According To Modern History

According to Modern history (2004), Homi Bhabha ( born November 1, 1949) is a critical thinker and
English professor from India, at Harvard University, also regarded as one of the influential figures in “
modern ” post-colonialism. According to Homi Bhabha, as stated in modern history(2004), presented in
1994, post-colonialism theory is rooted in the existence of a space in which cultural boundaries open up
to one another as well as the formation of hybridity, a new hybrid heritage that merges their
characteristics while atoning for their distinctions. For example, from the 1700s till India's independence
in 1947, the British had a colonization presence in the region (Nafziger & Lindert, 2013). This means that
before 1947 Indians were forced to implement British culture, ideologies, language, control, and
superiority. Bhabha coined several key concepts within the domain, including mimicry(….) that the
writer is going to define. Mimicry means that individuals of a conquered society try to copy and adapt
the colonizers' heritage according to Homi Bhabha as cited in Modern history. For example, some of
Lebanon's citizens speak french until now because of the past France colonization. The colonized tried to
mimic, even though they cannot be completely identical, they think that this simple form of mimicry
proves to be a winning approach in convincing the colonizer to free them and stop thinking of
superiority to them. Plus, “The Location of Culture” by Homi Bhabha according to modern history(1994)
reconsiders issues of identity, psychological and emotional factors, and national connection while
revisiting the records of the Indian Mutiny and the tragic setting of The Satanic Verses. So, they
incorporate man's ways of life into their daily lives. Furthermore, Homi Bhabha's met with Edward said's
point of post-colonialism theory. Edward Said is a Palestinian-American professor of literature at
Columbia University, a public intellectual, and a founder of the academic field of postcolonial studies
(Modern history, 2002), He addressed post-colonialism in his book Orientalism. He portrayed the West
as superlative colonists, while the Orient was portrayed as the inadequate conquered (notes, 2022).
Plus, he defined cultural imperialism as the imposition of various aspects of one's own culture by a
dominant community, usually one that is politically or economically dominant. It is a form of imperialism
in which the imposing community imposes its way of life on the other population by transforming or
replacing aspects of the non-dominant community's culture as cited in Britannica(2020). This means
when a popular show like the Simpson grows into a worldwide popular show, it delivers a satirized
series of stories about the American lifestyle. Foreign countries are becoming more Americanized as a
result of the sale of a wide range of different American merchandise internationally. For example, The
expansion of the Disney brand in foreign countries is a prime example of American cultural imperialism.
Since its inception in the United States, Disney has expanded to the Middle East, Russia, and China...
Because of the rapid expansion of the Disney brand, these countries and regions have developed their
own Disney programming and attractions. Disney theme gardens can be found around the world. So,
Disney, as an increasingly worldwide brand, is playing a significant role in the Americanization or cultural
imperialism of many other regions. That means middle east children and watchers will habitude the
American way of living and mimic it unconsciously. Furthermore, the third space idea describes it as
once two or even more entities converse, the 3rd Space emerges as an ambivalent area as cited in
Modern history(2004). So, it’s the in-between area where two different types combine to make a third
type. The most simple example of third space is when a Lebanese person lives in America, speaks a bit
Arabic and a bit English, so he's speaking half Arabic and half English, never recognized as a speaker of
one of them. Decolonization is the method by which a colony achieves freedom from an imperial
master; it is the inverse of colonization (Modern History,2011) which means when a country achieves
finally independence from another one, such as when Lebanon achieved independence from France's
colonizers. Johann Goethe, a German author, and diplomat coined the term "world literature" to refer
to the diffusion of literature from and to countries all around the world (2014). World literature isn't a
new thing, but as networking sites grow and spread, so do new methods of spreading books all over
national frontiers. As new methods of delivering literary texts to readers around the world arise, many
scholars are investigating the implications of transcriptions on literature, the impact of publications on
culture, and how cultures can convert books. World literature can be a fantastic resource for studying
globalization because it demonstrates how information is shared across languages and cultures. For
example, “Les Misérables” by Victor Hugo is an old story that talks about injustice and forgiveness. It has
been translated into 21 languages and adapted for incalculable films (Britannica, 2001). Furthermore,
according to (Fanon, 1915): “colonialism is a machine of “naked violence,” which “only gives in when
confronted with greater violence”. So, It happens when one country conquers another, victimizes its
inhabitants, and exploits them, frequently while imposing its cultural norms and language. For instance,
Russian rulers seized Central Asian "khanates" (empires) in the early 20th century, and the Soviets
altered their borders to establish the 5 nations which still survive today: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Plus, according to Spivak as cited in (modern history,1964) the
word "subaltern" refers to colonial communities that are culturally, legally, and geographically isolated
from an imperial colony's power structure as well as from the urbanized motherland of an empire in
postcolonial studies and literary criticism. So, nowadays, it refers to any individual or group deserving of
a lower rank or position, regardless of their color, wealth, gender, nationality, or religion. For example,
Gayatri defined subaltern women as being considered as a lower class and having no voice, or even a
choice, so she speaks about their rights in her texts. Because subalterns have no voices to speak and
demand their simple rights, they use literature as a road to freedom’s light. According to Modern
history(2014), The psychological process of crossing boundaries and borders is referred to as liminality.
The word "limen" means "threshold" in Latin, and it refers to the line dividing one region from another.
It is the wall opening where individuals pass between rooms. So, when individuals have started to shift
to the position they will occupy once the rite is finished but are no longer in there which was before the
position. Individuals stand between their old method of organizing their self, time, or culture and a new
manner during a rite's transitional phase. For example, “The midnight library” by Matt Haig is about a
library between life and death that hold 2 different books, the first tells a story of one’s life as he lived it
and the second tells the story of the made another choices and the gap difference between both of
them..( good reads,2020).

According To Modern History

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According to Modern history (2004), Homi Bhabha ( born November 1, 1949) is a critical thinker and

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