XXXX X: Important Instructions To Examiners

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Power Engineering & Refrigeration (PER) Subject Code: 22562
Important Instructions to examiners:
XXXX
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
X
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.
Q. Sub Marking
Answer
No. Q. No Scheme
1 Attempt any FIVE of the following 2x5
1 a) Define the terms Swept volume and Clearance Volume for an I.C. Engine.
Ans: 1 mark
Swept Volume: Swept volume can be defined as the volume swept by the engine piston each
during one stroke. Swept volume is also the product of piston area and stroke. definition
Clearance Volume: Clearance volume can be defined as the volume that remains in the
cylinder when the engine piston is in the top centre position.
Clearance volume can also be defined as the difference between the total cylinder volume
and the swept volume. The space covered by the clearance volume also forms the
combustion chamber.
1 b) Define one ton of refrigeration.
Ans:
One ton of refrigeration can be defined as the amount of heat being removed from one ton 2 marks
of water at 0oC to form one ton of ice at 00C within 24 hours. for
Thus, a Ton of refrigeration shall quantify the latent heat required to be removed for definition
solidification of water at 00C.
1 tonne of refrigeration (TR) = 336 1000 24 × = 14000 kJ/hr = 3.5 kw
1 c) Define BSFC 2 marks
Ans: BSFC( Brake specific fuel consumption): for
It is defined as the ratio of the mass of fuel consumed per hour per unit power output definition
(BP) in kg/kWhr.
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Model Answer
Subject Name: Power Engineering & Refrigeration (PER) Subject Code:22562
Q. Sub Marking
No. Q. N.
Answer XXXX
Scheme
1 d) State any two applications of compressed air.
Ans:
X
Applications of compressed air (Any two):- 1 mark
1) To drive air motors in coal mines. each
2) To inject fuel in air injection diesel engines. application
3) To operate pneumatic drills, hammers, hoists, sand blasters. ( any two)
4) For cleaning purposes.
5) To cool large buildings.
6) In the processing of food and farm maintenance.
7) In vehicle to operate air brake.
8) For spray painting in paint industry.
1 e) State two applications of gas turbines.
Ans: Applications of gas turbines (Any two)
1. They are widely used in the aircraft field, i.e., for propulsion of turbo jet and turbo 1 mark
propeller engines. each
2. With availability of natural gas fuel, the gas turbines are increasingly being used for application
electric power generation.
( any two)
3. These are also used in marine propulsion.
4. The gas turbines are used in conjunction with thermal power plants as cogeneration for
power production.
5. The gas turbines are used in high-speed racing cars.
6. The gas turbines are also used to run the railway locomotives.
7. These are used to operate hovercrafts.
8. These are used to run turbo (high speed) pumps.
9. These are used to run the rotary compressors.
10. The gas turbines are also used in cross country pipe and charging stations.
1 f) State two important differences between turbojet and turboprop engines.
Ans:
Turbojet Engine Turboprop Engine 1 mark
Power produced by the turbine is used to Power produced by the turbine is used to each
drive the compressor drive the compressor and propeller difference
Engine consist of Diffuser, Compressor, Engine consist of Diffuser, Compressor, (any two)
Combustion Chamber, Turbine, Nozzle Combustion Chamber, Turbine, Nozzle
and propeller
Low takeoff thrust High takeoff thrust
Low Propulsive efficiency High Propulsive efficiency
Less space is needed More space is needed
