influential on other
matters philosophers, including Feuerbach and Marx
B) a follower of Kant and Hegel, whose ethical E) most thinkers in Europe sensed that he was
and religious ideas inspired him greatly formulating a new philosophy
C) the philosopher who led the way for the
development of existentialist philosophy
D) the philosopher who explained the religious 84. The point is made in the passage that
and philosophical aspects of human existence Kierkegaard ----.
E) a major thinker who influenced his A) approved of certain metaphysical
contemporaries, including Feuerbach and arguments concerning the relation of thought
Marx to existence
B) relied heavily on Kant and Hegel for the
development of his own philosophy
C) was a thinker, some of whose ideas were
unusual for his time
D) clearly defined what existentialism meant
for a full understanding of human existence
E) benefited a great deal from the
philosophical legacy of his predecessors
We have all heard people from other 86. In the passage, the writer points out that
countries described in very general terms. For while on the one hand, describing other
instance, it has been said that “Germans work countries or peoples in general terms may be
hard” and “Americans are friendly”. Such misleading, on the other, ----.
generalizations or stereotypes are very crude, A) generalizations of this kind may be true to
and common sense tells us that not all some extent
Germans work hard and not all Americans are B) one must make an effort to appreciate and
friendly. At the same time, there appears to understand their culture
be some truth in these generalizations since C) it is important for us to have a friendly
people from different countries share attitude towards them
different characteristics. What these crude D) we must do our best to ignore the
statements acknowledge, however, is that differences among them
people from different countries have E) such generalizations are useful especially in
distinctive cultures and social customs. A understanding the value of education
society’s culture includes its customs, values,
beliefs, ideas and the artifacts it produces.
Attitudes towards such things as work, leisure, 87. The writer suggests that political
wealth, the role of women, and the value of attitudes ----.
education in one society’s culture might be A) in a country are fundamentally influenced
significantly different from the attitudes and by education
values found in another society’s culture. This B) vary greatly from country to country
is also the case regarding attitudes found in C) in a society have nothing to do with its
different countries towards politics and the cultural values
political system. D) towards women in society must be
constructive
E) in a country cannot be differentiated from
the attitudes towards work and leisure
85. It is stressed in the passage that each
country
----. 88. The writer states that the customs,
A) attaches much importance to its own social values, and beliefs of a society ----.
customs and educational system A) may have some impact on its educational
B) has developed a political system which may system
differ from its social and cultural values B) are a poor guide to the nature of that
C) can be identified through its people’s society
attitudes towards other countries and peoples C) should be excluded from its political system
D) has its own special characteristics and, D) must always uphold the role of women in
hence, is culturally and politically unlike the that society
others E) are among the elements that make up its
E) shares with other countries a wide variety culture
of values and attitudes
The way in which British people view Britain’s 90. The writer claims that British people ----.
role in the world is still influenced by its past. A) do not share the policies adopted by other
Today Britain is an important regional power, European countries towards the United States
but in the recent past it was a world power. B) attach great importance to relations with
Until World War II, Britain ruled the largest the United States
empire that the world has ever known. C) think of Britain’s place in world politics
Incredible as it may seem today, during the today in terms of their imperial past
1920s, almost one-fifth of the world’s D) still regard the former colonies, along with
population lived under British rule. But the the United States, as their lasting and
empire disappeared rapidly during the 1940s, strongest allies
1950s and 1960s as the colonies that had E) no longer think that the political legacy of
made up the empire gained their their empire has any significance whatsoever
independence. In the aftermath of the empire,
British leaders were not very successful in 91. The writer asserts in the passage that the
adapting to play a much smaller part in world demographic and territorial size of the British
affairs. However, Britain’s allies made it clear Empire ----.
that they no longer saw Britain as a major A) remained unchanged right into the 1960s,
force in world politics. The “special when some colonies began to gain their
relationship” which was said to exist between independence
Britain and the United States weakened as B) was the cause of much hostility from
other European countries, particularly Germany and other European countries
Germany, recovered after World War II. So, C) led American leaders into thinking that
whereas London had been recognized by Germany was not a major force in world
American leaders as the “capital” of Europe politics
during the 1940s and the 1950s, Bonn was D) was an indication of the fact that Britain
seen as the new capital of Europe during the had a large number of colonies seeking
1960s. independence
E) was so vast that no other empire in world
history was ever a match for it
89. The point is made in the passage that,
during the period following World War II, ----. 92. In the passage, the writer ----.
