Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability

EXERCISE 5.1

Question 1:
Prove that the function is continuous at , and at .

Solution:
The given function is

Therefore, is continous at .

Therefore, is continous at .

Therefore, is continous at .

Question 2:
Examine the continuity of the function at .

Solution:
The given function is

Therefore, is continous at .

Question 3:
Examine the following functions for continuity.
(i)
(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

Solution:
(i) The given function is
It is evident that is defined at every real number and its value at is .
It is also observed that

Hence, is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a continuous function.

(ii) The given function is

For any real number , we obtain

Also,

Hence, is continuous at every point in the domain of and therefore, it is a continuous

function.

(iii) The given function is

For any real number , we obtain

Also,
 Hence, is continuous at every point in the domain of and therefore, it is a
continuous function.

(iv) The given function is

This function is defined at all points of the real line. Let c be a point on a real line.
Then, , or

Case I:
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at all real numbers less than 5.

Case II:
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at

Case III:
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at all real numbers greater than 5.

Hence, is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a continuous function.

Question 4:
Prove that the function is continuous at , where is a positive integer.
Solution:
The given function is
It is observed that is defined at all positive integers, n, and its value at n is .
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at n, where n is a positive integer.

Question 5:

Is the function defined by continuous at ? At ? At ?

Solution:

The given function is

At ,
It is evident that is defined at and its value at is .
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at .
At ,
It is evident that is defined at and its value at is .
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is not continuous at .

At ,
It is evident that is defined at and its value at is .

Therefore, is continuous at .
Question 6:

Find all points of discontinuity of where f is defined by .

Solution:

The given function is

It is evident that the given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line. Then, three cases arise.

Case I:

Then,

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that

Case III:
Then, the left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .
Hence, is the only point of discontinuity of .
Question 7:

Find all points of discontinuity of , where is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous in .

Case IV:
If , then the left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case V:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Hence, is the only point of discontinuity of .

Question 8:

Find all points of discontinuity of where f is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

It is known that, and

Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:

If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points .

Case II:

If , then the left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.

Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case III:

If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Hence, is the only point of discontinuity of .

Question 9:

Find all points of discontinuity of where f is defined by .

Solution:

The given function is

It is known that
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as

Let c be any real number.

Therefore, the given function is a continuous function.

Hence, the given function has no point of discontinuity.

Question 10:

Find all points of discontinuity of where f is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.
Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is continuous at .
Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Hence, the given function has no point of discontinuity.

Question 11:

Find all points of discontinuity of , where f is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.
Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at .
Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Thus, the given function is continuous at every point on the real line.
Hence, has no point of discontinuity.

Question 12:

Find all points of discontinuity of , where f is defined by .

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
If , then the left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Thus from the above observation, it can be concluded that is the only point of
discontinuity of .

Question 13:

Is the function defined by a continous function?

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

From the above observation it can be concluded that, is the only point of discontinuity of
.

Question 14:

Discuss the continuity of the function , where is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the interval .

Let c be a point in the interval .

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous in the interval .

Case II:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at in the interval .

Case IV:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is discontinuous at .

Case V:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at all points of the interval .
Hence, is discontinuous at and .

Question 15:

Discuss the continuity of the function , where is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is continuous at

Case III:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous in the interval .

Case IV:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case V:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Hence, is not continuous only at .

Question 16:

Discuss the continuity of the function , where is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is continuous at

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous in the interval .

Case IV:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is continuous at .

Case V:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .
Thus, from the above observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points of the
real line.

Question 17:

Find the relationship between and so that the function defined by

is continous at .
Solution:

The given function is

For to be continuous at , then

Also,

Therefore, from (1), we obtain

Therefore, the required relationship is given by, .

Question 18:

For what value of is the function defined by is continous at

? What about continuity at ?
Solution:

The given function is

If is continuous at , then

Therefore, there is no value of for which is continuous at .

At

Therefore, for any values of , is continuous at .

Question 19:
Show that the function defined by is discontinuous at all integral point. Here
denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to .

Solution:
The given function is
It is evident that is defined at all integral points.
Let be an integer.
Then,

The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .
Hence, is discontinuous at all integral points.

Question 20:
Is the function defined by continuous at ?

Solution:
The given function is
It is evident that is defined at .
At ,

Consider

Put , it is evident that if then

Therefore, the given function is continuous at .

Question 21:
Discuss the continuity of the following functions.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Solution:
It is known that if and are two continuous functions, then and are also
continuous.
Let and are continuous functions.
It is evident that is defined for every real number.

Let c be a real number. Put

If , then

Therefore, is a continuous function.

Let
It is evident that is defined for every real number.

