AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AROKIYA ANUSHYA.A(411521104008)

DEVATHARSHINI.B (411521104022)

KARTHIKA.E (411521104052)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PERI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

CONTROL SYSTEM” is the Bonafide work of “ AROKIYA ANUSHYA.A
(411521104008) , DEVATHARSHINI.B (411521104022) , KARTHIKA.E
(411521104052) ” who carried out the project works under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mrs. K. VARALAKSHMI, M. E Mr.S.R.NOBLE LOURDHU RAJ

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT , SUPERVISOR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,

Computer science and Engineering Computer science and Engineering,

PERI INSTITUTE OF PERI INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY,

Chennai-600 048. Chennai-600 048.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

NO.
ABSTRACT
1 INTRODUCTION 6

2 BASIC PRINCIPLE 8
3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
9
4 LIST OF COMPONENTS
9
5 SPECIFICATION OF COMPONENTS
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5.1.LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTER)

5.2.TRANSISTORS

5.3.RESISTORS

5.4.LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

5.5.PCB (PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD)

5.6.POWER SUPPLY
12
WORKING
6
PROCEDURE 14
7

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 15

8

9 APPLICATION 16

CONCLUSION 17
10
18
11 STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
19
12 FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION
13 REFERENCE: 20

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 ABSTRACT

Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple yet powerful concept, which
uses transistor as a switch. By using this system manual works are 100%
removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the
visible region of our eyes.

This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses
the light actually like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the
sunlight comes, visible to our eyes.

By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because nowadays the
manually
operated street lights are not switched off even the sunlight comes and also
switched on earlier before sunset. In this project, no need of manual operation
like ON time and OFF time setting.

This project clearly demonstrates the working of transistor in saturation region

and cut-off region. The working of relay is also known.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express my sincere thanks to MANAGEMENT for giving motivation

and providing all necessarry facility for the successful completion of this project.

We wish to express my appreciation and gratefulness to our college Principal

Dr.V.Palson Kennedy for his encouragement and sincere guidance.

We take this opportunity to thank Mrs.K.Varalakshmi HOD,Department of

Computer Science and Engineering for her support and who gave us an
opportunity to participate and learn about the project.

We express our gratitude to our guide Mr.S.R.NOBLE LOURDHU RAJ ,department

of Computer Science and Engineering for his guidance throughout the course of
my project.

We would like to thank our project coordinators Mr.S.R.NOBLE LOURDHU RAJ ,

Department of Computer Science and Engineering , for the valuable support.

We convey our thanks to facilities , good friends , and nonteaching staffs for their
help and wishes for the successful completion of this project.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

Street light controllers are smarter versions of the mechanical or electronic

timers previously used for street light ON-OFF operation. They come with energy
conservation options like twilight saving, staggering or dimming. Also many
street light controllers come with an astronomical clock for a particular location
or a Global Positioning System (GPS) connection to give the best ON-OFF time
and energy saving.

Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept,

which uses transistor as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light
automatically. By using this system manual works are removed. It automatically
switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes.
It automatically switches OFF lights under illumination by sunlight. This is done
by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the
light actually like our eyes

By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because now-a-

day manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the
sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset. In sunny and
rainy days, ON time and OFF time differ significantly which is one of the
major disadvantage of using timer circuits or manual This project exploits the
working of a transistor in saturation region and cut-off region to switch ON
and switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of an
electromagnetically operated switch.

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 A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is
a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or
lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive
photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark
weather. In older lighting this function would have been performed with the aid
of a solar dial. It is not uncommon for street lights to be on poles which have
wires strung between them, or mounted on utility poles.

This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation region and

cut-off region to switch ON and switch OFF the lights at appropriate time
with the help of an electromagnetically operated switch Automatic Streetlight
needs no manual operation of switching ON and OFF. The system itself
detects whether there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain
value

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 2. BASIC PRINCIPLE

The automatic streetlight control system operates on 12 V DC supply. The

automatic streetlight controller has a photoconductive device whose
resistance changes proportional to the extent of illumination, which switches
ON or OFF the LED with the use of transistor as a switch.
Light dependent resistor, a photoconductive device has been used as the
transducer to convert light energy into electrical energy.
The central dogma of the circuit is that the change in voltage drop across
the light dependent resistor on illumination or darkness switches the transistor
between cutoff region or saturation region and switches OFF or ON the LEDAs
we know property of LDR that during the time of day resistance is low therefore
voltage at the inverting input ( IE pin 2) is higher than the voltage at the non-
inverting input (pin3) hence the output at the pin6 is low so the transistor goes
into the cut off state which means LED or bulb will not glow
.

