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Signals

The document provides an overview of key concepts in signal processing including deterministic vs random signals, energy vs power signals, periodic vs aperiodic signals, real vs complex signals, continuous-time vs discrete-time signals, Fourier series, Parseval's theorem, Fourier transform, inverse Fourier transform, Rayleigh's energy theorem, correlation functions, energy spectrum, and bandwidth of a signal.

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Rakshith
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7 views9 pages

Signals

The document provides an overview of key concepts in signal processing including deterministic vs random signals, energy vs power signals, periodic vs aperiodic signals, real vs complex signals, continuous-time vs discrete-time signals, Fourier series, Parseval's theorem, Fourier transform, inverse Fourier transform, Rayleigh's energy theorem, correlation functions, energy spectrum, and bandwidth of a signal.

Uploaded by

Rakshith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week1: Review of signals

Friday, April 12, 2024 8:13 AM

• A signal, x(t), is defined to be a function of time (t ∈ R).


• Signals in engineering systems are typically described with five different mathematical classifications:
1. Deterministic or random
2. Energy or power
3. Periodic or aperiodic
4. Complex or real
5. Continuous time or discrete time

Deterministic vs. random signal

The distinction between deterministic and random signals is fundamental in signal processing, communications, and control systems. Let's dive into the main differences:

Deterministic Signals Random Signals

Definition: A deterministic signal is one whose future values can be precisely predicted Definition: Random (or stochastic) signals are characterized by randomness; their
from past and present values. There's no uncertainty or randomness in its evolution over future values cannot be predicted with certainty, even if all past and present values are
time. known. They are influenced by random processes.

Characteristics: Characteristics:

Predictability: The signal follows a precisely defined rule or formula without any Unpredictability: The exact future values of the signal cannot be determined. Statistical
deviation. methods are often used to describe and analyse these signals.
Repeatability: If the signal is recreated under the same conditions, it will produce the Statistical Properties: Random signals are described by their statistical properties, such
same exact pattern every time. as mean, variance, and probability density functions, because their exact waveform
Examples: A sine wave, a cosine wave, or any mathematical function explicitly defined cannot be precisely predicted.
over time, like f(t)=t2 for t≥0 Examples: Thermal noise in electronic circuits, speech signals, and stock market prices
are considered random because they cannot be exactly predicted over time.

Energy signal vs power signal

The terms "energy signal" and "power signal" derive from their intrinsic characteristics related to energy and power, which are fundamental physical quantities. These
classifications reflect how the signals behave over time concerning these quantities.

The concepts of energy signals and power signals are fundamental in signal processing and communications, providing a basis for analysing and categorizing signals based on their
energy and power characteristics. Here's an overview of both:

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Periodic vs. Aperiodic signal
In the context of signal processing, the terms periodic and aperiodic are used to describe the temporal properties of signals, particularly how they evolve over time. Understanding
whether a signal is periodic or aperiodic is crucial for determining the appropriate methods for analysis and processing

Real Signals Vs Complex Signals

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Complex Signals

complex conjugate

Continuous-Time Signals Vs Discrete-Time Signals

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Continuous-Time Signals Vs Discrete-Time Signals

Fourier series

The Fourier series is a powerful mathematical tool used in various fields such as mathematics, engineering, physics, and signal processing. It allows for the representation of a periodic function or signal as a
sum of sine and cosine functions, each of which is multiplied by a coefficient. This representation can simplify the analysis and understanding of complex signals, particularly those that are periodic.

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Parseval's theorem

Parseval's theorem provides a crucial bridge between time-domain signal analysis and frequency-domain signal analysis, ensuring that the total energy in both representations is equal. This not only
helps in verifying computations and analyses but also aids in the design of systems where energy or power management is critical

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Fourier Transform Inverse Fourier Transform

Rayleigh’s Energy Theorem

Correlation Function

The correlation function is a key concept in statistics and signal processing, used to measure the degree to which two series are related. It helps in identifying the similarity
between signals, the presence of one signal within another, and the time delay (lag) between them. Correlation functions are broadly categorized into two types: auto-
correlation and cross-correlation.

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Energy Spectrum
The energy spectrum of a complex signal provides critical insights into the distribution of energy across the frequency components of the signal. Understanding the energy spectrum is particularly
important in fields like communications, signal processing, and physics where the frequency characteristics of a signal directly influence its behavior and utility.

Bandwidth of a signal

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>> Bandwidth: The -3 dB bandwidth of the signal is: 9690.031 Hz

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