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Analytical Simulation and Verification of Air Gun Impact Testing

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 Analytical Simulation and Verification of
Air Gun Impact Testing

by Adam Bouland and Mostafiz R. Chowdhury

ARL-TR-3559 August 2005

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

 NOTICES

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Army Research Laboratory
Adelphi, MD 20783-1145

ARL-TR-3559 August 2005

Analytical Simulation and Verification of

Air Gun Impact Testing

Adam Bouland and Mostafiz R. Chowdhury

Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

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12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14. ABSTRACT

This report presents an analytical method to simulate the acceleration pulses and forces experienced by test objects during air gun impact
testing. The purpose of an air gun impact test is to determine the survivability of sensitive artillery components during launch. It does so by
simulating the acceleration pulse and shock waves experienced by such objects during firing. In an air gun impact test, these forces are
generated by the impact of a "bird"/test object with an energy-absorbing mitigator complex, which consists of an aluminum honeycomb
mitigator and a large momentum exchange mass (MEM). The front of this mitigator is shaped as a wedge or cone, which plastically deforms to
provide for a gradual deceleration. Customers often request the peak acceleration they wish to achieve in a given test; therefore, a simulation is
necessary to design a test around a client’s needs. This report develops a discrete element simulation to predict the acceleration pulse
experienced by an object during an air gun test.
The model accounts for the frequency contents of different regions of the test object, which had been simplified to a single frequency or
omitted altogether from previous models (1). The model also accounts for the elastic and plastic deformation of the aluminum honeycomb
mitigator. The strain rate dependency of the plastic crush force is derived with experimental data, confirmed with reference materials, and
integrated into the model. A plastic wave front is tracked through the geometry of the mitigator, and the inertial mass transfer of the crushed
portion of the mitigator from the MEM complex to the "bird" is accounted for as well. After the crush phase is complete, the mitigator is
allowed to elastically unload. This model is governed by a damped spring mass system in which the mitigator is represented as a dynamic
force. The stiffness of the components is derived geometrically. The simulation is programmed into Visual Basic1 via a finite difference time-
stepping scheme. Results of the model are verified by comparison with actual test results as well as previous simulations. The new model
accurately predicts the peak acceleration pulse, the duration of the acceleration pulse, and the frequency content of the test and shows
1
significant improvement over previous models. Visual Basic is a registered trademark of Microsoft.
15. SUBJECT TERMS

air gun test; finite difference method; honeycomb mitigator; spring mass system
17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES
Adam Bouland
a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE SAR 55 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code)
Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified 301-394-6308
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98)
Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18

ii
Contents

List of Figures iv

Acknowledgments v

1. Introduction 1

2. Air Gun Testing/Simulation Setup 1

2.1 Air Gun Test Setup..........................................................................................................1
2.2 Firing Procedure ..............................................................................................................2
2.3 Simulation Setup .............................................................................................................2

3. Mathematical Construction of the Model 3

3.1 Basic System of Equations ..............................................................................................3
3.2 Representation of Mitigator Behavior.............................................................................4
3.3 Time Stepping the Model ................................................................................................8

4. Verification of the Current Model 10

4.1 Initial Parameters...........................................................................................................10
4.2 Results ...........................................................................................................................11
4.3 Analysis .........................................................................................................................11

5. Future Applications 17

6. Conclusion 18

7. References 19

Appendix A. Program Source Code 20

Distribution List 34

iii
List of Figures

Figure 1. Air gun test setup............................................................................................................ 2

Figure 2. Simulation setup ............................................................................................................. 3
Figure 3. Mathematical diagram of the model............................................................................... 3
Figure 4. Stress-strain diagram of aluminum honeycomb (1). ...................................................... 5
Figure 5. Mid-shot view of the model. .......................................................................................... 5
Figure 6. Amplification of crushing force as a function of velocity.............................................. 7
Figure 7. Amplification of crushing force as a function of velocity, with inertial mass transfer .. 7
Figure 8. Polynomial approximation of amplification of crushing force ...................................... 8
Figure 9. OBR geometry.............................................................................................................. 10
Figure 10. Actual test results. ...................................................................................................... 12
Figure 11. Previous model’s prediction. ...................................................................................... 12
Figure 12. Current model’s prediction......................................................................................... 13
Figure 13. Comparison of test, current model, and previous model acceleration pulses. ........... 13
Figure 14. Fast Fourier transform of test acceleration................................................................. 14
Figure 15. Fast Fourier transform of predicted acceleration........................................................ 14
Figure 16. Time history of mitigator force. ................................................................................. 15
Figure 17. Plastic wave front progression compared to mitigator deflection. ............................. 15
Figure 18. Pictures of post-shot mitigator.................................................................................... 16
Figure 19. Time history of OBR velocity. ................................................................................... 16

iv
Acknowledgments

This report was completed under the Science and Engineering Apprentice Program of George
Washington University. Air gun test data were provided by Ara Abrahamian of the U.S. Army
Research Laboratory (ARL). William McIntosh and Edward Szymanski of ARL also
contributed to the performance of air gun tests. Computer and technical support was provided by
Morris Berman of ARL. Mr. Bouland would like to thank all of the ARL Weapons and
Materials Research Directorate for their assistance and cooperation during his internship.

v
INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

vi
1. Introduction

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has long used air gun testing to assist in the
development of weapons systems and technologies. The purpose of the test is to simulate the
acceleration pulse and shock waves experienced by artillery components during launch. This
allows the defense industry to test the survivability of individual artillery components for less
than the cost of an actual field test. Such tests allow defense contractors to identify the weak
components of their weapons design and to better understand the behavior of their components
during launch.
Department of Defense (DoD) clients often specify the acceleration/shock conditions they wish
to achieve in a given test. For instance, they may request the peak acceleration or the duration of
the acceleration pulse. Researchers at ARL have no direct control over the acceleration pulse; it
is therefore necessary to mathematically model the air gun test to predict the acceleration pulse
delivered by a specific test. ARL can then modify the initial parameters of the air gun tests in
order to shape the acceleration pulse to match the conditions requested by the client.
The current simulation used by ARL in conducting its tests treats all components in the test as
rigid bodies (2). Such a simplified model fails to capture the high-frequency oscillations
experienced by the test objects and the true peak acceleration of the test. This report develops an
extension of work done by Tabei and Chowdhury (1) by adding two degrees of freedom to the
system, thus allowing ARL to account for the varying properties of the test objects in its test
design. The resulting simulation uses the initial parameters and material properties of a test to
predict the acceleration pulse and displacements experienced by a given component, allowing
ARL to better satisfy the demands of DoD clients and extending the development capability of
the defense community.

2. Air Gun Testing/Simulation Setup

2.1 Air Gun Test Setup

A diagram of the test setup is presented in figure 1. The air gun test achieves its desired
acceleration pulse through the impact of a “bird” with an energy-absorbing mitigator. The bird
consists of a test object mounted on an on-board recorder (OBR) which measures the
acceleration pulse produced by the test. This bird is fired by compressed gas (usually helium or
air) down an evacuated firing tube and into a “catch” tube. There, the bird impacts an aluminum
honeycomb mitigator which crushes to absorb the energy of the impact. The remaining energy is
then transferred to a large momentum exchange mass (MEM) which is displaced by the inertial
force of the system.