Reduction gear is not needed Reduction gear is needed
Engine is noisy Engine is less noisy
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Model Answer
22562
Subject Name: Power Engineering & Refrigeration (PER) Subject Code:
Q. Sub Answer XXXXX
Marking
No. Q. No Scheme
1 g) State two advantages of supercharging. 1 mark
Ans: each
1. It is used to overcome the effects of high altitude, such as high aircrafts and engines run advantag
on mountains. e
2. It reduces the weight of engine per kW power developed.
3. It is used to reduce the size of engine to fit in a limited space such as in marine engines. ( any
4. It is used to increase the power output from an existing engine. two)
2 Attempt any THREE of the following. 3X4
2 a) Compare SI and CI Engines on the basis of following points.
Ans:
Particular SI Engine CI Engine
Method of ignition The air-fuel mixture is The Diesel engine takes in only 1 mark
prepared in the carburetor air during the suction stroke, for each
and inducted into the engine and it is compressed. at the end differenc
cylinder during the suction of the compression stroke the e
stroke fuel is injected under the high
pressure by a fuel injector
Fuel used It uses gasoline or petrol as It uses diesel and oils as a fuel
fuel
Compression ratio It uses less compression It uses high compression ratio,
ratio, usually range of 4 to10 range of 14 to 21
Noise and vibration Less More
2 b) Explain the working of catalytic convertor with neat sketch.
Ans:
A catalytic converter is cylindrical unit about the size of small silencer and is installed
into exhaust system of vehicle. It converts the harmful gases from the engine into 2 mark
harmless gases and escapes them into atmosphere. Inside converter there is honeycomb for
structure of ceramic or metal which is coated with alumina base material and therefore a sketch
second coating of precious metal platinum, palladium or rhodium or combination of same.
As a result of catalytic reaction, the exhaust gases pass over the converter substance, the
toxic gases such CO, HC and NOx are converted into harmless CO2, H2 and N2. Two way
2 mark
catalytic converter: Through catalytic action a chemical changes converts carbon
monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (oxidation). explanati
on
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Model Answer
Subject Name: Power Engineering & Refrigeration (PER) Subject Code:
22562
Q. Sub
Answer XXXX Marking
No. Q. N. Scheme
2 c) Define the terms volumetric efficiency and isothermal efficiency for air compressor. X
Ans:
Volumetric Efficiency:-It is the ratio of actual volume of air sucked and swept volume of 1 mark
cylinder. each for
Mathematically, definition
1 mark
each for
Isothermal Efficiency:- Isothermal efficiency is the ratio of isothermal work and actual formula
indicated work in reciprocating compressor.
Mathematically,
2 d) Represent Brayton cycle on P-V and T-S diagrams. Name the processes.
Ans:
1 mark for
P-V
diagram
1 mark for
T-S
diagram
½ mark
1. Process 1-2: Adiabatic process – compression for each
2. Process 2-3: Isobaric process – heat addition process
3. Process 3-4; Adiabatic process – expansion
4. Process 4-1: Isobaric process – heat rejection
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Model Answer
Q. Sub
Answer
XXXX
Marking
No. Q. N. Scheme
3 Attempt any THREE of the following. X 3X4
3 a) Represent Otto Cycle and Diesel Cycle on PV and TS Diagrams.
Ans : Otto Cycle
1 mark for
PV
diagram
1 mark for
TS
diagram
Diesel Cycle –
1 mark for
PV
diagram
1 mark for
TS
diagram
PV diagram TS Diagram
3 b) State the purpose of conducting Morse test. Explain its Procedure.