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 3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure – Circuit diagram of automatic street light controller.

4. LIST OF COMPONENTS
S.NO. PARTS RANGE QUANTITY

1. LDR 1

2. TRANSISTOR BC -547 NPN 2

3. RESISTOR 1K, 330 ohm 3

4. LED 1

5. PCB 1

6. POWER SUPPLY 6V OR 9V 1

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5. SPECIFICATION OF COMPONENTS

5.1. LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTER)

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark
sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as
high as 1000 000 ohms,
but when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically.

When the light level is low the resistance of the LDR is high. This prevents
current from flowing to the base of the transistors. Consequently the LED does
not light.

5.2. TRANSISTORS
BC547 is an NPN bi-pola junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer
or resistance commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base
controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used
for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of
800. Its equivalent transist

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired

region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification
applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input
conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547
is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the
commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so
that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal,
it gets completely off.

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 5.3. RESISTORS-

Resistor is an electrical component that reduces the electric current. The

resistor's ability to reduce the current is called resistance and is measured in units
of ohms (symbol: Ω).If we make an analogy to water flow through pipes, the
resistor is a thin pipe that reduces the water flow.

5.4 . LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source

that resembles a basic pnjunction diode, except that an LED also emits light.
When an LED's anode lead has a voltage that is more positive than its cathode
lead by at least the LED's forward voltage drop, current flows.
Electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the
colour of the light (corresponding
to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor.

5.5. PCB (PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD)-

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features
etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can
be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-
layer. Conductors on different layers are connected with plated-through holes
called bias. Advanced PCBs may contain components - capacitors,
resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate.

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 5.6. POWER SUPPLY-

A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.

The term is most commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one
form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that
convert another form of energy (mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy.
A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a
specific value; the controlled value is held nearly

6. WORKING

Circuit of a compact and true solid-state automatic lawn light is described here.
The circuit can be used to switch on incandescent garden light bulbs at desk and
switch off them at dawn. A 10 mm encapsulated light dependent resistor (LDR)
here works as the twilight detector. The whole circuit can be housed in a very
small plastic cabinet.

For powering the circuit AC household supply is needed. With a little skill and
patience, you can easily modify this circuit to drive a number of white LED
strings, instead of the incandescent bulb load at the output.
When ambient light is normal, transistor T1 is reverse biased by the low resistance
of LDR. Multiturn plastic trimpotP1 sets the detection sensitivity. If ambient light
dims, transistor T1 turns on to drive the triac T2. Now the lamp load at the output
of T2 energises.

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 When the ambient light level restores, circuit returns to its idle state and
light(s) switched off by the circuit. Working voltage for the circuit is derived
directly from the AC supply input
through components R1, R2 and R3. This obviates the requirement of a bulky.

If you wish to operate the, light bulb(s) on a little reduced power, just replace
the triac T2 with a suitable silicon controlled rectifier (SCR). This may give a
long life to the incandescent load. Finally, the LDR should not be mounted to
receive direct sunlight. It may be mounted at the top of the enclosure, pointing to
the sky say southwards.

LDR offers Very high Resistance in darkness. In this case the voltage drop
across the LDR is more than 0.7V.This voltage is more sufficient to drive the
transistor into saturation region. In saturation region, IC (Collector current) is
very high. Because of this IC. The relay gets energized, and switches on the lamp.

LDR offers Very low Resistance in brightness. In this case the voltage drop
across the LDR is less than 0.7V.

This voltage is not sufficient to drive the transistor into saturation region.
Hence, the transistor will be in cut-off region. In cut-off region, IC (Collector
current) is zero. Because of this IC, The relay will not be energized, and the lamp
will be in ON state only. Diode is connected across the relay to neutralize the
reverse EMF generated.

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 7. PROCEDURE

• Insert first transistor Q1-BC547 (NPN) on PCB board shown in the circuit
diagram
• Connect another transistor Q2-BC547 (NPN) on PCB board shown in the
circuit diagram.
• Connect wires across emitter pin of both transistor and negative terminal
of battery on the PCB board.
• Connect a wire across collector pin of transistor Q1 and base pin of
transistor Q2.
• Connect a resistor 1k across positive terminal of battery on the PCB board
and collector pin transistor Q1.
• Connect LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) across positive terminal of the
battery and base terminal of transistor Q1
• Insert a transistor 330 ohm across base pin of transistor Q1 and negative
terminal of battery.
• Connect a resistor 330 ohm across positive terminal of battery and anode
terminal of
• LED connect the cathode terminal of LED to collector pin of transistor Q2.