1
Figure 1. Air gun test setup.

The OBR used in these tests consists of two steel plates connected by a hollow aluminum
cylinder. The area inside the OBR is filled with glass beads that surround an accelerometer,
damping the high-frequency oscillations of the OBR. The test object is mounted on the back
plate of this OBR. The mitigator used in this test is shaped with a double-wedged front, but
other mitigator geometries are also used. These tests are conducted in a variety of air guns,
ranging from 2 to 7 inches in diameter.

2.2 Firing Procedure

After the OBR and test object are assembled and secured together, the bird is loaded into the
breech of the air gun. The bird is held in place by two identical firing pins which are specially
machined to yield at a certain force. The air gun is then sealed, and a large gas tank is brought
into position behind the bird. Once the firing tube has been evacuated, compressed gas is
gradually loaded into the tank behind the bird. Pressure measurements are taken periodically.
As the pressure in the tank increases, the force exerted on the bird eventually reaches the yield
stress of the firing pins. The pins break, releasing the bird and allowing the pressurized gas to
propel it down the firing tube. The bird’s velocity is measured at the end of the firing tube, and
its acceleration is measured by the OBR during impact.

2.3 Simulation Setup

In order to model the air gun impact analytically, it is necessary to divide the air gun apparatus
into discrete elements. The elements selected in figure 2 are designed to increase the accuracy of
the model without overly complicating the model or drastically increasing computer run time.
The OBR consists of three discrete elements in order to model its physical construction. The
front plate, back plate, and test object are designated as point masses while the hollow cylinder
and test object connection are modeled as damped springs with their own stiffness. A process
for deriving the stiffness of these objects through geometric means is detailed in section 4 of this
report, while frequency extraction and finite element (FE) simulation methodologies are detailed
in section 5.

2
 Figure 2. Simulation setup. (Note: Although conical mitigators are represented in the diagrams, double-wedged
mitigators were used in the actual tests.)

3. Mathematical Construction of the Model

3.1 Basic System of Equations

A system of equations can be easily formulated to govern the behavior of the discrete model. To
generate these equations, the model is divided into four sections, each of which governs the
motion of one mass. Figure 3 presents the discretization of the model. At any given time, the
net forces on these masses must equal 0, since every force must have an equal and opposite
counter-force. The inertial forces of the masses are given by F = ma; damping forces are given
by F = cv, in which c is the damping coefficient and v is the relative velocity of the masses; and
spring forces are given by F = ku, in which k is the stiffness of the spring and u is its
displacement. The force exerted by the mitigator is detailed in the next section.

Figure 3. Mathematical diagram of the model.

3
Let Y1 − Y33 be the displacements of m1 - m33, respectively, let Y&1 − Y&33 be the velocities of m1 –
m33, respectively, and let Y&& − Y&& be the accelerations of m1 – m33, respectively. It therefore
1 33

follows that
Fmitigator − (m1 + m2 )Y&&1 = 0
(m31Y&&31 ) − Fmitigator + k 2 (Y31 − Y32 ) + c 2 (Y&31 − Y&32 ) = 0
(1)
(m32Y&&32 ) − k 2 (Y31 − Y32 ) + k 3 (Y32 − Y33 ) − c 2 (Y&31 − Y&32 ) + c3 (Y&33 − Y&32 ) = 0
(m33Y&&33 ) − k 3 (Y2 − Y33 ) − c3 (Y&32 − Y&33 ) = 0

This system of equations is more easily represented by the matrices

m1 + m2 0 0 0  Y &&  0 0
1
0 0  Y &  0 0
1
0 0   Y1 
 0   &&    &  
 m31 0 0  Y31  0 c2 − c2 0  Y31  0 k 2 − k2 0  Y31 
 &&  + & +  =
 0 0 m32 0  Y 32 
0 − c2 c2 + c3 − c3  Y 32 
0 − k 2 k 2 + k 3 − k 3  Y32 
  &&    &   
 0 0 0 m33  Y 33  0 0 − c3 c3  Y 33  0 0 − k3 k 3  Y33 
(2)
 Fmitigator 
− F 
 mitigator 
 
 0 
 0 
or
[M ]{Y&&}+ [C ]{Y&}+ [K ]{Y } = {Fmitigator } (3)

This equation governs the motion of the model during the time step.

3.2 Representation of Mitigator Behavior

The mathematical representation of the mitigator is crucial to the overall accuracy of the model.
As illustrated by the honeycomb stress/strain diagram in figure 4, the mitigator offers a short
period of elastic resistance followed by a longer period of plastic deformation. This area of
plastic deformation does not occur at the front of the OBR but rather at the front of a plastic
wave traveling through the mitigator. Figure 5 illustrates the air gun test during this crush phase
of the mitigator. The force exerted by the plastic deformation of the mitigator is proportional to
the cross-sectional area of the mitigator at the plastic wave; therefore, the position of the plastic
wave must be tracked. The speed of the plastic wave is given by (1)

Cplastic = (VOBR/MEM) / εc (4)

in which εc is the compacting strain of the honeycomb and VOBR/MEM is the relative velocity of
the OBR and MEM, given by VOBR - VMEM. The position of the plastic wave front is therefore
easily revised each time step through equation 4

Xplastic(n) = Xplastic(n-1) + Cplastic * ∆t (5)

4
 Figure 4. Stress-strain diagram of aluminum honeycomb (1).

Figure 5. Mid-shot view of the model.

During the initial crush phase of the mitigator, the elastic resistance offered by the honeycomb is
negligible because the energy absorbed by elastic deformation is extremely low. While the
mitigator is crushing, the strain on the honeycomb far exceeds its yield strain, thus absorbing
much more energy (given by the area under the stress-strain curve) through plastic rather than
elastic deformation. The elastic resistance of the mitigator is therefore ignored during the
crushing phase of mitigator deformation.
During this period of plastic deformation, the inertial masses of the OBR and MEM are
constantly changing (2). As the plastic wave front advances, the crushed portion of the mitigator
acquires the velocity of the OBR and therefore behaves as part of the inertial mass of the front
plate of the OBR. Likewise, the MEM complex loses inertial mass to the crush front as the

5
plastic wave progresses. We account for this inertial mass transfer by calculating the volume of
mitigator transferred from the MEM/mitigator to the OBR front plate and multiplying by the
density of the mitigator (ρmitigator).
The calculation of the force associated with the plastic deformation of the mitigator must take
into account the dynamic crush force of the mitigator. In a static model, the crush force would
be given by (1)

Fmitigator = σy * A (6)
in which σy is the static yield stress of honeycomb and A is the cross-sectional area of the
mitigator at the plastic wave front. This area varies with the position of the wave front.
However, in a dynamic model, the crush force is related to the strain rate of the honeycomb
(which is a function of the relative velocity of the OBR and mitigator) (3).
In order to determine the relationship between the percent increase in crush force and the
velocity, experimental acceleration data from two test shots were multiplied by the mass of the
components to receive a time history of the mitigator force. The masses of the components were
assumed to be constant, and the resulting increase in crush force was compared with the
components’ velocities gathered from the simulation. Figure 6 presents the results of this
analysis. The results clearly indicate a discrepancy between the percent increase in crush force
between the high-velocity and low-velocity test shots at velocities less than 100 m/s. The crush
force of the high-velocity shot is actually less than its static crush force at velocities around
30 m/s, when it should have shown an increased crush force. Since the initial velocity and
masses of the low-velocity shot are known, its strain rate dependency during the initial stage of
impact (velocities around 85 m/s) is accurate. The strain rate dependency of the high-velocity
shot at this velocity clearly falls below the known strain rate dependency of the low-velocity test
shot. This clearly reveals the need for inertial mass transfer in the model, which would increase
the mass of the OBR toward the end (lower velocities) of the high-velocity shot, thus allowing
the strain rate dependency curves to converge.
In order to account for the inertial mass transfer between components, the crush force function
was passed through the simulation to create a time history of the masses and velocities of the
components. These data were used to create a new model of the strain rate dependency of the
mitigator, which was passed through the simulation again. This methodology created a limiting
process, allowing the strain rate dependency and the mass transfer functions to converge to
within a 1% error within four iterations. Figure 7 presents the results of this analysis. The
resulting strain rate dependency functions of each of the tests shots were combined to create a
new strain rate dependency curve, which was then approximated with the regression curve
shown in figure 8. Notice that the two curves converged after the inertial mass transfer of the
components was accounted for.

