UNIT-5

Probability and Ctatisties

NA
(A) Lt

samplesAce Carnple Space.

poeibte outcome s called
A cet ot,
odorn xperiment/ Event
knoon a s we kno all
A Rardon Event is
but e can not
pOssible outcomes in adyance
Predict the result t aa paticulas Event
is called Rarrdoro Event

Rardom Vaiable:
aiable ie a ule that astarda
A Rardom
Number to ech postble ctome ot
reay
rardor Experánent

A Dum ber Punction whoce dorrain Sample

Space and range i

Ex
BinomialRandon Vauiable

>tota no trail
Here, Poscible no'ot
.P+a=t
0pot foscibidi tbet failu
Vaviable Fascibtaky'ot sucem
Rarolm
Poieson't
Pln)=

Norma Gausuian

(a)>
 Diseete Data :

Mean N

Diserete Distibution;
-l Ipl)
mean EC)=

E() p(n)
'or) S t r a d eriat'on
()’tora
(o)vaiance:
E(»")-(E)
Vaiance= T
=Jxpn)- (5apn))
Jsnpa) - (sapt)
Poissorn
vniabe X ic saîd to be Poicon ip
Tom
A

Xnpln)
P ) P(x:)=e

Cases -
cæ rve Poícson Prrm bioo mial
case o bienoia
bissom it a
tírnití
Vaiance ot poiSDn
() fid Mean &

Poiec o7) Prom Binonnial

ci) Deire
f(a)=)P'a; mo,2.2-- n ,
i-)
=nlo-)(n-2). ....(n--1) P(I-pD
(-p)A

enn-a) nli-o).... nft-"%) Fo-p)

li-p)"

Let ip= ^

(Here, n’Laqe
p->cma!
Binorria tto loiseon
:.It P then
Binomal becomeL Normaf
ND
TE
(rte
(t)r (r
(1)
i) Fod meas & Vaiane ot peituon
Pla)= e =0j, 2,3.
2>0

mean(Poisson)
Nouo
E()-5p(n =
yCata)+ ] p(a)
la)P() + p(a)
=

(a-2)!
+
 Vaiace= Ve E(a')-EO)

Variane (Polsc ons) a

Nermal/aauLcian
to follow Norrt.
A andom vaiable X t said
i ts probabilitY dentity -functim

PAP prbblty Denstty -funetmontiuou

Mean ormal):
E ()=

da.

Let, -U

charge in tbs

(utrz) orda

e dz
 (Normal
)= Mean
-) E (
da
dt
dt dz=
noTheirk 2dt27olz=
change
s in
2t
-t
dt t
2l|e
(even) /la)dm [9jso=
a
fo) (even 3|
odd ) (eveno 3
NOTEr
Variane (Normal ):

():
E fon)dn

let
ts t- No chang

(utoz' e
-(%e
Xo dz
-o

(u'to e d

tEs;- No hange
2zdz= 2d
dz=
J2

(tr°as)e x()de
2
S ds 20 ds
 1

E(a))
:. Variane= E(a)

Variance (Nomal)=

Covaianee leovlx)J
Z# variance, vx)> E(XX) E(x)ECX)
tovariae j(oy(x, y) =E(XY) E(X) E(Y)
Correlatton toetsiient (X) y):

tovlX,Y)

p' ies blw

P-+ve, highy tv

then,
TE x A y ane iodependent
E(X Y) = ElX)E(Y)
 standold
Deiotiol)
: JE(y) -(t(Y)

Pb tind corelation toekticient blo Pollooing dola

X
Fatter e Son's Xy x
heiqht height
Lin) Cin)
b5 4225 -2

63 4256
y556

b2

y9004b24
6S y290 ussb y225
L822

69
Cyy: Cov(x y) E(xY)- t()t(y)

E(XY)= s(xV) 54104

N

ELX) = sx)

E(Y)= Y) 8\-b523
12

E(x), ztx) 53418=yusl5

N

E(y)tY} SuBu

K,4)- E(XY) -Etx) E(Y)

