C Practical File

STB-506

Semester V 2023-24

Name: Anand Kumar Tripathi

Exam Roll. No.: 21220STA075
Class Roll. No.: St-67
 1. In a mid-semester examination, 10 students of a class scored the following marks
(out of 50):
25,18,27,8,30,42,20,50,45,18
WAP to calculate the following for the given data:
(a) Mean, variance and standard deviation
(b) Mode
(c) Median
(d) Moments, skewness and kurtosis

Solution 1:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <math.h>

//functions for various questions

float calculateMean(int marks[], int n) {

float sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

sum += marks[i];

return sum / n;

float calculateVariance(int marks[], int n, float mean) {

float sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

sum += pow(marks[i] - mean, 2);

return sum / n;

}
float calculateStandardDeviation(float variance) {

return sqrt(variance);

float calculateMoments(int marks[], int n, float mean, int moment) {

float sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

sum += pow(marks[i] - mean, moment);

return sum / n;

int compare(const void *a, const void *b) {

return (*(int *)a - *(int *)b);

float calculateMedian(int marks[], int n) {

// Sort the array

qsort(marks, n, sizeof(int), compare);

// If the number of elements is odd, return the middle element

// If the number of elements is even, return the average of the two middle elements

if (n % 2 == 0) {

return (marks[n / 2 - 1] + marks[n / 2]) / 2.0;

} else {

return marks[n / 2];

int main() {

// Given data
int marks[] = {25, 18, 27, 8, 30, 42, 20, 50, 45, 18};

int n = sizeof(marks) / sizeof(marks[0]);

float mean = calculateMean(marks, n);

printf("Mean: %.2f\n", mean);

float variance = calculateVariance(marks, n, mean);

printf("Variance: %.2f\n", variance);

float std_deviation = calculateStandardDeviation(variance);

printf("Standard Deviation: %.2f\n", std_deviation);

int mode = marks[0];

int maxCount = 1;

int currentCount = 1;

for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {

if (marks[i] == marks[i - 1]) {

currentCount++;

} else {

if (currentCount > maxCount) {

maxCount = currentCount;

mode = marks[i - 1];

currentCount = 1;

// Check for mode at the end

if (currentCount > maxCount) {

mode = marks[n - 1];

}
 printf("Mode: %d\n", mode);

//median

float median = calculateMedian(marks, n);

printf("Median: %.2f\n", median);

// Calculate moments, skewness, and kurtosis

float moments = calculateMoments(marks, n, mean, 2);

printf("Second Moment (Variance): %.2f\n", moments);

float skewness = calculateMoments(marks, n, mean, 3) / pow(variance, 1.5);

printf("Skewness: %.2f\n", skewness);

float kurtosis = calculateMoments(marks, n, mean, 4) / pow(variance, 2) - 3;

printf("Kurtosis: %.2f\n", kurtosis);

return 0;

2. WAP to find the Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation from the following data
between height of father (x) and son (y).

X 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

Y 66 67 65 68 70 68 72

Comment on the result.

Solution:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

// Function to calculate mean

float calculateMean(int data[], int n) {
float sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

sum += data[i];
}

return sum / n;
}

// Function to calculate Pearson correlation coefficient

 float calculatePearsonCoefficient(int x[], int y[], int n) {
float sum_xy = 0, sum_x = 0, sum_y = 0, sum_x_squared = 0, sum_y_squared =
0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

sum_xy += x[i] * y[i];
sum_x += x[i];
sum_y += y[i];
sum_x_squared += pow(x[i], 2);
sum_y_squared += pow(y[i], 2);
}

float numerator = n * sum_xy - sum_x * sum_y;

float denominator = sqrt((n * sum_x_squared - pow(sum_x, 2)) * (n *
sum_y_squared - pow(sum_y, 2)));

return numerator / denominator;

}

int main() {
// Given data
int x[] = {64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70};
int y[] = {66, 67, 65, 68, 70, 68, 72};
int n = sizeof(x) / sizeof(x[0]);

// Calculate Pearson correlation coefficient

float pearsonCoefficient = calculatePearsonCoefficient(x, y, n);

printf("Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation: %.4f\n", pearsonCoefficient);

return 0;
}

3. WAP to find the two regression equations from the following data:

X 6 2 10 4 8

Y 9 11 5 8 7

Solution:
#include <stdio.h>
// Function to calculate mean
float calculateMean(int data[], int n) {
float sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

sum += data[i];
}

return sum / n;
}

// Function to calculate covariance

float calculateCovariance(int x[], int y[], int n, float mean_x, float mean_y) {
float sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

sum += (x[i] - mean_x) * (y[i] - mean_y);
}

return sum / n;
}

// Function to calculate slope of the regression line (b)

float calculateSlope(int x[], int y[], int n, float mean_x, float mean_y) {
float covariance = calculateCovariance(x, y, n, mean_x, mean_y);
float variance_x = calculateCovariance(x, x, n, mean_x, mean_x);

return covariance / variance_x;