6
 Velocity vs. XFactor (No Inertial Mass Transfer)

3.5

2.5

2
XFactor

Shot 1
1.5
Shot 2
1

0.5

0
-20 30 80 130 180 230
-0.5

-1
Velocity (m/s)

Figure 6. Amplification of crushing force as a function of velocity.

Velocity vs. XFactor (With Inertial Mass Transfer)

3.5

2.5

2
XFactor

Shot 1
1.5
Shot 2

0.5

0
-20 30 80 130 180 230
-0.5

-1
Velocity (m/s)

Figure 7. Amplification of crushing force as a function of velocity, with inertial mass transfer.

7
 Velocity vs. xFactor (with Inertial Mass Transfer)

4
XFactor

xFactor
3 Poly. (xFactor)

0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
-1
Velocity (m/s)

Figure 8. Polynomial approximation of amplification of crushing force.

The strain rate dependent crush force of the mitigator was thus given by

Fmitigator = Xfactor * σy * A (7)

in which Xfactor was given by a polynomial approximation of the strain rate dependency of the
crush force

Xfactor = (2.627E-13)v6 – (1.254E-10)v5 + (1.592E-8)v4 + (5.552E-7)v3 - (1.897E-4)v2 +

0.00834v+1.258 (8)

in which v is the instantaneous relative velocity of the OBR and MEM.

Once the mitigator has reached its maximum plastic deformation, it ceases to exert its crush force
on the OBR. Therefore, the mitigator force becomes equal to the force of elastic unloading
rather than plastic deformation. The stiffness of the remaining mitigator is easily calculated by
the formula k = AE/L, and the resulting force is

Fmitigator = [(A * E) / (Lmitigator – Xplastic)] * (Y31 – Y1) (9)

in which E is the elastic modulus of the mitigator. This force is time stepped to provide a
gradual fall from the peak mitigator deformation force.

3.3 Time Stepping the Model

With the physics of the mitigator established, the model is time stepped with a Taylor series to
approximate the previous accelerations of the masses. This allows us to develop a central

8
difference time-stepping method (1). First, a Taylor series is expanded in either direction from a
basic position function:
{Y }n+1 = {Y }n + ∆t{Y&}n + (∆t 2 / 2){Y&&}n (10)

{Y }n−1 = {Y }n − ∆t{Y&}n + (∆t 2 / 2){Y&&}n (11)

By adding equations 11 and 12, and solving for {Y&&}n , we receive

{Y }n+1 + {Y }n−1 = 2{Y }n + ∆t 2 {Y&&}n (12)

{Y&&}
n = (1 / ∆t 2 )({Y }n +1 − 2{Y }n + {Y }n −1 ) (13)

In order to time step the model, we plug this approximation of {Y&&}n back into our original
formula:
[M ]{Y&&}n + [C ]{Y&}n + [K ]{Y }n = {Fmitigator } (14)

[M ]{(1 / ∆t 2 )({Y }n+1 − 2{Y }n + {Y }n+1 )} = {Fmitigator }− [K ]{Y }n − [C ]{Y&}n (15)

Solving for {Y }n +1 , we receive the equation

{Y }n+1 = 2{Y }n − {Y }n−1 + ∆t 2 [M ]−1 ({Fmitigator }− [K ]{Y }n − [C ]{Y&}n ) (16)

in which {Y& }n is approximated by

{Y&}n = ({Y }n − {Y }n −1 ) / ∆t (17)

This time-stepping equation is implemented in the Visual Basic1 program in the program section
of appendix A. The program tracks the plastic wave propagation and uses these formulas and
considerations to time step the positions of the model. Displacement results are recorded directly
to an Excel2 chart. The program then calculates the instantaneous velocities and accelerations of
the particles, based on their positions. It also calculates a filtered acceleration curve based on
displacement measurements taken at a certain frequency for comparison with rigid body models.
The program can be easily modified to track other variables of the simulation, such as the plastic
wave front, deformation force of the mitigator, and the inertial masses of the OBR and MEM.
This example implements a time step of 0.5 microsecond with a run time of approximately
90 seconds. If computer run time is an issue, the time step and run time can be reduced tenfold
from within Excel without sacrificing the simulation’s accuracy.

1
Visual Basic is a registered trademark of Microsoft.
2
Excel is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

9
4. Verification of the Current Model

4.1 Initial Parameters

In order to verify the accuracy of this model, the results of the simulation were compared to those
of an actual air gun test (shot A, 7-inch air gun, ARL, Adelphi Laboratory Center). This test was
designed to determine the accuracy of a client’s OBR, which was relatively geometrically simple.
The test therefore easily fit into the framework of the simulation. The initial parameters of the
test were provided by ARL staff and converted into kilogram-meter-second units for easy
comparison with other research institutions. Other parameters such as the material properties of
the honeycomb were extracted from a previous air gun report. The mass distributions within the
OBR were obtained through the direct massing of the various bird components. The k-values
used in the simulation were calculated on the basis of the OBR’s geometry, as depicted in
figure 9. The simulation treated the hollow aluminum cylinder as the spring between m31 and m32
and calculated its stiffness as
k2 = (A * E) / L
= (17.119 in2)(1.0*107 lb/in2) / (5.00 in) = 3.42 * 107 lb/in = 6.08 * 109 N/m
Unfortunately, the geometry of the test item was unavailable. Therefore, the value of k3 was
estimated as roughly twice the value of k2 because of its unknown steel/aluminum composition.
Further methods for discovering k-values are detailed in section 5 of this report.

Figure 9. OBR geometry.

We calculated the c-values used in this simulation by modeling the system as an under-damped
spring mass system. Therefore, the c-values were given by (4)

10
 c = 2 kmζ (18)

In equation 18, m represents the mass assigned to the node assuming a uniform distribution (4).
Damping was set at 5%, so ζ = 0.05. Following are the initial conditions entered into the
analysis:
m1 = 559.86 kg E = 4060 MPa
m31 = 4.01 kg σy = 27.03 MPa

m32 = 4.52 kg εc = 0.64

m33 = 4.53 kg Lwedge = 0.098 m
9
k2 = 6.08 * 10 N/m Lcylinder = 0.803 m
9
k3 = 12.16 * 10 N/m rmitigator = 0.088 m
ρmitigator = 385 kg/m3 v0 = 243.5 m/s

4.2 Results
The actual acceleration of the test object is presented in figure 10. Figure 11 presents the
prediction of the previous rigid body model, and figure 12 presents the prediction of the model
developed in this report. Figure 13 provides a comparison of the actual and predicted
accelerations. Figures 14 and 15 present the fast Fourier transforms of the predicted and test
accelerations for frequency content analysis. Figures 16, 17, and 19 present time histories of the
mitigator force, mitigator deflection/plastic wave front position, and OBR velocity gathered from
the analysis, respectively. Figure 18 presents pictures of the post-shot mitigator.