A) London and Bonn were equally regarded by A) depicts a very distorted picture of Britain’s
the world as the major political centres of colonies in their struggle for independence
Europe B) points to the fact that Britain is still an
B) the American attitude towards Britain was important European power
still one of admiration and strong cooperation C) explains how American political leaders
C) the Americans followed a policy of deliberately undermined Britain’s relations
neutrality towards Britain and Germany with Germany
D) Britain lost the empire and so ceased to be D) approves the political strategies formulated
a leading power in the world by British leaders in the aftermath of World
E) Britain and the United States formulated a War II
set of new policies to strengthen their E) discusses the economic reasons for the
relationship decline of the British empire
Developing markets, historically the domain of 94. As one learns from the passage, despite
hyperinflation and political manipulation, now their current economic success, ----.
enjoy high surpluses, thanks to record A) emerging markets are not trusted by
commodity prices and severe fiscal discipline. companies since there is always the possibility
Since 2001 these economies have achieved of political manipulation
three times the average annual per-capita B) developing economies are still far from
economic growth of their developed overcoming hyperinflation
counterparts and now represent a quarter C) governments in the developing world have
of global output. Stocks in emerging markets maintained their fight against hyperinflation
are causing much excitement among D) developed economies remain unconcerned
investors. However, too much excitement about the potential of a severe crisis
invites peril. Emerging markets have E) the countries in the developing world have
undeniably changed in the past decade, but traditionally suffered from hyperinflation
lately they are looking overgrown, and even a
minor crisis could send them tumbling. And 95. It is emphasized in the passage that
while the potential triggers for a fall have although investors are excited by the stock
changed, they are still there. As economies in market situation in emerging markets, they--.
the developing world get stronger, A) are always prepared for a risk of
governments are getting more assertive hyperinflation which could send stock prices
and meddling with both companies and tumbling
neighbouring countries, increasing political B) know that these markets now represent a
risk. quarter of global output
C) must be aware of the fact that these
markets can be risky since they are potentially
93. It is clear from the passage that, over the very fragile
last few years, ----. D) feel that severe fiscal discipline introduced
A) the economies of the developed countries by governments puts their investments at high
have had so much growth that its effects on risk
emerging markets have been harmful E) are very critical of governments’ meddling
B) stock prices in emerging markets have been with companies and neighbouring countries
relatively stable due to very harsh fiscal
measures introduced by governments 96. According to the passage, as the
C) inflation rates in the developing world have economic strength of the developing world
shown an upward trend because of political increases, one of the drawbacks this leads to
manipulation and poor economic performance is that ----.
D) emerging economies have performed so A) prices of commodities and stocks reach
well that their growth has been much higher higher levels, opening the way to
than the growth achieved by the developed hyperinflation and political manipulation
world B) governments begin to interfere in the
E) governments of developing economies have affairs of their neighbours and, hence, may
taken every measure in order to avoid the cause political risk
kind of political crisis that may trigger an C) governments get into fierce competition
economic collapse with each other in order to double their share
in global output
D) investors begin to be seriously concerned
about the future of stock and commodity
prices
E) the annual per-capita growth slows down
owing to high surpluses and record
commodity prices
The most important idea of the nineteenth 98. It is stated in the passage that the idea of
century in Britain was that everyone had the individual freedom, ----.
