Scribd
Upload
53 views37 pages

Topic 4 - Shallow Foundation-Part 2

The document discusses different types of shallow foundations including pad, strip, and raft foundations. It describes the characteristics and construction methods of each foundation type. Pad foundations are used for individual columns on stiff soils. Strip foundations are used for load bearing walls or closely spaced columns. Raft foundations are used for entire buildings on compressible soils to spread loads over a large area.

Uploaded by

chaisyaaa96
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
53 views37 pages

Topic 4 - Shallow Foundation-Part 2

The document discusses different types of shallow foundations including pad, strip, and raft foundations. It describes the characteristics and construction methods of each foundation type. Pad foundations are used for individual columns on stiff soils. Strip foundations are used for load bearing walls or closely spaced columns. Raft foundations are used for entire buildings on compressible soils to spread loads over a large area.

Uploaded by

chaisyaaa96
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

Norbaizura Abu Bakar


AP1114
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

PAD RAFT STRIP


FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION
SHALLOW FOUNDATION

- PAD FOUNDATION -
PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING
PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING

 Used when surface soils are sufficiently strong and


stiff to support loads.

 Used to support an individual point such structural


column with the column sitting in the middle of the
pad foundation.

 For the pad foundation system the structural load is


literally spread out over a broad area under the
building.

 For the good strength soil, pad foundation most


suitable used to reduce cost & ease of construction
PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING

 Shape : circular, square or rectangular.

 The size of pad foundation is determined


from the loads on it and the bearing capacity
of the subsoil.

 The thickness of the concrete is either at


least equals to the projection of the pad each
side of the pad foundation or minimum
150mm thick.

 Most often used in small to medium size


structure with moderate to good soil
condition.
PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING
CROSS-SECTION OF PAD FOUNDATION
PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING
Method of Construction

 Excavate pit for pad foundation.

 Erect temporary timber planking and strutting to


support the sides of the pit from falling in.

 Pour concrete for blinding concrete and wait until it


hardened.

 Construct formwork to receive bases.

 Erect and fix the reinforcement bar.


PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING
Method of Construction
 Pour concrete into formwork to form bases.

 After the concrete bases are hardened, construct


formwork to receive column stump.

 Filling to excavation with material arising from


excavation.

 Then, hardcore is spread over the site within the


external walls of the building to such thickness as
required to raise the finished surface of the site
concrete.

 Laid dpm, vertical dpm and dpc.

 Construct a ground beam.


SHALLOW FOUNDATION

- STRIP FOUNDATION -
STRIP FOUNDATION
STRIP FOUNDATION

 Consists of continuous strip usually of concrete formed


centrally under load bearing walls which support heavy
load.

 Normally used for load bearing wall or for rows of column


are space so close that pad foundation would nearly touch
each other.

 The width of the foundation depends on the bearing


capacity of the subsoil and the load on foundation

soil bearing capacity, width of foundation


STRIP FOUNDATION

 The minimum thickness of concrete is 150mm or projection


of the strip each side of the wall, whichever is greater.

 The practical minimum depth is usually 450mm and the


practical minimum width is 450mm (to provide working
space)
STRIP FOUNDATION

 Two types of strip foundations

Narrow Strip (Trench Fill) Foundation

Wide Strip Foundation


STRIP FOUNDATION

Narrow Strip (Trench Fill) Foundation

 Used for normal soil such as clay and normal loads may
require a depth of up to 0.9m.

 It is usual to excavate foundation trenches and fill them


with concrete up to a ground level.

Wide Strip Foundation

 Where the loads on the foundations are considerable in


relation to the bearing capacity of the subsoil.

 Reinforcement is required to prevent cracking.


STRIP FOUNDATION

Wide Strip Foundation Narrow Strip (Trench Fill)


Foundation
STRIP FOUNDATION
STRIP FOUNDATION
Method of Construction

 Excavate trench for strip foundation.

 Erect temporary timber planking and strutting to


support the sides of the trench from falling in.

 Pour concrete for blinding concrete and wait


until it hardened.

 Construct formwork to receive bases.

 Erect reinforcement (if required)


STRIP FOUNDATION
Method of Construction

 Pour concrete into formwork to receive bases.

 After the concrete bases are hardened, construct


brickwall as a load bearing wall.

 Filling to excavation with material arising from


excavation.