4.3 Analysis
The results of the simulation reveal that the current model accurately predicts the amplitude and
duration of the acceleration pulse of the test. The actual test produced a peak acceleration of
12.27 kG’s (1,000 g’s) (11.94 kG’s filtered), the current model produced a peak acceleration of
11.99 kG’s, and the previous model produced a peak acceleration of 10.37 kG’s. The current
model also accurately predicted the time when this peak pulse occurred; both the current model
and the actual test data placed the peak acceleration at around 0.3 ms after impact, while the
previous model placed the peak acceleration at 0.4 ms. Both the current and previous models
placed the duration of the acceleration pulse at around 5 ms. Most importantly, the current
model successfully accounted for the high-frequency oscillations that occur at impact; both the
current model and the actual test results showed high-frequency oscillations of approximately the
same frequency, while the previous model showed none. This is most clearly demonstrated by
the oscillations during the initial increasing acceleration and at the peak of the pulse, which occur
at approximately 0.12, 0.3, and 0.42 ms, respectively, in both the current model and test results.
The amplitude and frequency of these oscillations were the primary factor responsible for the
13% difference in the peak acceleration of the previous and current models.

11
 T est Acceleration (Shot A)

14

12

10
Acceleration (kGs)

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
-2

Time (s)

Figure 10. Actual test results.

Previous Model

12

10
Acceleration (kG's)

8
6

2
0
0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Time (s)

Figure 11. Previous model’s prediction.

12
 Predicted Acceleration

14

12

10
Acceleration (kG's)

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
-2
Time (s)

Figure 12. Current model’s prediction.

Comparison of Predicted vs. Actual Accelerations

14

12
Test Acceleration
10 Predicted Acceleration
Previous Model
Acceleration (kG's)

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
-2
Time (s)

Figure 13. Comparison of test, current model, and previous model acceleration pulses.

13
 FFT of Test Acceleration
9,000

7,500

6,000
Magnitude

4,500

3,000

1,500

0
0 2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000
Frequency, Hertz

Figure 14. Fast Fourier transform of test acceleration.

FFT of Predicted Acceleration

9,000

7,500

6,000
Magnitude

4,500

3,000

1,500

0
0 2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000 12,500 15,000
Frequency, Hertz

Figure 15. Fast Fourier transform of predicted acceleration.

14
 Mitigator Force

1.80E+06

1.60E+06

1.40E+06

1.20E+06
Force (N)

1.00E+06

8.00E+05

6.00E+05

4.00E+05

2.00E+05

0.00E+00
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Time (s)

Figure 16. Time history of mitigator force.

Mitigator Deflection vs. Plastic Wave Front Position

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Deflection (m)

0.5

0.4
Mitigator Deflection
0.3
Xplastic
0.2

0.1

0
-0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Time (s)

Figure 17. Plastic wave front progression compared to mitigator deflection.

15
 38.1cm

Figure 18. Pictures of post-shot mitigator.

OBR Velocity (m/s)

300

250

200
Velocity (m/s)

150

100

50

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
-50
Time (s)

Figure 19. Time history of OBR velocity.

16
The fast Fourier transforms of the predicted and actual acceleration further confirm the accuracy
of the frequency modeling of the simulation. The transforms of the predicted and actual
accelerations showed significant peaks at approximately 6,000 Hz and shared similar low-
frequency content. This peak at 6,000 Hz represents the frequency content of the OBR, thus
verifying the accuracy of the geometric derivation of the OBR’s stiffness. The only significant
discrepancy between their frequency contents appears around the 12,000-Hz range, where the
model predicts an amplitude peak that does not exist. This peak represents the frequency content
of the test object, which we had approximated by giving it a stiffness twice that of the OBR. Our
approximation was clearly off, and the frequency of the test object should have been in a lower
frequency range.
After shot A was conducted, the mitigator was recovered and analyzed. As shown in figure 17,
the model predicted that the mitigator would deform 50.6 cm to achieve a final length of 39.6 cm.
The actual final length of the mitigator was 38.1 cm, as shown in figure 18. This difference
represents a less than 4% error in the prediction of the crush length. It is important to note that
the actual mitigator deformed at both its front and rear, while the current model only accounts for
deformation at the front of the mitigator. Regardless, the net deformation of the mitigator was
accurately predicted.
The model clearly demonstrated the dynamic crush force of the mitigator, since the contour of
the acceleration pulse of the model closely follows that of the actual test. The amplitude of the
high-frequency oscillations of the current model attenuates more quickly than those of the actual
high-frequency oscillations, which indicates that the current model was given too much damping.
We can easily fix this error by decreasing the value of ζ in the formulation of the damping
coefficients. The identical slopes of the decrease of the predicted and actual acceleration pulses
verify the accuracy of the elastic unloading of the mitigator after peak deformation.

5. Future Applications

The current model clearly provides an accurate and improved prediction of the acceleration
pulses experienced during air gun testing. However, the complexity of the current model could
hinder its implementation because of the greater number of measurements (and therefore time)
required to implement it. This is particularly true for the formulation of k-values for the
OBR/bird; the geometric calculation of these values requires time-consuming geometric
measurements which most researchers do not have time to perform. The calculation of these
k-values could be simplified if a simple shock test were conducted on the OBR or test object. If
we subject the object to a small impact, its resonant frequency could be discovered and its k-
value calculated (1) by the equation
k = ω2 * (MObject) / 4 (19)

17
in which ω is the angular frequency of the object. K-values could also be calculated if this test
were performed with FE simulation in programs such as ABAQUS. The use of such simulations
would produce more accurate results than a geometric formulation but would take a greater
amount of time and effort. Overall, the formulation of k-values by means of shock testing would
greatly reduce the time required to implement the model, allowing researchers to enjoy a more
accurate prediction of acceleration pulses without the requirement of too many additional
measurements.

6. Conclusion

The current model clearly offers an accurate prediction of the acceleration pulse experienced by
a test object during an impact. By accounting for the varying stiffness of the bird as well as the
dynamic crush force of the mitigator, the model accurately predicts both the pulse shape and
peak acceleration of the bird and test object. It accurately accounts for the frequency content of
the test as well. This model is a valuable tool for researchers and, coupled with the time-saving
methodologies described before, could be implemented in a time-efficient and practical fashion.
The enhanced predictions provided by this model greatly extend the air gun development
capabilities of ARL.

18
7. References

1. Tablei, A.; Chowdhury, M. ARL Air Gun Modeling and Finite Element Simulation; TCN
#03054; December 2003.
2. Pollin, I. Impact Pulse Shaping; ARL Report HDL-TR-1710; June 1975.
3. Bitzer, T. Honeycomb Technology: Materials, Design, Manufacturing, Applications, and
Testing. Chapman & Hall: London, 2000.
4. Paz, M. Structural Dynamics: Theory and Computation. Reinhold: New York, 1991.

