Pneumatic System

Nguyễn Tấn Đời HCMUTE - FEEE

1
Overview

2
Pneumatic System
 Pneumatic control systems are widely
used in our society, especially in the
industrial sectors for the driving of
automatic machines.
 A pneumatic system is a system that
uses compressed air to transmit and
control energy.
 Pneumatic systems are used in
controlling:
 train doors,
 automatic production lines,
 mechanical clamps, …
3
The Advantages of Pneumatic systems
 High effectiveness
 High durability and reliability
 Simple design
 High adaptability to harsh environment
 Safety
 Easy selection of speed and pressure
 Environmental friendly
 Economical

4
Limitations of Pneumatic systems
 Relatively low accuracy
 Low loading
 Processing required before use
 Uneven moving speed
 Noise

5
Main Pneumatic components
Pneumatic components can be divided into two categories:
1. Components that produce and transport compressed air
 Compressor
 Pressure regulating component
2. Components that consume compressed air
 Control valve
 Directional control valve
 Execution component ~ Cylinder

6
Compressor
 Device is used to producing compressed air

7
Pressure Regulating components
 Regulator, Filter and Lubricator

8
Pneumatic Valve
 A valve fundamentally is used to BLOCK
or DIVERT the path of compressed air,
water, fluids or steam in order to
influence a task or process.
 Shown by two figures 2/2, 3/2, 4/2, 5/2,
3/3, 4/3, 5/3
 First figure is the number of main ports.
Inlets, outlets, and exhausts excluding signal
and external pilot supplies
 Second figure is the number of states
 Ex: a 3/2 valve has 3 ports, and 2 states,
Normal and Operated
9
Describe a Valve
The valve is described by:
 Number of Ports: 2-way, 3-way, …
 Number of Positions: 2 positions, 3 positions, …
 Methods of actuation of the valve:
 Manually actuated
 Mechanically actuated
 Pneumatically actuacted
 Electrically actuacted
 Methods of return actuation:
 Spring returned
 Air returned

10
Methods of Actuation

11
Methods of Actuation

12
Valve Function
 Combination of valve function determines complexity of control circuit logic

13
Valve Size

 Size refers to a valve’s port thread.

 For similarly designed valves the
amount of air flow through the valve
usually increases with the port size.
 Port size alone, however, cannot be
relied upon to give a standard value
of flow as this is dependent on the
design of the valve internals.
 The port size progression M5,
R1/8, R1/4, R3/8, R1/2, R3/4, R1

14
Application of Valve

 Application is a category for valves described by their function or task

 Examples of specialist valves are quick exhaust valve, soft start valve and
monitored dump valve
 Examples of standard valves are power valves, logic valves, signal processing
valves and fail safe valves
 A standard valve could be in any category depending on the function it has
been selected for in a system

15
Non-return Valve

16
3/2 valve
 3 ports, 2 positions
 The valve is not only ON or OFF but also allows another path through it to
enable air to exhaust
 The best way to show its function is in the operation of a single acting or
spring return cylinder

17
Actuator Control (3/2 Valve)
 A 3 port valve provides the inlet, outlet
and exhaust path and is the normal
choice for control of a single acting
cylinder
 In the normal position produced by the
spring, the valve is closed
 In the operated position produced by
the push button the valve is open
 The push button must be held down
for as long as the cylinder is outstroked

18
 5/2 Valve
 5 ports, 2 positions
 The valve enables air passage to be swapped between
two ports each with a corresponding exhaust path
 The best way to show its function is in the operation
of a double acting cylinder
 A five port valve provides an inlet port 1 that is
switched between two outlet ports 2 and 4 each with
an exhaust port 3 & 5
 In the normal position produced by the spring 1 is
connected to 2 with 4 to exhaust 5
 In the operated position produced by pushing the
button port 1 is connected to 4 with 2 to exhaust 3
19
Flow Regulation
 By the use of flow regulators the outstroke
speed andinstrokespeed of a piston rod
can be independently adjusted
 Speed is regulated by controlling the flow
of air to exhaust
 The front port regulator controls the
outstroke speed and the rear port
regulator controls theinstrokespeed

20
Quick Exhaust Valve
 In some applications cylinder speed can be
increased by 50% when using a quick exhaust
valve
 When operated, air from the front of the
cylinder exhausts directly through the quick
exhaust valve
 The faster exhaust gives a lower back pressure
in the cylinder therefore a higher pressure
differential to drive out the piston rod

21
Solenoid Valves
 Solenoid valves are electro-pneumatic relays
 The state of an electrical input controls the
state of a pneumatic output
 Solenoid valves are the interface between
electronic control systems and pneumatic
power

22
Operation of Solenoid Valve

 The double poppet armature is held by a

spring against the inlet orifice sealing the
supply at port 1
 Outlet port 2 is connected to exhaust
port 3
 When the coil is energised the armature
is pulled up closing the exhaust orifice
and connecting the supply port 1 to the
outlet port 2

23
Solenoid Valve Construction
 Identification of the component parts of a typical 5/2 solenoid valve with
spring return

24
Pneumatic Cylinder

 Pneumatic actuators include linear cylinders and rotary actuators.