Ans: Purpose of conducting Morse test –
1. Morse test is a method to measure the frictional power of a multi-cylinder SI 2 Mark
engine. for
2. The Morse test is a test conducted to determine the power developed in each Purpose
cylinder in a multi-cylinder IC engine.
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Model Answer
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Answer
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No Q. N. Scheme
3 b) CONTINUE…. X
Procedure to conduct the Morse test-
In this test, the engine is first run at the required speed with a certain load and the
output is measured. Then, one cylinder is cut out by short circuiting the spark plug or by
disconnecting the injector as per the petrol/diesel engine.
Under this condition, other cylinders will produce power except that above one cut-
out cylinder. The output is measured by keeping the speed constant at its original value 2 Mark
by changing the load applied. The difference in the outputs of both condition, gives the for
indicated power of the cut-out cylinder. Thus, for each cylinder the IP is obtained and is Procedu
added together to find the total IP of the engine. re
This test carried out on multi cylinder I.C. engine. In this test, first engine is allowed to run
at constant speed and brake power of engine is measured when all cylinders are working
and developing indicated power. (Considering Four cylinders)
I1+I2+I3+I4 = (BP)engine +(F1+F2+F3+F4)
Where I1, I2, I3 and I4 – Indicated power of four cylinders
(BP)engine – Brake power of engine when all cylinders are working
F1, F2, F3, F4 – Frictional power of all four cylinders
Then the first cylinder is cut off by short circuiting spark plug in case S.I. engine (or
cutting fuel supply in case C.I. engine). This causes the speed to drop due to non-firing of
first cylinder. It should be noted that although first cylinder is not producing power still it
is moving up and down so its frictional power must be considered. This speed is once
again maintained to its original value by reducing load on the engine
I2+I3+I4 = (BP)2,3,4 +(F1+F2+F3+F4)
Where (BP)2,3,4 – Brake power of 2,3 & 4 cylinders only.
Repeat the above procedure for remaining cylinders and calculate I.P. of the engine.
Cylinder 2 is cut off – I1+I3+I4 = (BP)1,3,4 +(F1+F2+F3+F4)
I.P. of cylinder 1 is calculated as ,
I1 = (BP)engine – (BP)2,3,4
Similarly I2,I3 and I4 is calculated as follows
Total Indicated power of engine = I.P.
IP = I1+I2+I3+I4
Frictional power of engine
FP = IP – (BP)engine
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Model Answer
Q. Sub
Answer
XXXXMarking
No Q. N. Scheme
3 c) Define DBT, WBT, Relative humidity and Specific Humidity. X
Ans:
1) Dry-Bulb Temperature - It is the temperature recorded by ordinary thermometer
with a clean, dry sensing element when bulb of thermometer is expose to air.
2) Wet-Bulb Temperature - It is the temperature recorded by a ordinary thermometer 1 Mark
when its bulb is covered by a wet cloth exposed to the air. for each
3) Relative Humidity - Relative Humidity is the ratio of water vapor pressure (Pv) to the definition
water vapor pressure of saturated air at the same temperature ( P vs )
OR It is defined as the ratio of actual mass of water vapour (m v) in a
given volume of moist air to the mass of water vapour (ms) in the same volume of
saturated air at the same temperature and pressure.
4) Specific Humidity (ω)- It is ratio of mass of vapour to the mass of dry air in a given
sample of moist air. OR It is the mass of water vapour associated with unit
mass of dry air.
3 d) Differentiate between two stroke and four stroke IC engine (Any four points)
FOUR STROKE ENGINE TWO STROKE ENGINE
Four piston strokes require to complete Only two piston strokes required to
one cycle. complete one cycle
Two complete revolutions of crank shaft is Only one complete revolution of crank
required to complete one cycle. shaft is required to complete one cycle. 1 mark
Number of power stroke/min equal to half Number of power stroke/min equal to the each
of the speed of engine crank shaft. n=N/2 speed of engine crank shaft. n=N point
Power is developed in every alternate Power is also developed in every revolution ( any four
revolution of crank shaft. of crank shaft hence for same cylinder. point)
The power is developed in every alternate The power is developed in every
revolution, hence heavy fly wheel is revolution, hence lighter flywheel is
required. required.
These engines are Heavier, larger and These engine are lighter more compact and
required more space. require less space.
The inlet and exhaust valve are require and In place of valve, ports are used which
they are operated by valve operating opens and close by motion of piston itself.
mechanism.
Lubricating oil consumption is less. Lubricating oil consumption is more
Thermal efficiency is higher. Less Thermal efficiency.
Mechanical efficiency is Low because of Mechanical efficiency is High because of
more number of moving parts. less number of moving parts.
These Engines are used basically in High These Engines are used basically in Low
Power Application Where more space is Power Application where less space is
available like Cars, Truck, Tractors, Buses available like Mopeds, Scooters, Motor
etc. cycle etc.
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Model Answer
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Answer
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No Q. N. Scheme
4 Attempt any THREE of the following. X 3X4
4 a) Draw a neat sketch of common rail direct Injection (CRDI) System. Label all Parts.
Ans : -
2 mark
for
sketch
2 mark
for label
4 b) Name any four sensors used in IC Engine and state their functions.