right to personal freedom, and this became A) widely popular among factory owners, led
the basis of capitalism.This idea, which had to a serious decline in trade and industry in
originated with Adam Smith in the eighteenth nineteenth-century Britain
century, spread widely due to the popularity B) first put forward by Adam Smith in the
of his book The Wealth of Nations. After eighteenth century, led to the rise of a
Adam Smith, several capitalist economists capitalist economy in Britain
argued that the government should not C) supported by capitalist economists, in fact
interfere in trade and industry at all. Fewer had nothing to do with the development of
laws, they claimed, meant more freedom, and the capitalist economy in Britain
freedom for individuals would lead to D) which formed the essence of Britain’s
happiness for the greatest number of people. government policies, had been originally
These ideas were eagerly accepted by the attacked by Adam Smith
growing middle class. However, it soon E) which was confined to economic activities,
became very clear that the freedom of factory had much influence on the government’s
owners to do as they pleased had led to economic policies in Britain in the eighteenth
slavery and misery for the poor, not to century
happiness or freedom. By 1820, more and
more people had begun to accept the idea 99. According to the passage, following in the
that the government must interfere to protect footsteps of Adam Smith, a number of
the poor and the weak. The result was a capitalist economists in Britain ----.
number of laws to improve working A) were much upset about the practices of
conditions. For instance, one of the laws, factory owners and, therefore, made
which went into effect in 1833, limited the proposals to the government to stop child
number of hours that women and children labour
were allowed to work. B) believed that more laws were needed to
encourage commercial and industrial activities
throughout the country
97. As pointed out in the passage, in the early C) were so concerned with the happiness of
decades of the nineteenth century in Britain - the majority in society that they provided
---. employment even for women and children
A) a growing number of people shared the D) did their best to improve the economy of
view that the poor had to be protected against the country and fully supported the
capitalist abuse government’s economic policies
B) the English middle class strongly supported E) maintained that commercial and industrial
the government’s proposals for the activities were to be completely free from any
improvement of life for the poor government interference
C) most factory owners introduced a wide
range of measures to improve the working 100. Though it was still widely believed in
conditions of women and children nineteenthcentury Britain that laws limit
D) the government adopted a new policy freedom, ----.
which ultimately led to the abolition of slavery A) the government in Britain did not hold with
in the country this belief
E) the government strongly held the view that B) factory owners felt that they needed the
new legislative steps had to be taken to protection of laws
increase the effectiveness of capitalism in the C) laws to improve working conditions in the
country factories were eventually introduced
D) Adam Smith did not share this view
E) the book, The Wealth of Nations,
discredited this theory
The seventeenth century is probably the first 102. According to the passage, seventeenth-
in English history in which more people century emigration from England ----.
emigrated than immigrated. In the course of A) was mostly in the direction of Europe
the century, something over one-third of a B) included as many women as men
million people, mainly young adult males, C) surpassed immigration to England
emigrated across the Atlantic. The largest D) did not include men wishing to fight in
single group made for the West Indies; a foreign wars
second substantial group made for America, in E) to the West Indies exceeded emigration
particular Virginia and Catholic Maryland, and there from many other European countries
even Puritan New England. The pattern of
emigration was a fluctuating one, but it
probably reached its peak in the 1650s and 103. It is stated in the passage that the
1660s. For most of those who emigrated, emigrants from England to America in the
the search for employment and a better life seventeenth century ----.
was almost certainly the principal cause of A) had to choose between Virginia and New
their departure. For a clear minority, however, England
freedom from religious persecution took B) were almost all in search of religious
precedence. Moreover, an increasing number freedom
were forcibly transported as a punishment for C) found what they were looking for there
criminal acts. In addition to these transatlantic D) included criminals who, as a punishment,
emigrants, an unknown number emigrated to were being deported from the country
Europe and settled there. The largest group E) followed a very stable pattern since most of
were probably the sons of Catholic families the emigrants shared the same aims
making for religious houses in France and
elsewhere. There were also some adventurers
who were willing to fight in any cause if the 104. It is clear from the passage that those
pay were good. emigrating from England in the seventeenth
century, ----.