19
INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

20
Appendix A. Program Source Code

(Programmed in Visual Basic as a Macro to the Excel Chart included below)

Sub ArtSim()

Dim i As Integer

Dim k1, k2, k3, delta, M1, m31, m32, m33, yn1, y1, y31, y32, y33, springValue,
mitigatordeflection, maxmitdef As Double
Dim rho, h, r, rcone, hcone, hcylinder, temp, Area, vcone As Double
Dim E, L, cPlastic, xPlastic, ec, sigmay, Force As Double
Dim dforce, kforce, yn31, V0, Mmitigator, Vobr, crushFactor As Double
Dim forceCounter As Double
Dim introwcount As Integer
Dim c2, c3, Zeta, yPrime2, yPrime3, currentTime, delCounter, maxTime As Double

k2 = Range("B6")
k3 = Range("C6")
delta = Range("E2")
M1 = Range("A2") + Range("E25")
m31 = Range("B2")
m32 = Range("C2")
m33 = Range("D2")
Mmitigator = Range("E25")
rho = Range("E10")
rcone = Range("E13")
hcone = Range("E16")
hcylinder = Range("E19")
vcone = Range("E28")
E = Range("E31")
L = hcone + hcylinder
xPlastic = 0
cPlastic = 0
ec = Range("E37")
sigmay = Range("E40")
maxmitdef = 0
introwcount = Range("H1").CurrentRegion.Rows.Count - 1
V0 = Range("A28")
k1 = (3.141592653 * rcone * rcone * E) / L
Zeta = Range("E43")
c2 = 2 * Zeta * Math.Sqr(-k2 * (m31 + m32))
c3 = 2 * Zeta * Math.Sqr(-k3 * (m32 + m33))
maxTime = Range("E6")

21
 'Erase Column
ActiveCell.Value = "Time"
ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select

For i = 1 To introwcount
ActiveCell.Delete
ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select
Next i

' Write time values

delCounter = maxTime / delta

ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 0).Select
ActiveCell.Value = "Time"
ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select

i=0
currentTime = -delta

For i = 1 To delCounter + 2
ActiveCell.Value = currentTime
currentTime = currentTime + delta
ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select
Next i

introwcount = Range("H1").CurrentRegion.Rows.Count - 1

' Initialize starting positions: t=-delta, 0 (etc)

ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 1).Value = "Y1 (MEM)"

ActiveCell.Offset(-i + 1, 1).Value = -delta * Range("A27")
ActiveCell.Offset(-i + 2, 1).Value = 0
ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 2).Value = "Y31 (OBR Front Plate)"
ActiveCell.Offset(-i + 1, 2).Value = -delta * Range("A28")
ActiveCell.Offset(-i + 2, 2).Value = 0
ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 3).Value = "Y32 (OBR Back Plate)"
ActiveCell.Offset(-i + 1, 3).Value = -delta * Range("A29")
ActiveCell.Offset(-i + 2, 3).Value = 0
ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 4).Value = "Y33 (Test Item)"
ActiveCell.Offset(-i + 1, 4).Value = -delta * Range("A30")
ActiveCell.Offset(-i + 2, 4).Value = 0

ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 5).Value = "Crush Factor"

ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 6).Value = "M31"

22
ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 7).Value = "Mitigator Deflection"
ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 10).Value = "Time"
ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 11).Value = "Acceleration (m/s^2)"
ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 12).Value = "Velocity (m/s)"
ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 13).Value = "Acceleration (kG's)"
ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 19).Value = "Time"
ActiveCell.Offset(-i, 20).Value = "Filtered Acceleration"

ActiveCell.Offset(-i + 3, 1).Select

i=3
For i = 3 To introwcount

L = hcone + hcylinder - mitigatordeflection

ActiveCell.Offset(-1, 0).Select
y1 = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(-1, 0).Select
yn1 = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(1, 1).Select
y31 = ActiveCell.Value
yn31 = ActiveCell.Offset(-1, 0).Value
ActiveCell.Offset(0, 1).Select
y32 = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(0, 1).Select
y33 = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(1, -3).Select

yPrime1 = ((y31 - ActiveCell.Offset(-2, 1).Value) - (y1 - ActiveCell.Offset(-2, _

0).Value)) / delta
yPrime2 = ((y32 - ActiveCell.Offset(-2, 2).Value) - (y31 - ActiveCell.Offset(-2, _
1).Value)) / delta
yPrime3 = ((y33 - ActiveCell.Offset(-2, 3).Value) - (y32 - ActiveCell.Offset(-2, _
2).Value)) / delta

'updates plastic wave speed and location

cPlastic = (ActiveCell.Offset(-1, 1).Value - ActiveCell.Offset(-2, 1).Value - _
ActiveCell.Offset(-1, 0).Value + ActiveCell.Offset(-2, 0).Value) / (ec * delta)
If (cPlastic >= 0) Then
xPlastic = xPlastic + (cPlastic * delta)
End If

mitigatordeflection = y31 - y1

23
 If (mitigatordeflection < maxmitdef) Then 'And mitigatordeflection < L
' After max compression

'mitigatordeflection = maxmitdef - mitigatordeflection

Area = 3.141592653 * rcone * rcone

k1 = -((Area * E) / (L))

If (forceCounter = 0) Then
Force = -k1 * (mitigatordeflection - hcone)
dforce = Force - dforce
forceCounter = fourcecounter + 1
End If

Force = -k1 * (mitigatordeflection - hcone) - dforce

Else
' Before max compression
maxmitdef = mitigatordeflection

If (xPlastic <= hcone) Then

h = xPlastic
Area = (3.141592653 * rcone * rcone) * (h / hcone)
temp = ((rho * Area * h) / 3#)
vcone = temp
Else
r = rcone
Area = 3.141592653 * r * r
h = xPlastic - hcone
temp = vcone + (rho * Area * h)

End If

M1 = Range("A2") + Range("E25") - temp

m31 = Range("B2") + temp
k1 = -((Area * E) / L)
Vobr = (((y31 - yn31) - (y1 - yn1)) / delta)

crushFactor = (2.627437E-13) * (Vobr * Vobr * Vobr * Vobr * Vobr * Vobr) - _

(0.000000000125438) * (Vobr * Vobr * Vobr * Vobr * Vobr) + (0.0000000159241) * (Vobr * _
Vobr * Vobr * Vobr) + (0.0000005551838) * (Vobr * Vobr * Vobr) - (0.0001897436) * (Vobr _
* Vobr) + (0.008340218) * (Vobr) + 1.257647

24
 If (crushFactor < 1) Then
crushFactor = 1
End If

Force = sigmay * Area * crushFactor

dforce = Force

End If

If (Force < 0) Then

Force = 0
End If

ActiveCell.Offset(0, 5).Select
ActiveCell.Value = m31
ActiveCell.Offset(0, -5).Select

springValue = ((delta * delta) / M1) * (Force)

ActiveCell.Value = 2 * y1 - yn1 + springValue

ActiveCell.Offset(0, 1).Select

'Calculates y31 displacement

ActiveCell.Offset(-2, 0).Select
yn1 = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(2, 0).Select

springValue = ((delta * delta) / m31) * (-Force + (k2 * (y31 - y32)) + (c2 * yPrime2))
ActiveCell.Value = 2 * y31 - yn1 + springValue

