Properties of Fluids

FLUID MECHANICS
BY: ENGR. MARK JOREN M. CRISOLOGO

FLUID FLUID MECHANICS IS THE SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH THE ACTION
OF FORCES ON FLUIDS AT REST AS WELL AS IN MOTION. IF THE
MECHANICS FLUIDS ARE IN MOTION, WHERE PRESSURE FORCES ARE NOT

CONSIDERED, THE STUDY OF THEM IS CALLED FLUID STATICS.
FLUIDS – ARE SUBSTANCE CAPABLE OF FLOWING, HAVING

PARTICLES WHICH MAY EASILY MOVE AND CHANGE THEIR RELATIVE
POSITION WITHOUT SEPARATION OF MASS.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
BY: ENGR. MARK JOREN M. CRISOLOGO
The density of a fluid is its mass per unit of volume.
FORMULA:
MASS p=
𝑀
𝑉
=
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑠
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
DENSITY COMMON UNITS: FOR WATER:

ENGLISH = slugs/ft^3 (1slug = 32.174 lbf) P = 1000 kg/m^3
METRIC = gram/cm^3 = 1.94 slugs/ft^3
SI =kg/m^3 1 bar = 100 kPa
1 bar = 14.5 psi
For an ideal gas condition, density of a fluid can be found using the
formula for ideal gas law
ºK = ºC + 273
FORMULA: ºR = ºF + 460
𝑝
p=
𝑅𝑇
WHERE:
𝑝 = ABSOLUTE PRESSURE OF GAS, PA, PSI
R = GAS CONSTANT (FOR AIR, R = 287 J/KG-ºK or 1,716 FT LB/ SLUG-°R)
T = ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE, °K, °R
MASS DENSITY
Specific volume is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid
FORMULA:
SPECIFIC VS =1/P
VOLUME Specific volume units are reciprocal to the of the density

SPECIFIC WEIGHT
SPECIFIC WEIGHT IS THE WEIGHT OF A UNIT VOLUME OF A FLUID.
FORMULA:
𝑊 𝑀𝑔
γ= = = pg W = Mg
𝑉 𝑉
WHERE: FOR WATER:

G = GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION Y = 9.81 KN/M^3
G = 9.81 M/S^2 = 32.2 FT/S^2 = 62.4 LB/FT^3
COMMON UNITS:
LB/FT^3, DYNE/CM^3, N/M^3
1 KG = 9.81 N 1 LB = 4.448 N
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity, s, is a dimensionless ratio of fluid’s density to some

standard reference density.
FORMULA:
𝑝 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑝 𝑔𝑎𝑠
s= =
𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝 𝑎𝑖𝑟
γ 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 γ 𝑔𝑎𝑠
s = γ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = γ 𝑎𝑖𝑟
PROBLEM 1
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE HAVING A MASS OF 500 KG AND A VOLUME OF 315
LITERS IS PLACED IN A CONTAINER
A.) COMPUTE THE WEIGHT (IN KN)

ANS: 4.905 KN
B.) WHAT IS THE MASS DENSITY IN (KG/M^3)
ANS: 1587 KG/M^3
C.) DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC WEIGHT (IN KN/M^3)
ANS: 15.57 KN/M^3

D.) FIND THE SPECIFIC VOLUME (IN M^3/KG)
ANS: 0.00063 M^3/KG

E.) CALCULATE THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY
ANS: 1.59
PROBLEM 2
A CERTAIN LIQUID WEIGH 6.76 KN/M^3

A.) WHAT IS THE DENSITY OF THE LIQUID?
ANS: 689.09 KG/M^3
B.) DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC VOLUME
ANS: 0.00145 M^3/KG
C.) COMPUTE THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY
ANS: 0.689
PROBLEM 3
A CERTAIN GAS WEIGH 16 N/M^3. RELATIVE TO AIR WEIGHING 12 N/M^3?
A.) WHAT IS THE DENSITY?
ANS: 1.631 KG/M^3
B.) COMPUTE THE SPECIFIC VOLUME
ANS: 0.613 M^3/KG
C.) DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY
ANS: 1.33
A CERTAIN TYPE OF OIL HAS A VOLUME OF 6.30M^3 AND
WEIGHS 50.1KN
A.) DETERMINE ITS DENSITY
ANS: 810.64 KG/M^3
PROBLEM 4 B.) COMPUTE THE SPECIFIC WEIGHT

ANS: 7.95 KN/M^3
C.) SOLVE THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

ANS: 0.81
PROBLEM 5 A CERTAIN TYPE OF ALCOHOL HAS A DENSITY OF 785 KG/M^3
A.) DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC VOLUME
ANS: 0.00127 M^3/KG
B.) CALCULATE THE SPECIFIC WEIGHT

ANS: 7.7 KN/M^3
C.) SOLVE THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY
ANS: 0.785
PROBLEM 6
CARBON DIOXIDE AT A TEMPERATURE OF 30°C AND AT A PRESSURE
OF 580 KPA ABSOLUTE. WITH A GAS CONSTANT VALUE OF R=
188NM/KG K
A.) DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC WEIGHT
ANS: 99.88 N/M^3
B.) CALCULATE THE MASS DENSITY
ANS: 10.182 KG/M^3
C.) SOLVE THE SPECIFIC VOLUME
ANS: 0.098 M^3/KG
OTHER FORMULAS
The property of fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to a shearing
force/ flow
1. Dynamic (absolute) viscosity

