Created By: Prof.

Nivedita S

UNIT 1

Embedded Systems

What is System?
System is a way of working, organizing or performing one or many tasks according to a fixed
set of rules, program or plan.

It is an arrangement in which all the unit combined to perform a work together by following
certain set of rules in real time computation. It can also be defined as a way of working,
organizing or doing one or many tasks according to a fixed plan.

Embedded System is a system composed of hardware, application software and real

time operating system. It can be small independent system or large combinational
system.

What is Embedded System

An Embedded System is a system that has software embedded into computer-
hardware, which makes a system dedicated for a variety of application or specific part of
an application or product or part of a larger system.
An embedded system can be a small independent system or a large combinational
system. It is a microcontroller-based control system used to perform a specific task of
operation.
An embedded system is a combination of three major components:
o Hardware: Hardware is physically used component that is physically connected
with an embedded system. It comprises of microcontroller based integrated
circuit, power supply, LCD display etc.
o Application software: Application software allows the user to perform varieties
of application to be run on an embedded system by changing the code installed
in an embedded system.
o Real Time Operating system (RTOS): RTOS supervises the way an embedded
system work. It act as an interface between hardware and application software
which supervises the application software and provide mechanism to let the
processor run on the basis of scheduling for controlling the effect of latencies.
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Architecture of the Embedded System

The following illustration shows the basic structure of an embedded system −

1) Sensor:
Sensor helps you to measures the physical quantity and converts it to an
electrical signal. It also stores the measured quantity to the memory. This
signal can be ready by an observer or by any electronic instrument such as
A2D converter.

2) A-D Converter:
A-D converter (analog-to-digital converter) allows you to convert an analog
signal sent by the sensor into a digital signal.
 Created By: Prof.Nivedita S

3) Memory:
Memory is used to store information. Embedded System majorly contains two
memory cells 1) Volatile 2) Non volatile memory.

4) Processor & ASICs:

This component processes the data to measure the output and store it to the
memory.

5) D-A Converter:
D-A converter (A digital-to-analog converter) helps you to convert the digital
data fed by the processor to analog data.

6) Actuator:
An actuator allows you to compare the output given by the D-A converter to
the actual output stored in it and stores the approved output in the memory.

Applications of Embedded Systems

Following are the important applications of embedded system:

Robotic science

• Ground Vehicles
• Drones
• Underwater Vehicles
• Industrial Robots

Medical

• Dialysis Machine
• Infusion Pumps
• Cardiac Monitor
• Prosthetic Device

Automotive

• Engine Control
• Ignition System
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• Brake System

Networking

• Router
• Hubs
• Gateways
• Electronics Instruments

Home Devices

• TVs
• Digital Alarm
• Air Conditioner
• DVD Video Player
• Cameras

Automobiles

• Fuel Injection
• Lighting System
• Door Locks
• Air Bags
• Windows
• Parking Assistant System
• Anti-stealing Alarms Whippers Motion

Industrial Control

• Robotics
• Control System
• Missiles
• Nuclear Reactors
• Space Stations
• Shuttles
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Real-Time Embedded Systems:

Embedded systems provide a specific function in a much larger system. When there is an
embedded component in a real time system, it is known as a real time embedded system.

Types of Real Time Embedded Systems

There are primarily two types of real time embedded systems i.e. hard and soft. An
illustration to explain this further is −

Applications of Real Time Embedded Systems:

There are various applications of real time embedded systems. Some of these are −

• Vehicle control systems for automobiles, ships, railways, airplanes etc.

• Telephones, radio and satellite communications.
• Medical systems for radiation therapy, heart treatments, patient monitoring etc.
 Created By: Prof.Nivedita S

• Military operations such as firing of missiles, military control bases etc.

• Systems with artificial intelligence and robotics.
• Multimedia systems that provides graphic, video, audio and text interfaces.
• Building control systems that manage heat,doors, elevators etc.
• Space operations such as spaceship launch and monitoring, space station control
etc.

Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT Basics)

What is IoT (Internet of Things)?

• Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or people

called “things” that are embedded with software, electronics, network,

and sensors that allows these objects to collect and exchange data.

• The goal of IoT is to extend to internet connectivity from standard

devices like computer, mobile, tablet to relatively dumb devices like a

toaster.

• IoT makes virtually everything “smart,” by improving aspects of our life

with the power of data collection, AI algorithm, and networks.

• The thing in IoT can also be a person with a diabetes monitor implant,
an animal with tracking devices, etc. This IoT tutorial for beginners

covers all the Basics of IoT.

 Created By: Prof.Nivedita S

How IoT works?

The entire IoT process starts with the devices themselves like smartphones,

smartwatches, electronic appliances like TV, Washing Machine which helps

you to communicate with the IoT platform.

There are four fundamental components of an IoT system:

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1) Sensors/Devices: Sensors or devices are a key component that helps you to collect

live data from the surrounding environment. All this data may have various levels of

complexities. It could be a simple temperature monitoring sensor, or it may be in the

form of the video feed. A device may have various types of sensors which performs

multiple tasks apart from sensing. Example, A mobile phone is a device which has

multiple sensors like GPS, camera but your smartphone is not able to sense these

things.
2) Connectivity: All the collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure. The sensors
should be connected to the cloud using various mediums of communications. These
communication mediums include mobile or satellite networks, Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN,
etc.

3) Data Processing: Once that data is collected, and it gets to the cloud, the software
performs processing on the gathered data. This process can be just checking the
temperature, reading on devices like AC or heaters. However, it can sometimes also be
very complex like identifying objects, using computer vision on video.

4)User Interface: The information needs to be available to the end-user in

some way which can be achieved by triggering alarms on their phones or

sending them notification through email or text message. The user sometimes

might need an interface which actively checks their IoT system. For example,

the user has a camera installed in his home. He wants to access video

recording and all the feeds with the help of a web server.
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IoT Applications
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Challenges of Internet of Things (IoT)

At present IoT is faced with many challenges, such as:

• Insufficient testing and updating

• Concern regarding data security and privacy
• Software complexity
• Data volumes and interpretation
• Integration with AI and automation
• Devices require a constant power supply which is difficult
• Interaction and short-range communication
 Created By: Prof.Nivedita S

Advantages of IoT:

Physical Design of IoT:

Things

Basically Things refers to IoT Devices which have unique identities and can
perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities. Things are is main
part of IoT Application. IoT Devices can be various type, Sensing Devices, Smart
Watches, Smart Electronics appliances, Wearable Sensors, Automobiles, and
industrial machines.
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Logical Design Of IoT:

The “Logical Design” of IoT is the framework or the imaginary ideal design in
which the components including software and the hardware components will be
laid out. It doesn’t go into the depth of describing how each component will be
built with low-level programming specifics.

IoT Functional Blocks

What is a functional block?

An IoT system consists of a number of functional blocks that provide the system with
the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management.
The function of the Communication functional block in short Handles the
communication for the IoT system.

Any IoT system will have several functional blocks like Devices, communication,
security, services, and application. With the help of the functional blocks, we provide
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sensing, identification, actuation, management, and communication capability. These

blocks also include the physical components too.

IoT communications models

There are endless options of models available in an IoT system. It connects the IoT
system to the server. Here are some examples

Request-response model
Push-pull model
Publish-subscribe model
Exclusive pair model

IoT Communication API

In simpler terms APIs are used to communicate between the server and the system in
IoT. Some API includes.