Ans : - There are various types of sensors used in IC engine as below
Mass Air Flow Sensor: The mass airflow (MAF) sensor is a sensor that is used to measure the
volume of air entering into the combustion chamber through the intake manifold. 1 mark
Engine coolant temperature sensor: It is incorporated with coolant and measures the coolant
each
temperature.
( any
Intake air temperature sensor: It detect intake air temperature achieving the precise control
of the A/F ratio. four)
Manifold absolute pressure sensor: This sensor senses pressure change in the intake
manifold
Throttle position sensor: This is connected to throttle valve shaft on the throttle body and
detects throttle valve opening. It helps the flow of charge is adjusted for speed and acceleration
by sensing movement of throttle valve.
Cam shaft position sensor: Using this signal ECM identifies cylinder whose piston is in the
compression stroke for fuel injection.
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Model Answer
Q. Sub
Answer
X Marking
No Q. N. Scheme
4 b) CONTINUE….
Crank shaft position sensor: The crankshaft position sensor is used to determine the position
of the crankshaft and the first cylinder. ECM uses this signal for knowing the engine speed and
cylinder identification which allow ECU to change injector opening with changes in engine
rpm.
Engine Knock sensors: The engine knock sensor measures or detects the vibrations that may
result from incomplete combustion of the fuel inside the combustion chamber. When these
vibrations are detected, the ECM retards the ignition timing slightly to prevent damage to the
engine.
Catalytic Converter Temperature Sensor: A temperature sensor on the catalytic converter is
used to measure the temperature of the gases which are entering the catalytic converter.
Oxygen Sensor: Oxygen sensors are used to determine the amount of oxygen in the exhaust
gas.
Exhaust Gas Temperature Sensor: The exhaust gas temperature sensor measures the
temperature of exhaust gasses.
4 c) Draw the neat sketch of ice plant. Label all the components.
Ans : -
2 mark
for
sketch
2 mark
for label
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Model Answer
Q. Sub
Answer
X Marking
No Q. N. Scheme
4 d) Explain working of centrifugal compressor with neat sketch.
Ans : -
2 mark
for
sketch
2 mark
for
working
Working Principle of Centrifugal Compressor:
Air is sucked into the impeller eye and whirled outwards at high speed by the impeller disk. At
any point in the flow of air through the impeller the centripetal acceleration is obtained by a
pressure head so that the static pressure of the air increases from the eye to the tip of the
impeller. The remainder of the static pressure rise is obtained in the diffuser, where the very
high velocity of air leaving the impeller tip is reduced to almost the velocity with which the air
enters the impeller eye. Usually, about half of the total pressure rise occurs in the impeller and
the other half in the diffuser. In a multistage compressor different sets of impellers and
diffusers the pressure of the air in stages.
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Model Answer
Q. Sub
Answer
X Marking
No Q. N. Scheme
4 e)
Differentiate between open cycle and closed cycle gas turbine.
Ans : -
Sr
Open Cycle Gas Turbine Closed Cycle Gas Turbine
No
The working fluid is replaced The working fluid is circulated
1.
continuously. continuously.
2. Its maintenance cost is low. The maintenance cost is high.
The output closed cycle gas turbine The output open cycle gas turbine
3. 1 mark
produce is more. produce is less.
each
4. Thermal efficiency is less. Thermal efficiency is more. point
5. Operating pressure is lower. Operating pressure is higher
It is best suited for the stationary (any
It is best suited for the moving vehicle
installation and marine uses because four
6. because the air from the turbine is
the air from the turbine is cooled by the point)
discharged into the atmosphere.
circulating water.
The turbine blade life is shorter in open
7. The turbine blade life is longer.
cycle gas turbine.
The heat is generated directly in the The heat is transferred indirectly
8.
combustion chamber. through a heat exchanger.
In an open cycle, the gases coming out In closed cycle gas turbine, the gas that
9. from the gas turbine is exhausted in the comes out from the gas turbine passes
atmosphere. into the cooling chamber.
10. This is a less costly This is a more costly
A large amount of water cooling is
11. there is no requirement for water cooling
required.
Any other fluid that possesses better
Here only air can be used as the working
12. thermodynamic properties like helium
fluid.
can be used.
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Model Answer
Q. Sub
Answer
X Marking
No Q. N. Scheme
5 Attempt any TWO of the following. 2x6
5 a) Following observations are recorded during a trial on four stroke diesel engine:
Fuel Supplied = 0.1 kg/min, Calorific Value of fuel = 41480 kJ/kg
Engine Speed = 400 rpm, Effective diameter of brake drum = 1 m
Net load on the brake drum = 1000 N, Mass flow rate of cooling water = 10 kg/min
Rise in cooling water Temperature = 25° C, Air Supplied = 6 kg/min
Exhaust gas temperature = 200 °C, Specific heat of water = 4.186 kJ/kg K
Specific heat of exhaust gas = 1 kJ/kg K, Room Temperature = 30 °C
Prepare heat Balance Sheet on minute basis.
Ans :-
Given Data : mf = 0.1 kg/min, CV = 41480 kJ/kg, N = 400 rpm, D =1m, R = 0.5 m
W = 1000 N, mw = 10 kg/min, dT = 25°C, ma = 6 kg/min, mg = ma + mf = 6+ 0.1 = 6.1 kg/min 1 Mark
Tg = 200°C = 200+273 = 473 °K, Cpw = 4.186 kJ/kgK, Cpg = 1 kJ/kgK,
Ta = 30°C = 30 +273 = 303°K
1 Mark
1) Heat Supplied = mf x CV =0.1 x 41480 = 4148 kJ/min