}

// Function to calculate intercept of the regression line (a)

float calculateIntercept(float mean_x, float mean_y, float slope) {
return mean_y - slope * mean_x;
}

int main() {
// Given data
int x[] = {6, 2, 10, 4, 8};
int y[] = {9, 11, 5, 8, 7};
int n = sizeof(x) / sizeof(x[0]);

// Calculate mean of x and y

float mean_x = calculateMean(x, n);
 float mean_y = calculateMean(y, n);

// Calculate slope (b) of the regression line for y on x

float slope_y_on_x = calculateSlope(x, y, n, mean_x, mean_y);

// Calculate intercept (a) of the regression line for y on x

float intercept_y_on_x = calculateIntercept(mean_x, mean_y, slope_y_on_x);

printf("Regression Equation for y on x: y = %.2fx + %.2f\n", slope_y_on_x,

intercept_y_on_x);

// Calculate slope (b) of the regression line for x on y

float slope_x_on_y = calculateSlope(y, x, n, mean_y, mean_x);

// Calculate intercept (a) of the regression line for x on y

float intercept_x_on_y = calculateIntercept(mean_y, mean_x, slope_x_on_y);

printf("Regression Equation for x on y: x = %.2fy + %.2f\n", slope_x_on_y,

intercept_x_on_y);

return 0;
}

4. A and B are the matrices of 3*3. 𝐴 = [18 10 9 12 14 14 10 13 10 ] and

𝐵 = [8 12 16 10 16 11 17 12 15 ]
WAP to do the following:
(a) A+B
(b) A-B
(c) A transpose and B transpose
(d) A*B

Solution:

#include <stdio.h>

// Function to print a matrix

void printMatrix(int mat[3][3]) {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
printf("%d ", mat[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

// Function to add two matrices

void addMatrices(int A[3][3], int B[3][3], int result[3][3]) {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
result[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j];
}
}
}

// Function to subtract two matrices

void subtractMatrices(int A[3][3], int B[3][3], int result[3][3]) {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
result[i][j] = A[i][j] - B[i][j];
}
}
}

// Function to calculate transpose of a matrix

void transposeMatrix(int mat[3][3], int result[3][3]) {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
result[i][j] = mat[j][i];
}
}
}

// Function to multiply two matrices

void multiplyMatrices(int A[3][3], int B[3][3], int result[3][3]) {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
result[i][j] = 0;
for (int k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
result[i][j] += A[i][k] * B[k][j];
}
}
}
}

int main() {
// Given matrices A and B
int A[3][3] = {{18, 10, 9}, {12, 14, 14}, {10, 13, 10}};
 int B[3][3] = {{8, 12, 16}, {10, 16, 11}, {17, 12, 15}};

// Result matrices
int resultAdd[3][3], resultSubtract[3][3], resultTransposeA[3][3], resultTransposeB[3][3],
resultMultiply[3][3];

// Perform operations
addMatrices(A, B, resultAdd);
subtractMatrices(A, B, resultSubtract);
transposeMatrix(A, resultTransposeA);
transposeMatrix(B, resultTransposeB);
multiplyMatrices(A, B, resultMultiply);

// Display results
printf("A + B:\n");
printMatrix(resultAdd);

printf("\nA - B:\n");
printMatrix(resultSubtract);

printf("\nTranspose of A:\n");
printMatrix(resultTransposeA);

printf("\nTranspose of B:\n");
printMatrix(resultTransposeB);

printf("\nA * B:\n");
printMatrix(resultMultiply);

return 0;
}

5. If a=98 and b=56, WAP using switch to do the following:

(a) a+b
(b) a-b
(c) a*b
(d) a/b
(e) a%b

Solution:

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 98;
int b = 56;
int result;

printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);

printf("\nChoose an operation:\n");
printf("1. a + b\n");
printf("2. a - b\n");
printf("3. a * b\n");
printf("4. a / b\n");
printf("5. a %% b\n");

int choice;
scanf("%d", &choice);

switch (choice) {
case 1:
result = a + b;
printf("a + b = %d\n", result);
break;
case 2:
result = a - b;
printf("a - b = %d\n", result);
break;
case 3:
result = a * b;
printf("a * b = %d\n", result);
break;
case 4:
if (b != 0) {
// Avoid division by zero
result = a / b;
printf("a / b = %d\n", result);
} else {
printf("Error: Division by zero\n");
}
break;
case 5:
if (b != 0) {
// Avoid modulo by zero
result = a % b;
printf("a %% b = %d\n", result);
 } else {
printf("Error: Modulo by zero\n");
}
break;
default:
printf("Invalid choice\n");
}

return 0;
}
6. Given below are the three strings:
Str1=CHANDIGARH; Str2=MADRAS; Str3=BOMBAY; Str4=AHMEDABAD
WAP (with-out using string functions) to do the following:
(a) Count the number of characters in all four strings.
(b) Count the number of vowels & consonants in strings.
(c) Concatenate the four strings into one string to be called str5.
(d) Check whether str4 is palindrome or not.