Let c be a real number. Put

If , then
Therefore, is a continuous function.
Therefore, it can be concluded that,
(i) is a continuous function.
(ii) is a continuous function.
(iii) is a continuous function.
Question 22:
Discuss the continuity of the cosine, cosecant, secant, and cotangent functions.

Solution:
It is known that if and are two continuous functions, then

(i) is continuous.

(ii) is continuous.

(iii) is continuous.

Let and are continuous functions.

It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put
If , then
Therefore, is a continuous function.
Let
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put
If , then

Therefore, is a continuous function.

Therefore, it can be concluded that,

is continuous.
is continuous.
Therefore, cosecant is continuous except at

is continuous.

is continuous.
Therefore, secant is continuous except at

is continuous.
is continuous.
Therefore, cotangent is continuous except at .

Question 23:

Find the points of discontinuity of , where

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:

If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case III:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is continuous at
From the above observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points of the real
line.
Thus, has no point of discontinuity.

Question 24:

Determine if defined by is a continuous function?

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:

If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:

If , then
It is known that,

Similarly,

Therefore, is continuous at .
From the above observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at every point of the
real line.
Thus, is a continuous function.

Question 25:

Examine the continuity of , where is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at .
From the above observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at every point of the
real line.
Thus, is a continuous function.

Question 26:
Find the values of so that the function is continuous at the indicated point

at

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is continuous at , if is defined at and if the value of

the at equals the limit of at .

It is evident that is defined at and

Put

Then
Therefore, the value of .

Question 27:
Find the values of so that the function is continuous at the indicated point.

at

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is continuous at , if is defined at and if the value of
the at equals the limit of at .

It is evident that is defined at and

Therefore, the value of .

Question 28:
Find the values of so that the function is continuous at the indicated point

at
Solution:

The given function is

The given function is continuous at , if is defined at and if the value of
the at equals the limit of at .

It is evident that is defined at and

Therefore, the value of .

Question 29:
Find the values of so that the function is continuous at the indicated point

at .
Solution:

The given function is

The given function is continuous at , if is defined at and if the value of
the at equals the limit of at .

It is evident that is defined at and

Therefore, the value of .

Question 30:

Find the values of such that the function defined by , is a

continuous function.

Solution:

The given function is

It is evident that is defined at all points of the real line.
If is a continuous function, then is continuous at all real numbers.
In particular, is continuous at and

Since is continuous at , we obtain

Since is continuous at , we obtain

On subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we obtain

By putting in equation (1), we obtain

Therefore, the values of a and b for which is a continuous function are and respectively.

Question 31:
Show that the function defined by is a continuous function.

Solution:
The given function is .
This function is defined for every real number and can be written as the composition of
two functions as,
, where and

It has to be proved first that and are continuous functions.

It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number.
Let . Put
If , then

Therefore, is a continuous function.

Let

It is evident that is defined for every real number.

Let be a real number, then

Therefore, is a continuous function.

It is known that for real valued functions and , such that is defined at , if is
continuous at and if is continuous at , then is continuous at .
Therefore, is a continuous function.

Question 32:
Show that the function defined by is a continuous function.

Solution:
The given function is .
This function is defined for every real number and can be written as the composition of
two functions as,
, where and

It has to be proved first that and are continuous functions.

can be written as

It is evident that is defined for every real number.

Let be a real number.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all .

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points.
Let
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number. Put
If , then

Therefore, is a continuous function.

It is known that for real valued functions and , such that is defined at , if is
continuous at and if is continuous at , then is continuous at .
Therefore, is a continuous function.

Question 33:
Show that the function defined by is a continuous function.
Solution:
The given function is .
This function is defined for every real number and can be written as the composition of
two functions as,
, where and

It has to be proved first that and are continuous functions.

can be written as
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all .

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points.
Let
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number. Put
If , then
Therefore, is a continuous function.
It is known that for real valued functions and , such that is defined at , if is
continuous at and if is continuous at , then is continuous at .

Therefore, is a continuous function.

Question 34:
Find all the points of discontinuity of defined by .

Solution:
The given function is .
The two functions, and are defined as and .
Then,
The continuity of and are examined first.

can be written as
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all .

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points.

can be written as
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case III:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at .

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points.
It concludes that and are continuous functions. Therefore, is also a continuous
function.

Therefore, has no point of discontinuity.

 EXERCISE 5.2
Question 1:
Differentiate the function with respect to x.