 Then, hardcore is spread over the site within the
external walls of the building to such thickness as
required to raise the finished surface of the site
concrete.

 Laid dpm, vertical dpm and dpc.

 Pour concrete to form a ground slab.


SHALLOW FOUNDATION

- RAFT FOUNDATION -
RAFT FOUNDATION
RAFT FOUNDATION

 large combined thick slabs designed to seat and


support the whole or a large part of a structure.

 Designed to transmit the load of the building to the


subsoil below the raft and spread the loads over a
larger area.

 Used for buildings on compressible ground such as


very soft clays with low bearing capacity where strip
foundations would not provide a stable foundation.

 Used to distribute heavy column and wall loads


across the entire building area.
RAFT FOUNDATION

Types of raft foundations

 Flat raft/Thicken Slab

 Wide Beam/Wide Toe Raft

 Beam and Slab Raft

 Cellular Raft
RAFT FOUNDATION
Flat Raft/Thicken Slab

 Applicable used for the building that less than


double storey.

 A solid slab of concrete reinforced in both directions.


 Light solid slab rafts are used for the small load
bearing wall type of building such as houses.

 For large and more heavily loaded buildings, this


type of raft is often economic only up to a thickness
of about 300mm thick.

 When loads are heavy, reinforcement is required at


top and bottom of raft foundation.
RAFT FOUNDATION
Flat Raft/Thicken Slab

CROSS SECTION OF FLAT RAFT OR THICKEN SLAB


RAFT FOUNDATION
Wide Beam Slab/Wide Toe Raft

 Where the ground has poor compressibility the wide


toe raft is recommended

 The stiffening edge beam being designed as a toe to


support the outer skin of brickwork, so that the raft
is not visible.

 The raft is strengthened with a reinforced concrete


edge beam under external walls and is thickened
under internal load bearing walls.
RAFT FOUNDATION
Wide Beam Slab/Wide Toe Raft

CROSS SECTION OF WIDE BEAM SLAB/ WIDE TOE RAFT


RAFT FOUNDATION
Beam and Slab Raft

 Alternative to the solid slab raft and used where


poor soils are encountered.

 Suitable used for storage tank base, fuel depots.


 The beams are used to distribute the column loads


over the area of the raft, which usually results in a
reduction of the slab thickness.

 Down stand beams will give a saving on excavation


costs whereas upstand beam create a usable void
below the ground floor if suspended slab is used.
RAFT FOUNDATION
Beam and Slab Raft
RAFT FOUNDATION
Cellular Raft

 Can be used where reasonable bearing capacity


subsoil can only be found at depths where beam
and slab technique become uneconomic.

 The construction is similar to reinforced concrete


basements except that internal walls are used to
spread the load over the raft and divide the void
into cells walls allowing the voids to be utilized for
the housing of services, store rooms or general
accommodation.

RAFT FOUNDATION
Cellular Raft

CROSS SECTION OF CELLULAR RAFT


RAFT FOUNDATION
Method of Construction

 Clear the ground of topsoil and trees roots to a


depth of at least 150mm.

 Then, hardcore is spread over the site and the


pieces rammed into the ground using either a
heavy roller.

 Lay the thick polythene sheeting to form the
dpm.

 Construct formwork to receive raft foundation.

 Pour concrete for blinding concrete and wait
until it hardened.

RAFT FOUNDATION
Method of Construction

 Erect the mesh reinforcement at the top and


bottom of raft foundation as necessary.

 Pour concrete into formwork.


 Finish off the concrete, after tamping, with


the wooden float to get a reasonable flat
surface.
DO YOU KNOW????

WHY DOES THE


TOWER OF PISA
LEAN??
WHY DOES THE TOWER OF PISA LEAN??
Age of bldg = nearly 840 years
Height = 55.86 m Year of construction = 1173
Construction period = 200 years
Used raft foundation

3m foundation, set in weak &


unstable subsoil - soft soil composed
of mud, sand and clay
The tower was moving at a rate of
around 1.2 millimeters (0.05 inches) a
year.

Total leaned = 5 degrees to southwest

LEANING TOWER OF PISA


QUESTION 1

Sketch a cross section and annotate in detail the pad foundation.

QUESTION 2

Sketch and annotate in detail the following types of foundation;


i) Thicken Slab
ii) Wide Strip
iii)Beam and slab raft

QUESTION 3

Explain five (5) factors to be considered in the selection of the type


of foundation for a building.

You might also like