2) Heat equivalent to BP = BP x 60 = 20.94 x 60 = 1256.4 kJ/min
2 Mark
3) Heat carried away by cooling water = mwx Cpw x dT = 10 x 4.186 x 25 = 1046.5 kJ/min
4) Heat carried away by exhaust gas= mg x Cpg x (Tg – Ta) =6.1 x 1 x (473 -303)= 1037 kJ/min
5) Unaccounted heat = (1) – [ (2) + (3) + (4) ] = 4148 – (1256.4+1046.5+1037) = 808.1 kJ/min
Heat Supplied kJ/min % Heat Distribution kJ/min %
(2) Heat equivalent to BP 1256.4 30.29
2 Mark
(1) Heat (3) Heat carried away by cooling
1046.5 25.23
Produced by 4148 100 water
Fuel (4) Heat carried away by exhaust gas 1037 25.00
(5) Unaccounted heat 808.1 19.48
Total 4148 100 Total 4148 100
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Model Answer
Q. Sub
Answer
X Marking
No Q. N. Scheme
5 b) A single stage air compressor delivers air at 5 bar. Suction temperature is 20° C. Suction
pressure is 1 bar. The volume of air entering into compressor is 3 m3/min. The index of
compression is 1.2. Calculate power required and isothermal efficiency.
Ans : -
Given Data : T1 = 20 C, P1 = 1 bar = 1 x 105 N/m2, P2 = 5 bar = 5 x 105 N/m2,
V1 = 3 m3/min = 3 /60 = 0.05 m3/s , n =1.2 1 Mark
Power required to drive the compressor when the compression is polytropic, n= 1.2
1 Mark
1 Mark
Work done = 9229.81 W
i.e. Power = 9.229kW
For isothermal Efficiency, we need to find the isothermal work 1 Mark
1 Mark
1 Mark
5 c) A refrigeration system works on vapour compression cycle. Enthalpies at various points
are given below:
Compressor inlet: 1460 kJ/kg Compressor outlet: 1796 kJ/kg
Inlet to expansion valve: 322 kJ/kg
Calculate (i) COP (ii) Power required for one kg of refrigerant circulated per min.
The refrigerant is superheated by 15°C before it enters the compressor and sub-cooled
by 3° C before expansion. Sketch the cycle on PH and TS diagrams.
Ans : -
Given Data: m = 1 kg /min, h1 = 1460 kJ/kg, h2 = 1796 kJ/kg,
h3 = 322 kJ/kg = h4 …. For throttling process
1 Mark
1 Mark
Power required for one kg of refrigerant circulated per min.
i.e. Compressor work input = W = m (h2 – h1) 1 Mark
W = 1 x (1796 – 1460) = 336 kJ/min = 336/60 = 5.6 kW
Power = 5.6 kW 1 Mark
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Model Answer
Q. Sub
Answer
X Marking
No Q. N. Scheme
CONTINUE……
1 Mark
(P-h
Diagram
)
5 c)
1 Mark
(T-S
Diagram
)
PH and TS diagram for Superheating & sub-cooling both combine.
6 Attempt any TWO of the following. 2x6