Solution:
Let and
Then,
Thus, is a composite of two functions.
Put
Then, we get

By chain rule of derivative,

Alternate method:

Question 2:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:
Let and
Then,
Here, is a composite function of two functions.
Put
By chain rule,

Alternate method:

Question 3:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:
Let and
Then,
Here, is a composite function of two functions and .
Put,
Thus,

Hence, by chain rule, we get

Alternate method:
Question 4:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:

Let and

Then,
Here, is a composite function of three functions u, v and w.
Put, and
Then,

Now,

Hence, by chain rule, we get

Alternate method:

Question 5:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:

Given, , where and

Consider
Let
Then

is a composite function of two functions, u and v.

Put,
Thus, by chain rule, we get

Consider
Let
Then,

is a composite function of two functions, p and q.

Put,

Using chain rule, we get

Therefore,

Question 6:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:
Given,
Question 7:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:

Question 8:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:

Let
Also, let and,
Then,

Since, is a composite function of u and v.

Then,

And,

Using chain rule, we get

Alternate method:
Question 9:
Prove that the function given by
is not differentiable at .

Solution:
Given,
It is known that a function is differentiable at a point in its domain if both

and are finite and equal.

To check the differentiability of the given function at ,

Consider LHD at

Consider RHD at

Since LHD and RHD at are not equal,

Therefore, is not differentiable at .

Question 10:
Prove that the greatest integer function defined by is not differentiable at
and .
Solution:
Given,
It is known that a function is differentiable at a point x = c in its domain if both

and are finite and equal.

At ,

Consider the LHD at

Consider RHD at

Since LHD and RHD at are not equal,

Hence, is not differentiable at .

To check the differentiability of the given function at ,

Consider LHD at

Now, consider RHD at

Since, LHD and RHD at are not equal.

Hence, is not differentiable at .

 EXERCISE 5.3
Question 1:

Find

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 2:

Find :

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 3:

Find :
Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

From (1) and (2), we obtain

Question 4:

Find :

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get
Question 5:

Find

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 6:

Find

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get
Question 7:

Find

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Using chain rule, we obtain

From (1), (2) and (3), we obtain

Question 8:

Find

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get
Question 9:

Find

Solution:
Given,

Differentiating with respect to , we get

The function , is of the form of

By quotient rule, we get

Also,

From (1), (2) and (3), we get

Question 10:

Find
Solution:

Given,

Since, we know that

Comparing (1) and (2) we get,

Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 11:

Find

Solution:

Given,
Comparing LHS and RHS, we get

Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 12:

Find

Solution:

Given,

Differentiating with respect to , we get

Using chain rule, we get

Therefore,

From equation (1), (2) and (3), we get

Question 13:

Find

Solution:

Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 14:

Find

Solution:

Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 15:

Find

Solution:

Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get
 EXERCISE 5.4
Question 1:

Differentiating the following wrt x:

Solution:

Let
By using the quotient rule, we get

Question 2:
Differentiating the following

Solution:
Let
By using the quotient rule, we get

Question 3:
Differentiating the following wrt
Solution:
Let
By using the quotient rule, we get

Question 4:
Differentiate the following wrt

Solution:
Let
By using the chain rule, we get

Question 5:
Differentiate the following wrt

Solution:
Let
By using the chain rule, we get
Question 6:
Differentiate the following wrt

Solution:

Differentiating wrt x, we get

Question 7:
Differentiating the following wrt

Solution:
Let
Then,
Differentiating wrt x, we get
Question 8:
Differentiating the following wrt

Solution:
Let
By using the chain rule, we get

Question 9:

Differentiating the following wrt

Solution:

Let
By using the quotient rule, we get
Question 10:
Differentiate the following wrt

Solution:
Let
By using the chain rule, we get
 EXERCISE 5.5
Question 1:
Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:
Let

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 2:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:

Let

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 3:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:

Let

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 4:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:
Let
Also, let and

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 5:
Differentiate the function with respect to
Solution:
Let

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 6:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:

Let

Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Now,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 7:
Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:
Let
Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 8:
Differentiate the function with respect to
Solution:
Let
Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 9:
Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:
Let
Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 10:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:

Let

Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 11:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:

Let

Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 12:

Find of the function

Solution:
The given function is
Let, and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Now,
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 13:

Find of the function

Solution:
The given function is

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 14:

Find of the function

Solution:

The given function is

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 15:

Find of the function

Solution:
The given function is

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 16:

Find the derivative of the function given by and hence find

.

Solution:

The given function is

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Hence,

Question 17:

Differentiate in three ways mentioned below.

(i) By using product rule

(ii) By expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial.
(iii) By logarithmic differentiation.

Do they all give the same answer?

Solution:
Let

(i) By using product rule

 Let and

(ii) By expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial.

Therefore,

(iii) By logarithmic differentiation.

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

 Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that all the results of are same.