'Shift to y32 cell

ActiveCell.Offset(0, 1).Select
'Move to Workspace

ActiveCell.Offset(-2, 0).Select
yn1 = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(2, 0).Select

springValue = ((delta * delta) / m32) * ((-k2 * y31) + (y32 * (k2 + k3)) - (k3 * y33) – _
(c2 * yPrime2) + (c3 * yPrime3))

25
 ActiveCell.Value = 2 * y32 - yn1 + springValue

'Move to y33 Cell

ActiveCell.Offset(0, 1).Select
ActiveCell.Offset(-2, 0).Select
yn1 = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(2, 0).Select

springValue = ((delta * delta) / m33) * ((k3 * y33) - (k3 * y32) - (c3 * yPrime3))
ActiveCell.Value = 2 * y33 - yn1 + springValue

ActiveCell.Offset(0, 1).Select
ActiveCell.Value = crushFactor
ActiveCell.Offset(0, -1).Select

ActiveCell.Offset(1, -3).Select

Next i

ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select
ActiveCell.Value = M1
ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select
ActiveCell.Value = m31
ActiveCell.Offset(-2, 0).Select

MsgBox "Done Calculating Position"

ActiveCell.Offset((-i + 2), 10).Select

Dim j As Integer
Dim un, un1, un2 As Double

'Calculates Y33 Acceleration

For j = 3 To introwcount

ActiveCell.Offset(-1, -7).Select
un = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select
un1 = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select

26
 un2 = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(-1, 7).Select

ActiveCell.Value = (1# / (delta * delta)) * (un2 + un - 2 * un1)

ActiveCell.Offset(0, 1).Select
ActiveCell.Value = (un2 - un) / (2 * delta)
ActiveCell.Offset(0, -1).Select

ActiveCell.Offset(0, 2).Select
ActiveCell.Value = ActiveCell.Offset(0, -2).Value / -9800
ActiveCell.Offset(0, -2).Select

ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select

Next j

ActiveCell.Offset((-j + 2), 9).Select

MsgBox "Acceleration/Velocity calculations complete."

Dim counter, innercounter As Integer

Dim samplerate As Double
Dim sometemp As Double

samplerate = 1 / (Range("E2") * Range("E34"))

'Calculates Filtered Acceleration

For counter = 3 To (introwcount - (2 * samplerate))
innercounter = innercounter + 1

If (innercounter > samplerate) Then

ActiveCell.Offset(0, -16).Select
un1 = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(-samplerate, 0).Select
un2 = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(2 * samplerate, 0).Select
un = ActiveCell.Value
ActiveCell.Offset(-samplerate, 0).Select
ActiveCell.Offset(0, 16).Select
ActiveCell.Value = (1# / (delta * delta * samplerate * samplerate)) * (un2 + un - 2_
* un1)
innercounter = 0
Else
ActiveCell.Value = ""
End If

27
 ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select

Next counter

ActiveCell.Offset(-counter + 3, -26).Select

End Sub

28
Excel Table
M1 M31 M32 M33 Timestep Time (s)
6.80E+02 4.88E+00 5.49E+00 5.51E+00 5.00E-06 -0.000005
0
0.000005
K1 K2 K3 Max Time 0.00001
- -
-2.00E+08 6.08E+09 1.21E+10 6.00E-03 0.000015
0.00002
0.000025
Density of Honeycomb 0.00003
Mass Matrix 3.85E+02 0.000035
5.60E+02 0 0 0 0.00004
0 4.01E+00 0 0 Radius of Mitigator 0.000045
0 0 4.52E+00 0 0.08811 0.00005
0 0 0 4.53E+00 0.000055
Length of Wedge Part 0.00006
Stiffness Matrix 0.098298 0.000065
0 0 0 0 0.00007
- Length of Cylindrical
0 6.08E+09 6.08E+09 0 Part 0.000075
-
0 6.08E+09 1.82E+10 1.21E+10 0.803 0.00008
-
0 0 1.21E+10 1.21E+10 0.000085
Inverse Mass Matrix Volume of Mitigator 0.00009
1.79E-03 0 0 0 2.2739834E-02 0.000095
0 2.49E-01 0 0 0.0001
0 0 2.21E-01 0 Mass of Mitigator 0.000105
0 0 0 2.21E-01 8.754836E+00 0.00011
Initial Velocity Matrix 0.000115
Volume of Conical
0 Mitigator 0.00012
2.44E+02 9.94838E-05 0.000125
2.44E+02 0.00013
Elastic Modulus of
2.44E+02 Mitigator 0.000135
4060000000 0.00014
0.000145
Final Masses (kg): Filter Frequency 0.00015
M31 M1 6250 0.000155
8.62391544 564.348 0.00016
Compacting Strain 0.000165
Change in Mass (kg) 0.64 0.00017
M31 M1 0.000175
-
4.27E+00 4.27E+00 Yield Stress 0.00018
2.70E+07 0.000185
0.00019
Damping Factor (Zeta) 0.000195
0.05 0.0002
0.000205

29
Y1 (MEM) Y31 (OBR Front Plate) Y32 (OBR Back Plate) Y33 (Test Item)
0.0000000000E+00 -1.217676600E-03 -1.22E-03 -1.22E-03
0.00E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.0000000000E+00 0
1.59E-09 1.2174524339E-03 1.2176766000E-03 1.2176766000E-03
6.34E-09 2.4344663755E-03 2.4353449365E-03 2.4353532000E-03
1.58E-08 3.6508443114E-03 3.6529835023E-03 3.6530292377E-03
3.16E-08 4.8664113633E-03 4.8705542651E-03 4.8707022726E-03
5.53E-08 6.0810196704E-03 6.0880013875E-03 6.0883658411E-03
8.83E-08 7.2945511663E-03 7.3052519871E-03 7.3060065680E-03
1.32E-07 8.5069187184E-03 8.5222187238E-03 8.5236007700E-03
1.88E-07 9.7180657149E-03 9.7388037791E-03 9.7411109117E-03
2.59E-07 1.0927964285E-02 1.0954903647E-02 1.0958482346E-02
3.44E-07 1.2136612406E-02 1.2170414083E-02 1.2175640785E-02
4.46E-07 1.3344030176E-02 1.3385234576E-02 1.3392490913E-02
5.66E-07 1.4550255560E-02 1.4599271819E-02 1.4608916423E-02
7.06E-07 1.5755339858E-02 1.5812441803E-02 1.5824781654E-02
8.66E-07 1.6959343120E-02 1.7024670377E-02 1.7039934801E-02
1.05E-06 1.8162329696E-02 1.8235892342E-02 1.8254212517E-02
1.26E-06 1.9364363998E-02 1.9446049321E-02 1.9467445562E-02
1.49E-06 2.0565506577E-02 2.0655086828E-02 2.0679465048E-02
1.74E-06 2.1765810522E-02 2.1862951045E-02 2.1890108759E-02
2.03E-06 2.2965318209E-02 2.3069585820E-02 2.3099227014E-02
2.34E-06 2.4164058407E-02 2.4274930370E-02 2.4306687594E-02
2.69E-06 2.5362043771E-02 2.5478918046E-02 2.5512379368E-02
3.07E-06 2.6559268772E-02 2.6681476341E-02 2.6716214374E-02
3.47E-06 2.7755708128E-02 2.7882528174E-02 2.7918128282E-02
3.92E-06 2.8951315832E-02 2.9081994258E-02 2.9118079322E-02
4.40E-06 3.0146024875E-02 3.0279796252E-02 3.0316045901E-02
4.91E-06 3.1339747733E-02 3.1475860249E-02 3.1512023235E-02
5.47E-06 3.2532377710E-02 3.2670120140E-02 3.2706019399E-02
6.06E-06 3.3723791125E-02 3.3862520397E-02 3.3898051193E-02
6.70E-06 3.4913850333E-02 3.5053017882E-02 3.5088140199E-02
7.37E-06 3.6102407475E-02 3.6241582455E-02 3.6276309338E-02
8.09E-06 3.7289308795E-02 3.7428196260E-02 3.7462580114E-02
8.85E-06 3.8474399334E-02 3.8612851778E-02 3.8646970638E-02
9.66E-06 3.9657527737E-02 3.9795548866E-02 3.9829494402E-02
1.05E-05 4.0838550920E-02 4.0976291119E-02 4.1010159695E-02
1.14E-05 4.2017338325E-02 4.2155081992E-02 4.2188969460E-02
1.24E-05 4.3193775538E-02 4.3331921099E-02 4.3365921394E-02
1.34E-05 4.4367767066E-02 4.4506801115E-02 4.4541008069E-02
1.44E-05 4.5539238150E-02 4.5679705587E-02 4.5714216916E-02
1.55E-05 4.6708135545E-02 4.6850607857E-02 4.6885529956E-02
1.66E-05 4.7874427274E-02 4.8019471159E-02 4.8054923266E-02
1.78E-05 4.9038101442E-02 4.9186249800E-02 4.9222366214E-02