A) were largely criminals hoping to make a
101. As clearly pointed out in the passage, for fresh start in life
a very large majority of people who left B) were mostly Catholics headed for Europe
England in the seventeenth century for and Maryland
America and the West Indies, ----. C) were usually reluctant to do so
A) the main motive was to find work and D) were not usually serious about finding
improve their way of life employment
B) New England seemed to offer far better E) included a small number who were simply
economic opportunities than any other place looking for good pay and adventure
C) religious freedom was of vital importance
and became the main reason for emigration
D) the real attraction was a life filled with
excitement
E) Virginia and Maryland provided better
conditions for employment than the West
Indies
Ancient Greece consisted of a number of city- 106. As pointed out in the passage, the
states, of which Athens was one of the system of direct democracy ----.
greatest. In the fifth century B.C., all citizens A) fully safeguarded individual liberties while
native to Athens could both vote and speak in it restricted the authority of the community as
a government assembly; but this, of course a whole
did not apply to women and slaves. This B) was so efficient that, with the exception of
system of “direct democracy” was feasible Athens, every Greek city-state adopted it
because Athens was a small community. Each C) would obviously be unworkable in large
individual could be involved, gathering communities
collectively in the public square where D) was short-lived as it resulted in so many
decisions on government matters, such as disagreements
laws and foreign affairs, were made. City E) enabled a number of Greek city-states to
administrators were expected to account for resist the interference of Athens in their
their decisions. What counted in ancient foreign affairs
Athens was the authority of the community as
a whole. This took precedent over the liberty 107. According to the passage, every
of the individual. The freedom of the recognized Athenian male citizen ----.
individual to make private decisions, such as A) had the right of direct involvement in
choosing a religion, was restricted on the collective decision-making
grounds that the interests of society were B) attending a public assembly was expected
paramount. However, this simple form of to speak on laws and foreign affairs
democracy had its drawbacks. While C) was dissatisfied with the system of direct
subsequent political thinkers praised the democracy as practised by a number of
concept of direct political involvement, it citystates in Greece
was recognized that this would be impractical D) had the right to hold whatever religious
in larger communities. Indeed, societies with beliefs he chose to
populations of thousands or millions would E) believed that representative democracy
never be able to manage the logistical was more feasible than direct democracy
problem of direct participation. It was,
therefore, natural that in modern 108. In the passage, attention is drawn to the
times there emerged the idea of fact that administrators in ancient Athens ---.
representative democracy. A) were so powerful that no citizen dared to
speak against them in the assembly
B) were elected by the members of the public
105. It is clearly stated in the passage that, in assembly
Ancient Athens, ----. C) were normally held responsible for their
A) women enjoyed the same democratic rights decisions of government
as men and took part in the process of D) did their best to reconcile the liberties of
collective decision-making the individual and the interests of the
B) what was to the benefit of the community community
counted more than the personal interests of E) were biased against direct democracy and
the individual advocated representative democracy
C) representative democracy was fully
practised although it had certain drawbacks
with regard to the process of decision-making
D) everybody living in the city was required to
take part in public assemblies and vote for the
election of city administrators
E) the authority of city administrators was so
great that their decisions on government
matters were final
During the economic depression that affected 110. As is clear from the passage, Keynes ----.
the whole Western world in the 1930s, with A) differed little from his contemporaries in
its mass unemployment, poverty and other his economic theories
social ills, governments, for the most part, did B) had much trust in the free market, which he
nothing. The accepted wisdom was that, given believed had a positive impact on the
time, the free market would solve its own economy of the 1930s
problems and that government interference C) did not think that the economic depression
would only make things worse. John Maynard of the 1930s was serious enough to justify
Keynes, the British economist who challenged government interference
this belief, argued that it was the proper D) firmly believed that government
responsibility of governments to prevent both intervention in the management of the
booms and recessions in order to maintain economy could be necessary
gradual economic growth and permanent full E) argued that economic prosperity should not
employment. He maintained that this could be be the prime aim of any government
done by manipulating taxation, credit and
public expenditure. If the economy was 111. It is pointed out in the passage that, due
growing too fast, then money and, therefore, to the economic depression in the West in
demand could be taken out of the economy the 1930s, ----.
by higher taxes, lower government spending A) most governments curbed public
and by making it harder to borrow money. If expenditure and changed their system of
there was recession and growing taxation
unemployment, then the government could B) there was unemployment on a very large
put money into the economy through lower scale
taxes, higher public expenditure and easier C) the increasing demand for goods had to be
credit. Thus, demand could be encouraged. If, prevented through harsh economic policies
as a result, there was money in people’s D) many governments introduced a series of
pockets, then more would be spent on goods measures to solve social problems
and more people would be needed to make E) it was almost impossible for people to
the goods to fulfil the extra demand, and this borrow money
would reduce unemployment.
