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Lecture 6

Lecture slides, communication system

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12 views24 pages

Lecture 6

Lecture slides, communication system

Uploaded by

কাশী নাথ
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EEE 3105 : Communication Systems

Course Instructor: Dr. Mosabber Uddin Ahmed


• The velocity ve depends on the actual vehicle (e.g., spacecraft, airplane, and car). For example, if the mobile
velocity ve is 108 km/h, then for carrier frequency at 100 MHz, the maximum Doppler frequency shift would
be 10 Hz. Such a shift of every frequency component by a fixed amount Δf destroys the harmonic relationship
among frequency components.
• For Δf = 10 Hz, the components of frequencies 1000 and 2000 Hz will be shifted to frequencies 1010 and 2010
Hz. This destroys their harmonic relationship, and the quality of nonaudio message signals.
• It is interesting to note that audio signals are highly redundant, and unless Δ f is very large, such a change does
not destroy the intelligibility of the output. For audio signals, Δ f <30 Hz does not significantly affect the signal
quality. Δ f exceeding 30 Hz results in a sound quality similar to that of Donald Duck. But intelligibility is not
totally lost.
• Generally, there are two ways to recover the incoming carrier at the receiver. One way is for the transmitter to
transmit a pilot (sinusoid) signal that is either the exact carrier or directly related to the carrier (e.g., a pilot at
half the carrier frequency). The pilot is separated at the receiver by a very narrowband filter tuned to the pilot
frequency. It is amplified and used to synchronize the local oscillator.
• Another method, when no pilot is transmitted, is for the receiver to process the received signal by using a
nonlinear device to generate a separate carrier component to be extracted by means of narrow bandpass filters.
Clearly, effective and narrow bandpass filters are very important to both methods. Moreover, the bandpass
filter should also have the ability to adaptively adjust its center frequency to combat significant frequency drift
or Doppler shift.
• Aside from some typical bandpass filter designs, the phase-locked loop (PLL), which plays an important role
in carrier acquisition of various modulations, can be viewed as such a narrow and adaptive bandpass filter.
Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)

A PLL has three basic components:


1. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).
2. A multiplier, serving as a phase detector (PD) or a phase comparator.
3. A loop filter H(s).

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