REST-based communication APIs

Client-server
Stateless
Cacheable
Websocket based communication API

IoT Levels- Deployment Templates:

Developing an IoT Level Template system consists of the following components:
1. Device: These may be sensors or actuators capable of identifying, remote
sensing, or monitoring.
2. Resources: These are software components on IoT devices for accessing and
processing. storing software components or controlling actuators connected to
the device. Resources also include software components that enable network
access.
3. Controller Service: It is a service that runs on the device and interacts with web
services. The controller service sends data from the device to the web service
and receives commands from the application via web services for controlling the
device.
4. Database: Stores data generated from the device
5. Web Service: It provides a link between IoT devices, applications, databases,
and analysis components.
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6. Analysis Component: It performs an analysis of the data generated by the lol

device and generates results in a form which are easy for the user to
understand.
7. Application: It provides a system for the user to view the system status and view
product data. It also allows users to control and monitor various aspects of the
IoT system.
IoT level 1

IoT systems have a single device that performs sensing or actuation, stores a.
analyses it and hosts the application, IoT system-level-l is the best example for
modeling low complexity and low-cost solution where the analysis requirement is
hok comprehensive and data involved is not big.

Example: We can understand with the help of an eg. let's look at the IoT device
that monitors the lights in a house. The lights are controlled through switches. The
database has maintained the status of each light and also REST services deployed
locally allow retrieving and updating the state of each light and trigger the switches
accordingly. For controlling the lights and applications, the application has an
interface. The device is connected to the internet and hence the application can be
accessed remotely as well.
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IoT level 2
A node performs sensing/actuation and local analysis. Data is stored in the cloud.
this level is facilitated where the data involved is big and primary analysis is not
comprehensive

Example: Cloud-based application is used for monitoring and controlling the IoT
system a single node monitors the soil moisture in the field Which is sent to the
database on the cloud using REST APIS. The controller service continuously
monitors moisture levels.
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IoT level 3
At this level, the application is cloud-based. A single node monitors the
environment and stores data in the cloud. This is suitable where data is
comprehensive and analysis 1 computationally intensive.

Example: A node is monitoring a package using devices like an accelerometer and

gyroscope. These devices track vibration levels. controller service sends sensor
data to the cloud in the rear time using WebSocket APL. Data is stored in the cloud
and visualized using a cloud-based application. The analysis component triggers an
alert if vibration levels cross a threshold.
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IoT level 4
At this level, multiple nodes collect information and store it in the cloud. Local and
rent server nodes are used to grant and receive information collected in the cloud
from various devices. Observer nodes can process information and use it for
applications but not perform control functions, this level is the best solution where
data involvement is big, requirement analysis is comprehensive and multiple nodes
are required.

Example: Analysis is done on the cloud and the entire IoT system has monitored
the cloud using an application. Noise monitoring of an area requires various nodes
to function independently of each other. Each has its own controller service. Data
is stored in a cloud database.
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IoT level 5
In this level Nodes present locally are of two types end odes and coordinator nodes
End nodes collect data and perform sensing or actuation or both. Coordinator
nodes collect data from end nodes and send it to the cloud. Data is stored and
analyzed in the cloud. This level is best for WSN, where the data involved is big
and the requirement analysis is comprehensive.

Example: A monitoring system has various components: end nodes collect various
data from the environment and send it to the coordinator node. The coordinator
node acts as a gateway and allows the data to be transferred to cloud storage using
REST API. The controller service on the coordinator node sends data to the cloud.
 Created By: Prof.Nivedita S

IoT Level-6
At this level, the application is also cloud-based and data is stored in the cloud-like
of levels. Multiple independent end nodes perform sensing and actuation and send
d to the cloud. The analytics components analyze the data and store the results in
the cloud database. The results are visualized with a cloud-based application. The
centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control
commands to the nodes.

Example: Weather monitoring consists of sensors that monitor different aspects of

the system. The end nodes send data to cloud storage. Analysis of components,
applications, and storage areas in the cloud. The centralized controller controls all
nodes and provides inputs.
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Frequently Asked Question:

1) Explain Functional Block of IOT
2) Explain Physical Design of IOT
3) Illustrates Logical Design of IOT
4) Illustrates the Communication Model in IOT
5) Explain following terms:
a) Publish Subscriber model
b) Exclusive pair
6) Explain IOT Deployment levels
7) Explain following term:
a) REST
b) WEB Socket
8) Explain IEEE 802.16 & 802.15.4 Protocols.