CoV y508.tG- (b6b (bt583)

JECx) -(Ex))= 254)2

2

3252
(o:#13)
xy= Cov (XY) (25712)(1-8|32) (o
NOTE. tov
Corretation toetsicient is irde perdent ot engn
and seale (ie) Puy
ly fuv
ohere ,U X . V y-b
k

b,e ane scaler ot x*

V= y-b
K UV

-2 And the
X

-5 -2

22
3 26

30
2 20

E(x)=
= O333
s()=
tv)= V 12
E(*)
N 2 E()=
12 E(xy):
E(uv) 12
N
 tov(U,V)= E(UV)- E0) E(V)

TEo) - (ElU)) 2b5b

oyE(v2)-E)= :2o08

e=Cov(U,v) 345|
(2b56X1-3002)

And the coelotlon Ced-fien t

X y
18e 224 (80

|2 U32
24 224
(32
-2

26 30

30 36
2772
2-630) 32H
l20 126

= 2
E()=
tly) =
2626
E(x)=
3276
E(y)
2442 tL2
E(x)
 E(XY) -E (x) E(Y) yn
tav(x:Y)
Elx) -(EC) b.3312

V= Y-b

Y-22 =Y-244

3 4
-3
-2

-3

4
-3 12

Elv)=

E(U?)> 3 Ibb
CoV(x,Y) E(XY) -t(x)E()

NE(N)-(EE(9) -(rv)
X-!X

Jazt;r-(:21

V= Y-b
K
Rank Correlation: PbsFlrd t t
Pollooir

)for non-epeated Rank 25

=|-b d; 26

nCo)
22

Cdix;-Yi) 20

(sai -o alway) 32
35
2) For Repeated Rart :
mlH)
ado tbe comrectiofactor to di
Lin is the root tteme is repeated)

roblems for Norn-sepeated lan

Pb!fid the rank corelatiOn coeictent Forte
Pollouotm Pb- fid tt
Rank in lank o follooi
X
Ranki
maths
4
3

2 2

20

Yxy -6di
12

O-Ly285
 the pank (oYrelation coeticlent for tte
foltooig
d;=X;-;
20 25
25

24 22

27 24

22 26 3

20 26
32 25
35 34
lo)

(
4(48)

on coetticient for the

te:fi the Rant Corlat'
folooirg
Ranin
Rankin
maths phy

--o-S-c
30o o
2

7 2

2 3
(4
(2 2
3
 (e(255)

Pb: (o compitgtore in a mucical test weae tartrg

by 2 2 judges X, Y, zZ in the ollso orde:
usig Rant corelaton diccuu ohich rno Tude has
the neaect apPRgrch tD commo ot
X d;=Xi-i - d liuie
3 -2 -3 25
5 2
4
5 2
2 36
34
3 -4 2

2
2 2 2

5 2

to(44) =-9 2/2 (

O6363 tihy
Cor a )
(o(49) -

-0:296at
to(41)
 |-b(15) =
toko'1)
6/2+5) I-
|2
12
- 3(3-)
2 3(3)
(2
ol3--z
o5
CDrrectionfa
ctt i
64-3
f5-2
40
55
2 50
40
9. 45
35 26
25 5
25 5 50
45
68
35 25 64
68
X di
fank
in in Ran
the coehticient
Por laHonTata:comefolloutq the find fb!
Ran: Keneotd Doldems
t
 Rant
the comelatton coe{}tctent bluo foli
h find
Data
Ran k Rant di
in X

5 2:25

63 25

25
12
|225
2 SS
0 -3S
bb 22
3S
6 2

-2:5
3

2
72'S.

Go-2

lorection Factor !

Gei-mlm-1) 4(tb-t)
12 12
 6(d+ CF)

G(95)

-0 2202

reecion:
Lne ot Reg blw tuo rauablea
Thea g e elatioLhip
oh y
The ire o Regree ion
X- X = (y-9)

Lety P byy e9 -byx

qreecion coeftint o XoY,

Here, byy , byx ane Re