30
Mitigator Deflection Xplastic

0.000000000000000E+00 1.902619688E-03
1.217450847728170E-03 3.804886637E-03
2.434460034481620E-03 5.706463491E-03
3.650828472775780E-03 7.607039176E-03
4.866379723447670E-03 9.506338005E-03
6.080964381152150E-03 1.140412653E-02
7.294462854224420E-03 1.330021790E-02
8.506786505370720E-03 1.519447360E-02
9.717877239642630E-03 1.708680287E-02
1.092770572413550E-02 1.897715988E-02
1.213626849203940E-02 2.086553921E-02
1.334358421868090E-02 2.275197003E-02
1.454968946007170E-02 2.463650947E-02
1.575463412013520E-02 2.651923550E-02
1.695847686896500E-02 2.840023980E-02
1.816128068044730E-02 3.027962075E-02
1.936310860277420E-02 3.215747688E-02
2.056401982800250E-02 3.403390067E-02
2.176406609290260E-02 3.590897296E-02
2.296328842598600E-02 3.778275785E-02
2.416171425479380E-02 3.965529821E-02
2.535935490032040E-02 4.152661172E-02
2.655620350662050E-02 4.339668767E-02
2.775223347659680E-02 4.526548449E-02
2.894739750284810E-02 4.713292829E-02
3.014162728923090E-02 4.899891233E-02
3.133483405023660E-02 5.086329789E-02
3.252690984964860E-02 5.272591633E-02
3.371772979822480E-02 5.458657250E-02
3.490715507600810E-02 5.644504949E-02
3.609503668407680E-02 5.830111451E-02
3.728121977018300E-02 6.015452558E-02
3.846554832015130E-02 6.200503894E-02
3.964786996871900E-02 6.385241651E-02
4.082804066464910E-02 6.569643323E-02
4.200592892809390E-02 6.753688364E-02
4.318141946339460E-02 6.937358760E-02
4.435441593534850E-02 7.120639459E-02
4.552484277687380E-02 7.303518653E-02
4.669264596492660E-02 7.485987901E-02
4.785779277268460E-02 7.668042089E-02

31
Time Acceleration (m/s^2) Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (kG's)
-0.000005
0 0.00E+00 243.53532 0
0.000005 0.00E+00 2.4353532000E+02 0
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32
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* ADMINISTRATOR 1 SANDIA NATL LABS

DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFO CTR ATTN MS0847 T HINNERICHS
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ATTN G CHRYSSOMALLIS SCHOOL OF AERO & ASTRO
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BLOOMINGTON MN 55437-3828
1 STANFORD UNIV
1 UCLA MANE DEPT ENGR IV DEPT OF AERONAUTICS & AEROBALLISTICS
ATTN H T HAHN ATTN S TSAI
LOS ANGELES CA 90024-1597 DURANT BLDG
STANFORD CA 94305
2 UNIV OF DAYTON
RESEARCH INST 1 UNIV OF MAINE
ATTN R Y KIM A K ROY ADV STR & COMP LAB
300 COLLEGE PARK AVE ATTN R LOPEZ ANIDO
DAYTON OH 45469-0168 5793 AEWC BLDG
ORONO ME 04469-5793
1 UMASS LOWELL
PLASTICS DEPT 1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV
ATTN N SCHOTT APPLIED PHYSICS LAB
1 UNIVERSITY AVE ATTN P WIENHOLD
LOWELL MA 01854 11100 JOHNS HOPKINS RD
LAUREL MD 20723-6099
1 IIT RESEARCH CENTER
ATTN D ROSE 1 UNIV OF DAYTON
201 MILL ST ATTN J M WHITNEY
ROME NY 13440-6916 COLLEGE PARK AVE
DAYTON OH 45469-0240
1 GA TECH RSCH INST
GA INST OF TCHNLGY 1 NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV
ATTN P FRIEDERICH CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPT
ATLANTA GA 30392 ATTN W RASDORF
PO BOX 7908
1 MICHIGAN ST UNIV RALEIGH NC 27696-7908
MSM DEPT
ATTN R AVERILL 5 UNIV OF DELAWARE
3515 EB CTR FOR COMPOSITE MTRLS
EAST LANSING MI 48824-1226 ATTN J GILLESPIE M SANTARE
S YARLAGADDA S ADVANI
1 UNIV OF WYOMING D HEIDER
ATTN D ADAMS 201 SPENCER LABORATORY
PO BOX 3295 NEWARK DE 19716
LARAMIE WY 82071
1 UNIV OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN
2 PENN STATE UNIV DEPT OF MATERIALS
ATTN R MCNITT C BAKIS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
212 EARTH ENGR ATTN J ECONOMY
SCIENCES BLDG 1304 WEST GREEN ST 115B
UNIVERSITY PARK PA 16802 URBANA IL 61801

1 PENN STATE UNIV 1 UNIV OF MARYLAND

ATTN R S ENGEL DEPT OF AEROSPACE ENGNRNG
245 HAMMOND BLDG ATTN A J VIZZINI
UNIVERSITY PARK PA 16801 COLLEGE PARK MD 20742

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1 DREXEL UNIV 1 DIRECTOR

ATTN A S D WANG US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
32ND & CHESTNUT ST ATTN AMSRD ARL SL BB D BELY
PHILADELPHIA PA 19104 BLDG 328