Question 18:
If u, v and w are functions of x, then show that

in two ways - first by repeated application of product rule, second by logarithmic

differentiation.

Solution:
Let
By applying product rule, we get
Taking logarithm on both the sides of the equation , we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

 EXERCISE 5.6
Question 1:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without eliminating

the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,
Then,

Question 2:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without

eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,
Then,
Question 3:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without

eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,

Then,

Question 4:

If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without eliminating

the parameter, find

Solution:

Given,

Question 5:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations ,

without eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,
Then,

Question 6:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations ,

without eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,

Then,

Question 7:

If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without

eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:

Given,
Then,
Question 8:

If and are connected parametrically by the equations ,

without eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:

Given,
Then,

Therefore,

Question 9:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without

eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,
Then,
Therefore,

Question 10:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations

, without eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,
Then,
Therefore,

Question 11:

If , show that

Solution:
Given, and

Hence,

and

Consider

Taking log on both sides, we get

Therefore,

Now,

Taking log on both sides, we get

Therefore,

Hence,
 EXERCISE 5.7
Question 1:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Consider,
Then,

Therefore,

Question 2:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Consider,
Then,

Therefore,
Question 3:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Consider,

Then,

Therefore,

Question 4:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let
Then,

Therefore,
Question 5:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let

Then,

Therefore,

Question 6:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let
Then,
Therefore,

Question 7:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let
Then,

Therefore,
Question 8:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let
Then,

Therefore,

Question 9:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Consider,
Then,
Therefore,

Question 10:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let
Then,

Therefore,
Question 11:

If , prove that

Solution:
Given,
Then,

Therefore,

Thus,

Hence proved.
Question 12:

If , find in terms of alone.

Solution:
Given,

Then,

Therefore,

But we need to calculate in terms of

Putting in equation (1), we get

Question 13:
If , show that

Solution:
Given,

Then,

Therefore,
Thus,

Hence proved.

Question 14:

If , show that .

Solution:
Given,

Then,
Therefore,

Thus,

Hence proved.

Question 15:

If , show that

Solution:
Given,
Then,

Therefore,

Hence proved.
Question 16:

If , show that

Solution:
Given,

Taking log on both sides, we get

Differentiating with respect to , we get

Therefore,

Hence proved.

Question 17:

If , show that

Solution:

Given,
Then,

Again, differentiating with respect to , we get

Hence proved.
 EXERCISE 5.8
Question 1:
Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the function

Solution:
Given, , being polynomial function is continuous in and also
differentiable in .

Therefore,

The value of at and 2 coincides.

Rolle’s Theorem states that there is a point such that

Therefore,

Hence,

Thus,

Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is verified.

Question 2:
Examine if Rolle’s Theorem is applicable to any of the following functions. Can you say
something about the converse of Rolle’s Theorem from these examples?
(i)
(ii)

(iii)

Solution:
By Rolle’s Theorem, ,

If
(a) is continuous on
(b) is continuous on
(c)

Then, there exists some such that

Thus, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable to those functions that do not satisfy any of three
conditions of the hypothesis.

(i)

Since, the given function is not continuous at every integral point.

In general, is not continuous at and
Therefore, is not continuous in
Also, and
Thus,

The differentiability of in is checked as follows.

Let be an integer such that

The LHD of at is

The RHD of at is

Since LHD and RHD of at are not equal, f is not differentiable at

Therefore, is not differentiable in .
 It is observed that does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Rolle’s
Theorem.
Thus, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable for .

(ii)

Since, the given function is not continuous at every integral point.

In general, is not continuous at and
Therefore, is not continuous in
Also, and
Thus,

The differentiability of in is checked as follows.

Let be an integer such that

The LHD of at is

The RHD of at is

Since LHD and RHD of at are not equal, f is not differentiable at

Therefore, is not differentiable in .

It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Rolle’s
Theorem.
Thus, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable for

(iii)

Since, being a polynomial function is continuous in and is differentiable in

.
Thus,

Therefore,
 Since, does not satisfy a condition of the hypothesis of Rolle’s Theorem.

Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable for .

Question 3:
If is a differentiable function and if does not vanish anywhere, then prove
that .

Solution:
Given, is a differentiable function.
Since every differentiable function is a continuous function, we obtain
(i) is continuous on
(ii) is continuous on

Thus, by the Mean Value Theorem, there exists such that

It is also given that does not vanish anywhere.

Therefore,
Thus,

Hence proved.

Question 4:
Verify Mean Value Theorem, if in the integral , where and .

Solution:
Given,
, being a polynomial function, is continuous in and is differentiable in , whose
derivative is .
Thus,

Therefore,

Mean Value Theorem states that there is a point such that

Hence,

Thus, mean value theorem is verified for the given function.