FORMULA:
VISCOSITY WHERE:
µ =
τ𝑦
𝑉
𝐹𝑦
= 𝐴𝑉
τ = shear stress
Y = distance between plates
V = velocity
The property of fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to a
shearing force/ flow
2. Kinematic viscosity
VISCOSITY FORMULA: µ
v
τ𝑦
= 𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝 =
𝐹𝑦
𝐴𝑉𝑝
common units of viscosity

1 poise = 1 dyne sec/cm^2 = 0.1 pa sec
1 stoke = 0.0001 m^2/sec
1 dyne = 10^-5 n
SURFACE TENSION
Energy required to increase the area, or length, of a liquid surface by
a given amount.
Pressure inside a droplet of liquid:
Where:
P = 4σ/d
σ = SURFACE TENSION
D = DIAMETER OF DROPLET
Capillarity (capillary action) is the name given to the behavior of the
liquid in a thin-bore tube. The rise or fall of a fluid in capillary tube is
caused by surface tension and depends on the relative magnitudes of
cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the
containing vessel.
Total force due to surface tension:
FORMULA:
4σ𝑐𝑜𝑠Ɵ
h=
γ𝑑
F = σ π d cos θ
WHERE:
σ = SURFACE TENSION
Ɵ = CONTACT ANGLE
γ = SPECIFIC WEIGHT
d = DIAMETER OF TUBE
CAPILLARITY
BULK The ratio of the change in unit pressure to the corresponding volume
change per unit of volume
MODULUS
FORMULA:
− 𝑉 ( 𝑃)
EB =
OF
𝑉
ELASTICITY
The fractional change in the volume of a fluid per unit change in
pressure in a constant-temperature process
FORMULA:
β=
− 𝑉
=
1
COMPRESSIBILITY
WHERE: 𝑉( 𝑃) 𝐸𝐵
V = CHANGE IN VOLUME = V2 – V1
V = ORIGINAL VOLUME
P = CHANGE IN PRESSURE = P2 – P1
EB = BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
PROBLEM 1
WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THE SURFACE TENSION OF A SMALL DROP OF WATER 0.3MM IN
DIAMETER WHICH IN CONTACT WITH AIR IF THE PRESSURE WITHIN THE DROPLET IS 561 PA?
ANS: 0.042 N/M

PROBLEM 2
IF THE VISCOSITY OF WATER AT 70°C IS 0.00402 POISE AND ITS

SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS 0.978
A.) DETERMINE ITS ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY IN PA SEC
ANS: 0.000402 PA SEC
B.) DETERMINE ITS KINEMATIC VISCOSITY IN M^2/SEC
ANS: 4.11 X10^-7 M^2/SEC
C.) DETERMINE ITS KINEMATIC VISCOSITY IN STOKES
ANS: 4.11X10^-3 STOKES
PROBLEM 3
ESTIMATE THE HEIGHT TO WHICH WATER WILL RISE IN A CAPILLARITY

TUBE OF DIAMETER 3MM. USE σ = 0.0728 N/m AND γ = 9810 N/m^3
FOR WATER:
ANS: 9.9MM
A LIQUID COMPRESSED IN A CONTAINER HAS A VOLUME OF
1LITER AT A PRESSURE OF 1MPA AND VOLUME OF 0.995 LITER
PROBLEM 4 AT A PRESSURE OF 2MPA. FIND THE BULK MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
ANS: 200 MPA

Properties of Fluids

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FLUID MECHANICS

BY: ENGR. MARK JOREN M. CRISOLOGO

MECHANICS FLUIDS ARE IN MOTION, WHERE PRESSURE FORCES ARE NOT

FLUIDS – ARE SUBSTANCE CAPABLE OF FLOWING, HAVING

DENSITY COMMON UNITS: FOR WATER:

VOLUME Specific volume units are reciprocal to the of the density

WHERE: FOR WATER:

Specific gravity, s, is a dimensionless ratio of fluid’s density to some

A.) COMPUTE THE WEIGHT (IN KN)

ANS: 15.57 KN/M^3

ANS: 0.00063 M^3/KG

A CERTAIN LIQUID WEIGH 6.76 KN/M^3

ANS: 810.64 KG/M^3

PROBLEM 4 B.) COMPUTE THE SPECIFIC WEIGHT

C.) SOLVE THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

A.) DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC VOLUME

ANS: 0.00127 M^3/KG

B.) CALCULATE THE SPECIFIC WEIGHT

1. Dynamic (absolute) viscosity

common units of viscosity

ANS: 0.042 N/M

IF THE VISCOSITY OF WATER AT 70°C IS 0.00402 POISE AND ITS

ESTIMATE THE HEIGHT TO WHICH WATER WILL RISE IN A CAPILLARITY

ANS: 200 MPA

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