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Assignment 1

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44 views6 pages

Assignment 1

Uploaded by

akmal hilmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURER: HANAH ZAKARIAH

NAME: MUHAMMAD AKMAL HILMI BIN HUSIN

STUDENT ID: 2023244474

COURSE CODE: CMA 413


Techniques for measuring distances are important in many fields, including construction,
navigation and surveying. Pacing, Stadia, Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) and Global
Positioning System (GPS) are four popular techniques for measuring distance. Here's a diagram
that shows how it works:

1. Pacing
Pacing is a basic distance measurement technique that counts the steps required to travel
a certain distance. Pacing provides a convenient means of obtaining approximate
distances which is quite useful in surveying. It can be used to obtain a rough check on
more accurate measurements made with tape.
Figure 1:
A person walking a distance and counting their steps

Because the method is crude, it should not be rendered valueless by careless recording of
paces, ignoring changes of slope and cover, or failing to check paced measurements against
measured distances at every opportunity.
On level ground adopt a pace that can be held all day. This should be your natural walk. Do
not try to take an even three-foot step. Some people use a single-step pace instead of the two-
step pace.
Figure 2:

MUHAMMAD AKMAL HILMI BIN HUSIN


2023244474
2. STADIA
To determine the distance and differences of elevation by using of a telescopic
instrument. One must measure both the horizontal and vertical angles that separate the
observer and the object. Uses for mapping, rough surveys and checking more precise
work.
Figure 1:
Theodolite diagram with measuring angles and stadia lines

Figure 2:
View of distant stadia rod through the transit telescope.

MUHAMMAD AKMAL HILMI BIN HUSIN


2023244474
3. Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
EDM is a very precise technique that measures distances using electromagnetic waves.
The equipment measures the time it takes for a signal to bounce back after emitting one
to a reflector positioned at the target site. Using the speed of light, distance is computed
from this time measurement.
Figure 1:
Diagram showing how a signal and reflector are used in EDM to estimate distance

MUHAMMAD AKMAL HILMI BIN HUSIN


2023244474
4. The Global Positioning System (GPS)
Is a measuring distance using satellites. The GPS surveying method involves the use of
satellite signals to determine precise locations on the Earth's surface. GPS can provide
high accuracy, especially with differential correction methods. However, accuracy can
be affected by factors like signal obstruction and atmospheric conditions.

Diagram showing a GPS receiver measuring distance and GPS satellites

Figure 1:

Real-time kinematic
Figure 2:

Differential GPS

MUHAMMAD AKMAL HILMI BIN HUSIN


2023244474
In summary, each distance measurement method has its advantages and limitations. Pacing is
simple but less accurate, stadia is optical and requires line-of-sight, EDM uses electromagnetic
waves for higher accuracy, and GPS relies on satellite signals for global positioning. The choice
of method depends on factors such as the required accuracy, the nature of the terrain, and the
available equipment.

MUHAMMAD AKMAL HILMI BIN HUSIN


2023244474

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