PSCAD TRAINING MATERIAL

Getting Started and Basic Features:

1. Building a simple AC system to observe Transformer Energizing
Transients
2. Including an Overhead Transmission Line Model in the Model
3. Induction Motor Starting (Optional)
Getting Started and Basic Features:
1. Building a simple AC system to observe Transformer Energizing
Transients
Objectives:
 Getting familiar with PSCAD and different sections of the Master Library
 Different ways to access the master library
 Creating a simple electrical network case
 Data entry for components
 Adding meters, sliders, control panel and plots
 Adding a simple control scheme

Exercise:
1. Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar. Give the case name and file path to save
the case.

NOTE: Do not use any spaces in the name!

2. Open the main page of your new case. Build a case to study the inrush phenomena when
energizing a transformer. The component data is as shown in Figure 1. The transformer is rated
100MVA, 230/33 kV.
RL

Source Data

Voltage 230 kV at 0.0 Deg.

RRL

Z+ = 10 Ohms at 88 Deg.
Z0 = 7 Ohms at 82 Deg.

Use default values for other parameters

Ia

230 kV BUS

Ea
Timed
Breaker
BRK Logic
Open@t0
BRK

Transformer Data

100 MVA, 230 kV/33 kV

#1

Impedance 10% (0.1 pu)

No load losses 0.5% (0.005 pu)
#2

Copper loss 0.3% (0.003 pu)

Magnetizing current (no load) 1%
1e6

Figure 1: Transformer energizing circuit

3. The LV side of the transformer is not connected to a load or any other system equipment. The
breaker is closed at 0.5 s to energize 230 kV side of the transformer.

4. Plot the transformer HV side currents I a and voltages E a.

NOTE: I a and E a contains the three waveforms corresponding to each phase.

Figure 2: Basic steps to create a graph

5. Discuss results and observations

Notes:
 Inrush is related to core saturation. Verify that saturation is included in the model used
for this simulation.
 Ask your instructor to explain the large resistance connected to the LV side.

6. Inrush current magnitude depends on the ‘Point On Wave’ (POW) switching conditions. Use a
manual switch to operate the breaker. Note the point on wave dependency of the inrush peak.

BRK
BRK C O
BRK

1
 Figure 3: Two-state switch attached to a control panel

2. Including an Overhead Transmission Line Model

Objective:
 Familiarize with transmission line models
 Including a line model in a simulation
 Discussion of simulation time step, plot step and output files

Creating a transmission line model:

RL
Source Data

Voltage 230 kV at 0.0 Deg.

Z+ = 3 Ohms at 88 Deg.
Z0 = 2 Ohms at 82 Deg.
RRL

Use default values for other parameters

15 km overhead line
TL1
Ia

230 kV BUS

Ea

Figure 4: A 15 km overhead line connected to the 230 kV bus

 G1 G2
10
10

C1 C2 C3

10

Tower: 3L1

30 Conductors: chukar
Ground_Wires: 1/2_HighStrengthSteel

Figure 5: Transmission line conductor positions

Exercise:
1. Include a 230 kV three conductor overhead line between 230 kV bus and the ‘network
equivalence’ voltage source (see Figure 4).

1.1. Right click on the canvas and select the ‘Component Wizard’ in the drop down menu
shown in Figure 6 (a)
1.2. Select ‘Transmission Line’ tab in the pop- up window shown in
(b) (b)

(a) (b)

Figure 6: Adding a transmission line

1.3. Click Finish ,move the mouse pointer to the canvas and place the component by a left click
 1.4. Edit Parameters - Use the ‘Edit Parameters’ tab to define the line length, rated frequency
and the number of conductors
1.5. Edit Definition - Use the ‘Edit definition’ tab to define the conductor positions and
conductor material data (see Figure 5)

NOTE: The instructor will demonstrate the steps involved in adding a transmission line model
to the circuit. Overhead line data entry will be discussed in detail in a separate tutorial.