112. As it is stated in the passage, in the
1930s, ----.
109. According to the Keynesian argument A) all governments in the West carefully
summarized in the passage, in order to bring followed the economic policies proposed by
down unemployment, ----. Keynes
A) new economic policies would be B) permanent full employment was achieved
formulated by the government, so that through an efficient implementation of free
demand could be curbed market policies
B) governments would follow a policy of C) governments generally felt that the free
nonintervention in the economy and allow the market was the only way of solving the
problem to be solved through the free market problems of the depression
C) the government had to make new loans D) despite high unemployment, people had so
available for businesses at very high interest much money that the demand for goods could
rates not be controlled
D) the government would prefer to increase E) the British government gave Keynes full
taxation, so that people would spend less responsibility to improve the economy
E) one of several measures to be introduced
by the government would be to encourage an
increase in public spending
Since the dawn of civilization, the Middle East, 114. It is stressed in the passage that, from
a region at the crossroads of Africa, Asia and very early times, every Eastern as well as
Europe, has been important to large and small every Western power ----.
powers alike, from the empires of the East to A) has ignored the geopolitical position of the
the imperial powers of the West. The opening Middle East
of the Suez Canal in 1869,which transformed B) has tried to colonize the Middle East and
maritime travel between Europe and Asia, exploit its natural resources
added to European interest. The region’s C) has maintained its presence in the Middle
other riches also encouraged European East on account of its oil
intervention and rivalries. This resulted in a D) has regarded the Middle East as having
series of confrontations between the Ottoman crucial importance
Empire and its European adversaries, and E) has followed a policy of peace and
finally in the collapse of the former and the cooperation with the Middle East
direct or indirect European colonization of
large parts of the region in the course 115. It is asserted in the passage that, when
of the nineteenth and early twentieth the Suez Canal was opened in 1869, ----.
centuries. But what added to the Middle A) European powers had already begun to
East’s importance in the twentieth century colonizethe Middle East on a large scale
was oil, which was found in abundance in the B) an increasing number of Europeans began
Persian Gulf and in parts of North Africa. to make long journeys through Asia
Moreover, in the strategic context of the Cold C) the flow of Middle Eastern oil to the West
War, the region’s geopolitical importance increased steadily
provided an additional reason for the D) European powers made a joint effort to get
superpowers to increase their role and control of the region
presence. E) travel by sea between East and West
underwent great changes

113. According to the passage, during the 116. It is pointed out in the passage that,
Cold War, ----. from the nineteenth century onwards,
A) the Middle East was geopolitically so European involvement in the Middle East ----.
important that the superpowers came to A) was solely concerned with the security of
believe that involvement in the area was the Suez Canal
desirable B) was strongly resisted by the Ottoman
B) the geopolitical importance of the Middle Empire, which thus prevented the colonization
East was recognized for the first time of the whole region
C) the European powers competed with each C) has largely been motivated by the region’s
other in the Middle East in order to have full geopolitical importance
control ofthe oil reserves in the Persian Gulf D) led to various conflicts with the Ottoman
D) the superpowers not only increased their Empire and finally ended its presence in the
activities in the Middle East but also formed region
alliances with the countries of the region E) centred only on the Suez Canal and the
E) the superpowers were attracted by the oil opening of the sea-route to Asia
of the Middle East more than by its
geopolitical position
Until the early 1960s, the picturesque ruins of 118. It is pointed out in the passage that the
Aphrodisias were scattered in and around the people of modern Geyre ----.