3 UNIV OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN 1 DIRECTOR

CTR FOR ELECTROMECHANICS US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
ATTN J PRICE A WALLS ATTN AMSRD ARL SL BE W BRUCHEY
J KITZMILLER BLDG 328
10100 BURNET RD
AUSTIN TX 78758-4497 3 DIRECTOR
US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
1 VA POLYTECHNICAL INST & STATE UNIV ATTN AMSRD ARL WM J SMITH
DEPT OF ESM J MCCAULEY M ZOLTOSKI
ATTN M W HYER K REIFSNIDER BLDG 4600
R JONES
BLACKSBURG VA 24061-0219 1 DIRECTOR
US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
1 SOUTHWEST RSCH INST ATTN AMSRD ARL WM B (CHIEF)
ENGR & MATL SCIENCES DIV BLDG 4600
ATTN J RIEGEL
6220 CULEBRA RD 1 DIRECTOR
PO DRAWER 28510 US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
SAN ANTONIO TX 78228-0510 ATTN AMSRD ARL WM BA (CHIEF)
BLDG 4600
1 BATELLE NATICK OPERATIONS
ATTN B HALPIN 3 DIRECTOR
313 SPEEN ST US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
NATICK MA 01760 ATTN AMSRD ARL WM BC P PLOSTINS
J NEWILL S WILKERSON
ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND BLDG 390

1 DIRECTOR 7 DIRECTOR
US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
ATTN AMSRD ARL CI OK (TECH LIB) ATTN AMSRD ARL WM BD P CONROY
BLDG 4600 B FORCH M LEADORE R LIEB
B RICE R PESCE RODRIGUEZ
1 US AMSAA A ZIELINSKI
ATTN AMXSY TD P DIETZ BLDG 4600
BLDG 392
1 DIRECTOR
1 US ARMY ATC US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
ATTN CSTE DTC AT AC I W C FRAZER ATTN AMSRD ARL WM BD C LEVERITT
BLDG 400 BLDG 390

1 DIRECTOR 1 DIRECTOR
US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
ATTN AMSRD ARL O AP EG ATTN AMSRD ARL WM BF S WILKERSON
M ADAMSON BLDG 390
BLDG 245
2 DIRECTOR
US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
ATTN AMSRD ARL WM M S MCKNIGHT
J MCCAULEY
BLDG 4600

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3 DIRECTOR 5 DIRECTOR
US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
ATTN AMSRD ARL WM MA (CHIEF) ATTN AMSRD ARL WM TA W BRUCHEY
L GHIORSE E WETZEL W GILLICH C HOPPEL
BLDG 4600 M NORMANDIA M ZOLTOSKI
BLDG 4600
22 DIRECTOR
US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY 5 DIRECTOR
ATTN AMSRD ARL WM MB J BENDER US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
T BOGETTI J BROWN L BURTON ATTN AMSRD ARL WM TA T HAVEL
R CARTER K CHO W DEROSSET J RUNYEON M BURKINS
G DEWING R DOWDING E HORWATH B GOOCH
W DRYSDALE R EMERSON BLDG 393
D GRAY D HOPKINS R KASTE
L KECSKES M MINNICINO 1 DIRECTOR
B POWERS D SNOHA J SOUTH US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
M STAKER J SWAB J TZENG ATTN AMSRD ARL WM TB P BAKER
BLDG 4600 BLDG 390

11 DIRECTOR 1 DIRECTOR
US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
ATTN AMSRD ARL WM MC (CHIEF) ATTN AMSRD ARL WM TC R COATES
R BOSSOLI E CHIN BLDG 309
S CORNELISON D GRANVILLE
B HART J LASALVIA 4 DIRECTOR
J MONTGOMERY F PIERCE US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
E RIGAS W SPURGEON ATTN AMSRD ARL WM TD D DANDEKAR
BLDG 4600 M RAFTENBERG S SCHOENFELD
T WEERASOORIYA
11 DIRECTOR BLDG 4600
US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
ATTN AMSRD ARL WM MD P DEHMER 1 DIRECTOR
B CHEESEMAN R DOOLEY US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
G GAZONAS S GHIORSE ATTN AMSRD ARL WM TE (CHIEF)
M KLUSEWITZ W ROY J SANDS BLDG 1116A
D SPAGNUOLO S WALSH
S WOLF
BLDG 4600

2 DIRECTOR
US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
ATTN AMSRD ARL WM RP C SHOEMAKER
J BORNSTEIN
BLDG 1121

1 DIRECTOR
US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY
ATTN AMSRD ARL WM T B BURNS
BLDG 4600

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FOREIGN ADDRESSES 1 DSTO

WEAPONS SYSTEMS DIVISION
1 LTD N BURMAN RLLWS
R MARTIN SALISBURY
MERL SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5108
TAMWORTH RD AUSTRALIA
HERTFORD SG13 7DG
UK 1 DEF RES ESTABLISHMENT
VALCARTIER
1 SMC SCOTLAND A DUPUIS
P W LAY 2459 BOULEVARD PIE XI NORTH
DERA ROSYTH VALCARTIER QUEBEC
ROSYTH ROYAL DOCKYARD CANADA
DUNFERMLINE FIFE KY 11 2XR PO BOX 8800 COURCELETTE
UK GOA IRO QUEBEC
CANADA
1 CIVIL AVIATION
ADMINSTRATION 1 INSTITUT FRANCO ALLEMAND
T GOTTESMAN DE RECHERCHES DE SAINT LOUIS
PO BOX 8 DE M GIRAUD
BEN GURION INTERNL AIRPORT RUE DU GENERAL
LOD 70150 CASSAGNOU
ISRAEL BOITE POSTALE 34
F 68301 SAINT LOUIS CEDEX
1 AEROSPATIALE FRANCE
S ANDRE
A BTE CC RTE MD132 1 ECOLE POLYTECH
316 ROUTE DE BAYONNE J MANSON
TOULOUSE 31060 DMX LTC
FRANCE CH 1015 LAUSANNE
SWITZERLAND
1 DRA FORT HALSTEAD
P N JONES 1 TNO DEFENSE RESEARCH
SEVEN OAKS KENT TN 147BP R IJSSELSTEIN
UK ACCOUNT DIRECTOR
R&D ARMEE
1 SWISS FEDERAL ARMAMENTS PO BOX 6006
WKS 2600 JA DELFT
W LANZ THE NETHERLANDS
ALLMENDSTRASSE 86
3602 THUN 1 FOA NATL DEFENSE RESEARCH
SWITZERLAND ESTAB
DIR DEPT OF WEAPONS &
1 DYNAMEC RESEARCH AB PROTECTION
AKE PERSSON B JANZON
BOX 201 R HOLMLIN
SE 151 23 SODERTALJE S 172 90 STOCKHOLM
SWEDEN SWEDEN

1 ISRAEL INST OF TECHNOLOGY 1 DEFENSE TECH & PROC AGENCY

S BODNER GROUND
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGR I CREWTHER
HAIFA 3200 GENERAL HERZOG HAUS
ISRAEL 3602 THUN
SWITZERLAND

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1 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE
RAFAEL
ARMAMENT DEVELOPMENT
AUTH
M MAYSELESS
PO BOX 2250
HAIFA 31021
ISRAEL

1 TNO DEFENSE RESEARCH

I H PASMAN
POSTBUS 6006
2600 JA DELFT
THE NETHERLANDS
B HIRSCH
TACHKEMONY ST 6
NETAMUA 42611
ISRAEL

1 DEUTSCHE AEROSPACE AG
DYNAMICS SYSTEMS
M HELD
PO BOX 1340
D 86523 SCHROBENHAUSEN
GERMANY

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