 They are devices providing power and motion to automated systems,
machines and processes.
 A pneumatic cylinder is a simple, low cost, easy to install device that is ideal
for producing powerful linear movement.
 Speed can be adjusted over a wide range.
 A cylinder can be stalled without damage.
 The bore of a cylinder determines the maximum force that it can exert.
 The stroke of a cylinder determines the maximum linear movement that it can
produce.

25
Cylinder Construction

26
Cylinder Fundamental Designs

Pneumatic actuators are made in a wide variety of sizes, styles and types
including the following:
 Single acting with and without spring return
 Double acting
 Non cushioned and fixed cushioned
 Adjustable cushioned
 Magnetic
 Rodless
 Rotary

27
Single Acting Cylinder with spring Return

28
Single Acting Cylinder without spring

29
Double Acting Cylinder

 Double acting cylinders use compressed air to power both the

outstroke andinstroke.
 Superior speed control is possible
 There are:
 Non-cushioned types
 Fixed cushioned types
 Adjustable cushioned types

30
Cylinder with non-cushioned

31
Cylinder with fixed-cushions

32
Cylinder with adjustable cushions

33
Cylinder with magnetic

34
Rodless Cylinder
 Contain the movement produced within the same overall length taken up by
the cylinder body. Ex: action across a conveyor belt, or for vertical lifting in
spaces with confined headroom.
 Movement is from a carriage running on the side of the cylinder barrel.
 A slot, the full length of the barrel allows the carriage to be connected to the
piston.
 Long sealing strips on the inside and outside of the cylinder tube prevent loss
of air and ingress of dust.

35
Rotary Cylinder
 With the design of double-act cylinder, the piston rod has a gear-tooth profile
 The piston rod drives a gear wheel resulting a rotary movement from a linear
movement.
 The range of rotation varies from 45, 90, 180, 270 and 360 degrees.

36
Principles of Pneumatic control
 Pneumatic control systems can be designed in the form of pneumatic circuits.
 A pneumatic circuit is formed by various pneumatic components, such as
cylinders, directional control valves, flow control valves, …
 Pneumatic circuits have the following functions:
 To control the injection and release of compressed air in the cylinders.
 To use one valve to control another valve.
 A pneumatic circuit diagram uses pneumatic symbols to describe its design.
 Some basic rules must be followed when drawing pneumatic diagrams.

37
Basic Rules

(i) A pneumatic circuit diagram represents the circuit in

static form and assumes there is no supply of pressure.
The placement of the pneumatic components on the
circuit also follows this assumption.
(ii) The pneumatic symbol of a directional control valve is
formed by one or more squares. The inlet and exhaust are
drawn underneath the square, while the outlet is drawn
on the top.
Each function of the valve (the position of the valve) shall
be represented by a square. If there are two or more
functions, the squares should be arranged horizontally

38
Basic Rules

(iii) Arrows "↓↖" are used to indicate the flow direction

of air current. If the external port is not connected to
the internal parts, the symbol “┬” is used. The symbol
“⊙” underneath the square represents the air input,
while the symbol “▽” represents the exhaust.
(iv) The pneumatic symbols of operational components
should be drawn on the outside of the squares.
They can be divided into two classes:
Mechanical (a and b) and Manual (b and c)
(v) Pneumatic operation signal pressure lines should be
drawn on one side of the squares, while triangles are
used to represent the direction of air flow
39
Basic Principles
(1) When the manual switch is not operated, the
spring will restore the valve to its original position.
(2) From the position of the spring, one can
deduce that the block is operating. The other block
will not operate until the switch is pushed.
(3) Air pressure exists along this line because it is
connected to the source of compressed air.
(4) As this cylinder cavity and piston rod are under
the influence of pressure, the piston rod is in its
restored position.
(5) The rear cylinder cavity and this line are
connected to the exhaust, where air is released.
40
The Setting of Circuit Diagrams
 When drawing a complete circuit diagram, one should place the pneumatic
components on different levels and positions, so the relations between the
components can be expressed clearly.
 This is called the setting of circuit diagrams.
 A circuit diagram is usually divided into three levels: power level, logic level
and signal input level

41
The Rules of Circuit Diagram Setting

42
The Rules of Circuit Diagram Setting

43
The Rules of Circuit Diagram Setting

44
Basic circuits

 Flow amplifier  Signal conversion:

45
 Basic circuits

 Direct control Using Single act Cylinder:  Direct control Using Double act
Cylinder:

46
Basic circuits

 OR Function:  AND Function:

47
The application of pneumatic systems
 Transport system

 Vehicle door operation

system

48
Safety measures when Using Pneumatic system

49
Safety measures when using Pneumatic system

50