Question 5:
Verify Mean Value Theorem, if in the interval where and .
Find all for which .

Solution:
Given, f is
, being a polynomial function, is continuous in and is differentiable in , whose
derivative is

Thus,

Therefore,
Mean Value Theorem states that there exists a point such that
Hence,

Thus, Mean Value Theorem is verified for the given function and is the only point
for which .

Question 6:
Examine the applicability of Mean Value Theorem for all three functions given
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Solution:
Mean Value Theorem states that for a function , if
(a) is continuous on
(b) is continuous on

Then there exists some such that

Thus, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable to those functions that do not satisfy any of three
conditions of the hypothesis.

(i)
 Since, the given function is not continuous at every integral point.
In general, is not continuous at and

Therefore, is not continuous in

The differentiability of in is checked as follows.

Let be an integer such that

The LHD of at is

The RHD of at is

Since LHD and RHD of at are not equal, is not differentiable at

Therefore, is not differentiable in .

It is observed that does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value
Theorem.

Thus, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable for

(ii)

Since, the given function is not continuous at every integral point.

In general, is not continuous at and

Therefore, is not continuous in

The differentiability of in is checked as follows.

Let n be an integer such that

The LHD of at is
 The RHD of at is

Since LHD and RHD of at are not equal, is not differentiable at

Therefore, is not differentiable in .

It is observed that does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value
Theorem.

Thus, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable for .

(iii)

Since, being a polynomial function is continuous in and is differentiable in

It is observed that satisfies all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value
Theorem.

Hence, Mean Value Theorem is applicable for .

It can be proved as follows.

We have,
Then,

Therefore,

Hence,

Thus,
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
Question 1:

Differentiate with respect to the function .

Solution:

Let

Using chain rule, we get

Question 2:
Differentiate with respect to the function .

Solution:
Let

Using chain rule, we get

Question 3:
Differentiate with respect to the function .
Solution:
Let
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we get

Question 4:

Differentiate with respect to the function .

Solution:

Let

Using chain rule, we get

Question 5:

Differentiate with respect to the function .

Solution:

Let

Using quotient rule, we get

Question 6:

Differentiate with respect to the function .

Solution:

Let
Then,
Therefore, equation (1) becomes,

Thus,

Question 7:
Differentiate with respect to the function .

Solution:
Let

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 8:
Differentiate with respect to the function , for some constant and .

Solution:
Let

Using chain rule, we get

Question 9:

Differentiate with respect to the function

Solution:
Let

Taking log on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 10:
Differentiate with respect to the function , for some fixed and .

Solution:
Let

Also, let and

Therefore,

Now,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Now,
Hence,

Now,
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Now,
Since is constant, is also a constant.
Hence,

From (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5), we obtain

Question 11:

Differentiate with respect to the function , for .

Solution:

Let

Also, let and

Therefore,

Now,
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Now,
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

Question 12:

Find , if

Solution:
The given function is
Hence,

Therefore,

Question 13:

Find , if .

Solution:
The given function is
Hence,

Question 14:

If for , prove that .

Solution:
The given function is

Squaring both sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Hence proved.

Question 15:

If for , prove that is a constant independent of and

.

Solution:
The given function is

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore,
Hence,
 is a constant and is independent of and .

Hence proved.

Question 16:

If with , prove that .

Solution:
The given function is
Therefore,

Since,

Then, equation (1) becomes,

Hence proved.

Question 17:

If and , find .
Solution:
The given function is and
Therefore,

Question 18:
If , show that exists for all real , and find it.

Solution:

It is known that
Therefore, when

In this case, and hence,

When

In this case, and hence,

Thus, for , exists for all real x and is given by,

Question 19:

Using mathematical induction prove that for all positive integers .

Solution:

To prove: for all positive integers .

For ,

Therefore, is true for .

Let is true for some positive integer .

That is,

It has to be proved that is also true.

Consider
Thus, is true whenever is true.

Therefore, by the principle of mathematical induction, the statement is true for every
positive integer .

Hence, proved.

Question 20:
Using the fact that and the differentiation, obtain the sum
formula for cosines.

Solution:
Given,

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 21:
Does there exist a function which is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at exactly
two points? Justify your answer?

Solution:

Consider,
It can be seen from the above graph that the given function is continuous everywhere but not
differentiable at exactly two points which are 0 and 1.

Question 22:

If , prove that

Solution:

Given,

Then,

Thus, proved.
Question 23:

If , show that

Solution:
The given function is
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

By squaring both the sides, we obtain

Again, differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Hence proved.