6 a) A single cylinder four stroke diesel engine gave the following results:
Speed of the engine: 400 rpm Load on the brake: 370 N
Diameter of the brake drum: 1.2 m Fuel consumption: 2.8 kg/hr
Calorific value of fuel: 41800 kJ/kg Cylinder diameter: 160 mm
Piston stroke: 200 mm
Calculate: (i) Brake Power (ii) BSFC (iii) Brake Thermal Efficiency.
Ans : -
Given Data: N = 400 rpm, W = 370 N, Db = 1.2 m , Rb = 1.2/2 = 0.6 m,
mf = 2.8 kg/hr = 2.8/ 3600 = 7.77 x 10-4 kg/sec, CV = 41800 kJ/kg,
D = 160 mm = 0.16 m, L = 200 mm = 0.2 m
i) Brake Power - 2 Mark
ii) Brake Specific fuel Consumption (BSFC) – 2 Mark
iii) Brake Thermal Efficiency – 2 Mark
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Model Answer
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Answer
X Marking
No Q. N. Scheme
6 b) It is desired to compress 16 m3 of air per minute from 1 bar to 10.5 bar. Calculate
minimum power required to drive the compressor with two stage compression and
compare it with power required for single compressor. Assume the Value of index of
compression 1.35 in both cases. Also assume the condition for maximum efficiency.
Ans : -
Given Data: V1 = 16 m3/min = 16/60 = 0.2667 m3/sec, P1 = 1 bar = 1 x 105 N/m2, P3 = 10.5 bar
= 10.5 x 105 N/m2, n = 1.35 1 Mark
For two stage compression, minimum power required to drive compressor-
Intercooler pressure, 1 Mark
1 Mark
1 Mark
For single stage compression, minimum power required to drive compressor-
1 Mark
By comparing both the value, we find that, for single stage compression power required to
1 Mark
drive the compressor is more than two stage compression.
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Model Answer
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Answer
X Marking
No Q. N. Scheme
6 c) With the help of psychrometric chart find the following properties of air at 25° DBT and
50% relative humidity.
(i) Dew Point Temperature
(ii) Wet Bulb temperature
(iii) Specific volume of air
(iv) Enthalpy of air
(v) Specific humidity of air
Draw psychrometric chart showing all above properties.
Ans : -
For given condition of air at 25° DBT and 50% relative humidity, using the psychrometric
chart, the value of following properties are - 4 Mark
(i) Dew Point Temperature = 14°C
(ii) Wet Bulb temperature =18°C
(iii) Specific volume of air = 0.86 m3/kg of dry air
(iv) Enthalpy of air = 52 kJ/kg Dry air
(v) Specific humidity of air = 0.010 kg/kg of dry air.
2 Mark
Page 16 of 16

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Ans : Otto Cycle

3 b) State the purpose of conducting Morse test. Explain its Procedure.

SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION

Working Principle of Centrifugal Compressor:

1) Heat Supplied = mf x CV =0.1 x 41480 = 4148 kJ/min

PH and TS diagram for Superheating & sub-cooling both combine.

6 Attempt any TWO of the following. 2x6

ii) Brake Specific fuel Consumption (BSFC) – 2 Mark

iii) Brake Thermal Efficiency – 2 Mark

For single stage compression, minimum power required to drive compressor-

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