2. Run the case and observe the transformer energizing transients (Figure 7 and Figure 8 show
230kV bus voltage and transformer inrush current respectively )

Main : Graphs
230kV Bus Voltage (L-G)
200
150

100
50

0
kV

-50

-100
-150

-200
sec 0.8700 0.8750 0.8800 0.8850 0.8900 0.8950 0.9000

Figure 7: 230kV Bus voltage

Main : Graphs
Transformer Current
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
kA

0.20
0.00
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
sec 0.975 1.000 1.025 1.050 1.075 1.100 1.125 1.150 1.175

Figure 8: Transformer inrush current

Basic Simulation Parameters:

 How do you change the time step, the simulation time and the plot time?
 How do you determine the simulation time step?
Discussion:
 Can you save results to an external output files for post processing?
 If you specified to write data to output files, where are they located?
 3. Induction Motor Starting (Optional)
Objective:
 Familiarize with the induction machine model
 Use of control blocks in PSCAD
 Understand PSCAD component’s internal outputs

Exercise:
1. Modify the case to include a 12.47 kV/1.5 MVA (Wound rotor type) induction machine (see
Figure )
2. Enter the induction motor data (see under Model Data shown in Page 10)
3. Assume that the load torque is proportional to the square of the speed. The steady state load is
approximately 80% of the motor rating. i.e.
2
T ¿=0.8 ω

Use control blocks shown in Figure 9 to implement the above equation

*
w X2 0.8 Tm

Figure 9: Control block for load torque

Note: Your instructor will explain the calculation program structure of EMTDC and the
definition of ‘electric’ and ‘control’ type models.

4. The breaker (initially open) will be closed at 1.5 s to start the motor.
5. Plot the following signals:
 Machine speed, mechanical torque and developed electric torque.
 Motor (starting) current, bus voltages (both instantaneous and rms).

Note: Some variables can be measured from within the component. These are normally listed
under the parameter section ‘Internal output variables’
 TF-1

#1
100 MVA, 230 kV/33 kV

#2
Short line of 15 km (Represented by a PI
section model)

PI Section
Z+ = 0.2 E-4 + j0.3 E-3 Ohms/m
Z0 = 0.3 E-3 + j0.1 E-2 Ohms/m
Use default values for the capacitances

A
Closed@t0 V
R_C1 Transformer Data
R_C1

Logic
Breaker
Timed TF-2
3 MVA, 33 kV/12.47 kV
42.5 [uH]

(Data same as for TF-1)

P = 3.297
W Mai...
Q = 3.561 0.98
V = 11.88 Switch
BM IM
S Torque Speed
40.94 [uF]

#1 #2 A
IM
V
TL Switch
Tin
0
Open@t0
BM Logic
Breaker
Timed

This block models the mechanical *

characteristics of a typical load. w X2 0.8 Tin

Figure 10: Induction Machine

If time permits…

Add a load of 1 MVA at 0.8-power factor at the 12.47 kV bus. The same transformer supplies this load.
Does the load see an unacceptable voltage sag during motor start?
 4. Model Data
Machine Parameters
1.5 MVA Induction machine
Wound rotor Type
Voltage = 12.47 kV(L-L) /7.697 kV (Phase)
Inertia = 1.3 [s]
Turns ratio = 0.6
Stator resistance = 0.05 p.u.
Rotor Resistance = 0.08 p.u.
Magnetizing Inductance: 4.5 p.u.
Stator leakage Inductance: 0.1 p.u.
Rotor leakage Inductance: 0.1 p.u.

Short Line
Length = 15 km
Z+ ¿¿= 0.2 E-4 + j0.3 E-3 Ohms/m
Z 0= 0.3 E-3 + j0.1 E-2 Ohms/m
Use default values for the capacitances

Mechanical Load Model

2
T ¿=0.8 ω

*
w X2 0.8 Tm

Capacitor Leg

0.8 MVAR per phase

R_C1 42.5 [uH] 40.94 [uF]