Solution:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

// Function to count characters in a string

int countCharacters(const char *str) {
int count = 0;
while (*str != '\0') {
count++;
str++;
}
return count;
}

// Function to count vowels and consonants in a string

void countVowelsConsonants(const char *str, int *vowels, int *consonants) {
*vowels = 0;
*consonants = 0;

while (*str != '\0') {

if (isalpha(*str)) {
switch (toupper(*str)) {
case 'A':
case 'E':
 case 'I':
case 'O':
case 'U':
(*vowels)++;
break;
default:
(*consonants)++;
}
}
str++;
}
}

// Function to concatenate strings

void concatenateStrings(const char *str1, const char *str2, const char *str3, const char
*str4, char *result) {
while (*str1 != '\0') {
*result = *str1;
result++;
str1++;
}

while (*str2 != '\0') {

*result = *str2;
result++;
str2++;
}

while (*str3 != '\0') {

*result = *str3;
result++;
str3++;
}

while (*str4 != '\0') {

*result = *str4;
result++;
str4++;
}

*result = '\0';
}

// Function to check if a string is a palindrome

int isPalindrome(const char *str) {
int length = countCharacters(str);
for (int i = 0; i < length / 2; i++) {
if (str[i] != str[length - i - 1]) {
return 0; // Not a palindrome
}
}
return 1; // Palindrome
}

int main() {
const char *Str1 = "CHANDIGARH";
const char *Str2 = "MADRAS";
const char *Str3 = "BOMBAY";
const char *Str4 = "AHMEDABAD";
char str5[100];

// Count characters
int countStr1 = countCharacters(Str1);
int countStr2 = countCharacters(Str2);
int countStr3 = countCharacters(Str3);
int countStr4 = countCharacters(Str4);

printf("Number of characters in Str1: %d\n", countStr1);

printf("Number of characters in Str2: %d\n", countStr2);
printf("Number of characters in Str3: %d\n", countStr3);
printf("Number of characters in Str4: %d\n", countStr4);

// Count vowels and consonants

int vowels, consonants;
countVowelsConsonants(Str1, &vowels, &consonants);
printf("Vowels in Str1: %d, Consonants in Str1: %d\n", vowels, consonants);

countVowelsConsonants(Str2, &vowels, &consonants);

printf("Vowels in Str2: %d, Consonants in Str2: %d\n", vowels, consonants);

countVowelsConsonants(Str3, &vowels, &consonants);

printf("Vowels in Str3: %d, Consonants in Str3: %d\n", vowels, consonants);

countVowelsConsonants(Str4, &vowels, &consonants);

printf("Vowels in Str4: %d, Consonants in Str4: %d\n", vowels, consonants);

// Concatenate strings
concatenateStrings(Str1, Str2, Str3, Str4, str5);
 printf("Concatenated string (str5): %s\n", str5);

// Check if Str4 is a palindrome

if (isPalindrome(Str4)) {
printf("Str4 is a palindrome.\n");
} else {
printf("Str4 is not a palindrome.\n");
}

return 0;
}

7. Define a structure named census with the following three members:

● a character array city [] to store names
● a long integer to store population of the city
● a float member to store literacy level

WAP to do the following:

● to read details for 5 cities randomly using an array variable

● to sort the list based on literacy level
● to sort the list based on population
● to display sorted lists
Solution:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

// Define the census structure

struct Census {

char city[50];

long int population;

float literacyLevel;

};

// Function to read details for 5 cities

void readCityDetails(struct Census cities[], int n) {

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

 printf("Enter details for City %d:\n", i + 1);

// Read city name

printf("City Name: ");

scanf("%s", cities[i].city);

// Read population

printf("Population: ");

scanf("%ld", &cities[i].population);

// Read literacy level

printf("Literacy Level: ");

scanf("%f", &cities[i].literacyLevel);

printf("\n");

// Function to sort the list based on literacy level

void sortListByLiteracy(struct Census cities[], int n) {

struct Census temp;

for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < n - i - 1; j++) {

if (cities[j].literacyLevel > cities[j + 1].literacyLevel) {

// Swap the elements

temp = cities[j];

cities[j] = cities[j + 1];

cities[j + 1] = temp;

}
 }

// Function to sort the list based on population

void sortListByPopulation(struct Census cities[], int n) {

struct Census temp;

for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < n - i - 1; j++) {

if (cities[j].population > cities[j + 1].population) {

// Swap the elements

temp = cities[j];

cities[j] = cities[j + 1];

cities[j + 1] = temp;

// Function to display the sorted list

void displayList(struct Census cities[], int n) {

printf("\n%-20s%-15s%-20s\n", "City", "Population", "Literacy Level");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("%-20s%-15ld%-20.2f\n", cities[i].city, cities[i].population, cities[i].literacyLevel);

int main() {

// Declare an array of census structures for 5 cities

 struct Census cities[5];

// Read details for 5 cities

readCityDetails(cities, 5);

// Sort the list based on literacy level

sortListByLiteracy(cities, 5);

// Display the sorted list based on literacy level

printf("List sorted by literacy level:\n");

displayList(cities, 5);

// Sort the list based on population

sortListByPopulation(cities, 5);

// Display the sorted list based on population

printf("\nList sorted by population:\n");

displayList(cities, 5);

return 0;