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 8. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES-

By using this automatic system for street light controlling ,we can reduce
energy consumption because the manually operated street lights are not switch
off properly even the sun light comes and Also not switched on earlier before
sunset

• Low cost
• Automated operation
• Low power consumption
• Very flexible
• Easy to manufactured

In sunny and rainy days, on and off time differ notice which is one of the
major disadvantages of using timer circuit or manual operation for switching the
street light system.

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9. APPLICATION

• Used in street light applications.

• Used in Domestic applications.
• Automatic street light control
• Automatic intensity control of street lights
• Automatic lights control system in industry
• Protection against no light for security system based projects and many
others
• It is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts into a signal
which can be read by an observer or by an instrument
• Control brightness of computer and TV screens to a comfortable level
• Barcode scanners- light from scanner illuminates code which is read and
decoded by a sensor

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 10. CONCLUSION

The Streetlight controller using ldr based Light intensity & traffic density, in
the todays up growing countries will be more effective in case of cost, manpower
and security as compare with today's running complicated and complex light
controlling systems. Automatic Street Light Controlling
System puts up a very user friendly approach and could increase the power

This paper elaborates the design and construction of automatic street control
system circuit. Circuit works properly to turn street lamp ON/OFF. After
designing the circuit which controls the light of the street as illustrated in the
previous sections.

LDR sensor and the photoelectric sensors are the two main conditions in
working the circuit. If the two conditions have been satisfied the circuit will do
the desired work according to specific program. Each sensor controls the turning
ON or OFF the lighting column.

The street lights has been successfully controlled by microcontroller. With

commands from the controller the lights will be ON in the places of the movement
when it's dark. furthermore the drawback of the street light system using timer
controller has been overcome, where the system depends on photoelectric sensor.
Finally this control circuit can be used in a
long roadways between th

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 11. STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

Step1: put first Transistor Q1-BC547 on breadboard as show in picture.

Step 2: Put another transistor Q2-BC547 on breadboard as in step one

Step 3: Put wires across, emitter pin of both transistors and -ve terminal of
battery(lowest/ bottom row of breadboard.)

Step 4: Put a wire across Collector pin of transistor Qı and Base pin of transistor
Q2.

Step 5: Put a resistor ik across positive terminal of battery (topmost row of

breadboard) and Collector pin of transistor Q1.

Step 6: Insert Light dependent resistor (LDR) across positive terminal of battery
(topmost row of breadboard) and base terminal of transistor Qı.

Step 7: Put a resistor- 330 Ohm across base pin of transistor Qı and negative
terminal of battery (lowest bottom row of breadboard).

Step 8: Put a resistor 330R across positive terminal of battery (topmost row of
breadboard) and anode terminal of LED (Light emitting diode) & Connect the
cathode terminal of LED to Collector pin of transistor

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 12. FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION

• The main aim behind making an automatic street light is to save the power.
As the light turns ON & OFF according to the requirement it saves the power
& also decreases our work.

• There are lower chances of the automatic street light system overheating &
risk of
accidents is also minimized. Cost of operating automatic solar street lights is
far less when compared to the conventional street lights. The automatic street
light system is ecofriendly & hence in reducing the carbon footprint.

• It clearly tackles the two problems that world is facing today, saving of
energy and also disposal of incandescent lamps, very efficiently. According
to statistical data we can save more that 40 % of electrical energy that is now
consumed by the highways

• .Street lights are commonly made of corrosion resistant metal such as

aluminum or a strong plastic material such as high density polyethylene to
be able to withstand the outdoor elements. Street lights are commonly pole-
mounted, on either dedicated poles or
existing utility poles.

• The project has scope in various other applications like for providing lighting
in industries, campuses and parking lots of huge shopping malls. This can
also be used for surveillance in corporate campuses and industries.

• In the future, we can expect to see solar street lights integrated with other
smart city systems such as traffic lights, waste management systems, and

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 public safety systems. This integration will improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of these systems while reducing
energy consumption.

• Navigant Research estimates that by 2023, there will be 116 million LED
street lights in use, one for each HPS fixture. These smart lights will help
cities reduce electricity costs,
lower CO2 emissions, and improve maintenance.18-Dec-2018

13. REFERENCE:

https:// www.acedemia.edu
https:// www.researchgate.net
https://logixproject.weebly.com
https://www.scribd.com

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