very pretty village of Geyre, where the houses A) have always played an active part in the
had been built largely from remnants of the excavations, since they are very keen to learn
ancient city. But the present excavations, about the past of their village
which began in 1961, have now reached such B) were forced to re-settle at a new site quite
a scale that the village and its inhabitants have far from that of Aphrodisias itself
been moved to another site nearby. Some of C) used the remains of ancient Aphrodisias as
the superb sculptures unearthed are now building material for their homes
exhibited in a new museum, which is located D) had been moved to a new site for re-
in what was once Geyre’s village square, while settlement before the excavations began in
others can be seen around the archaeological the early 1960s
zone, one of the most interesting and E) have insisted that the sculptures unearthed
beautiful sites in all of Turkey. Surprisingly, the during the excavations be exhibited in the
excavations at Aphrodisias have unearthed village square
remains of a settlement dating back to about
5,800 B.C. The site seems to have been a very 119. The writer claims in the passage that
ancient shrine of Ishtar, the fertility goddess Aphrodisias, with its wonderful ruins, ----.
of Nineveh and Babylon, who was one of the A) has been a place of attraction for
predecessors of Aphrodite, the Greek goddess archaeologists for many centuries
of love. In fact, the earliest Greek sanctuary of B) is among the most attractive and loveliest
Aphrodite on this site dates from the sixth of the archaeological sites in Turkey
century B.C., and it was from this sanctuary C) has now been completely excavated and
during the next four centuries that the cult of declared an archaeological zone
Aphrodite spread throughout the Graeco- D) still lies hidden under the modern village of
Roman world. Geyre and, hence, needs to be unearthed
E) is a Graeco-Roman archaeological site,
settled for the first time in the sixth century
117. As one learns from the passage, the B.C.
excavations at Aphrodisias ----.
A) originally had a single aim: to find out 120. It is stated in the passage that the
whether there was any connection between temple of Aphrodite in Aphrodisias ----.
this city and the Mesopotamian cities of A) was the very first site to be excavated in
Nineveh and Babylon the early 1960s and is today one of the most
B) confirm that Ishtar was reborn as Aphrodite captivating sights at Geyre
C) have unearthed only a small part of the B) was designed and built in full imitation of
ancient settlements, which are very extensive the temple of the Babylonian fertility goddess
and need to be carefully identified Ishtar on the same site
D) have focused on unearthing Aphrodite’s C) lost its importance completely once the cult
sanctuary as well as other Graeco-Roman of the goddess had spread in the Graeco-
remnants Roman world
E) have been going on for over four decades D) is still regarded by most archaeologists as
and reveal that the city dates back to very an architectural wonder, which, with its
early times superb sculptures, surprises everybody
E) gave rise to the popularity among the
Greeks and the Romans of the worship of the
goddess
CEVAP ANAHTARI 71. A
1. A 72. E
2. E 73. B
3. C 74. E
4. B 75. C
5. C 76. E
6. E 77. A
7. A 78. D
8. B 79. A
9. D 80. D
10. E 81. C
11. B 82. E
12. A 83. A
13. D 84. C
14. B 85. D
15. C 86. A
16. A 87. B
17. D 88. E
18. C 89. D
19. E 90. C
20. A 91. E
21. E 92. B
22. D 93. D
23. A 94. E
24. B 95. C
25. E 96. B
26. A 97. A
27. B 98. B
28. D 99. E
29. E 100. C
30. D 101. A
31. E 102. C
32. C 103. D
33. A 104. E
34. B 105. B
35. D 106. C
36. E 107. A
37. C 108. C
38. A 109. E
39. E 110. D
40. C 111. B
41. E 112. C
42. A 113. A
43. D 114. D
44. B 115. E
45. C 116. D
46. B 117. E
47. D 118. C
48. E 119. B
49. A 120. E
50. D
51. C
52. E
53. A
54. D
55. A
56. C
57. A
58. B
59. D
60. A
61. D
62. E
63. D
64. C
65. E
66. D
67. E
68. B
69. E
70. D