Unit I: Differential Equations (DE)

Session -1
Differential Equation

An equation involving the dependent variable, an independent variable and the differential
coefficients of various orders is called Differential Equation (D.E.).An equation involving differential
coefficients is called a differential equation.

Examples:

dy dy
(i) y0 (ii)  cos x
dx dx

d2y
(iii) 0 (iv)  2 x  y  dx   y  x  dy  0
dx 2

dy d 2 y dy x  y  3
(v) 1  (vi) 
dx dx 2 dx 2 x  y  1

z z  z   z z
2 2
(vii)  2 (viii)    2 0
x y  x  x y

2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
(ix)  0 (x)   0
x 2 y 2 x 2 xy y 2

Types of differential Equations

(1) Ordinary Differential Equation:

Differential equations involving only one independent variable and one or more dependent
variables and their derivatives w. r. t. independent variables are called Ordinary Differential
Equations (O.D.E.)

Examples:

dy dy
(i) y0 (ii)  cos x
dx dx

d2y
(iii) 0 (iv)  2 x  y  dx   y  x  dy  0
dx 2

dy d 2 y dy x  y  3
(v) 1  (vi)  .
dx dx 2 dx 2 x  y  1

(2) Partial Differential Equations:

Differential equations involving two or more independent variables and one or more dependent
variables and their partial derivative w. r. t. independent variables are called Partial Differential
Equations (P.D.E.).

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Examples:

z z  z   z z
2 2
(i)  2 (ii)     0
x y  x  x y
2

2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z 2 z
(iii)  0 (iv)    0.
x 2 y 2 x 2 xy y 2

Order of a Differential Equation:-Order of a differential equation is the order of the highest ordered
derivative involved in the equation.

Degree of a Differential Equation:-The degree of the differential equation is the power of the highest
ordered derivative when the differential coefficients are free from radicals and fractions.

Q.1. Determine the order and degree of the following differential equations:
3
 dy   dy 
2
  dy  3  2
d2 y
(a) x+  = c 1+   (b) 1 +    = 2
 dx   dx    dx   dx

3
 d2 y 2
d2 y  dy  d 2 y d 2 y
(c) 1 + dx 2  = (d)  1+  =
  dx 2  dx  dx 2 dx 2

Answer (a) Order = 1, Degree = 2. (b) Order = 2, Degree = 2.

(c) Order = 2, Degree = 3. (d) Order = 2, Degree = 2.

Solution of a Differential Equation: - A solution of a differential equation is the relation between

dependent and independent variables which is free from derivatives and satisfies the D. E.

General Solution: - A solution in which the number of arbitrary constants equals the order of the D. E. is
called a general solution or complete integral of the differential equation.

Particular Solution: - Solution obtained from the general solution by assigning particular values to the
arbitrary constants is called a particular solution.

Method of formation of Differential Equation: - Differential equations are formed by elimination of

arbitrary constants from a given relation involving the dependent and independent variables.

Q.1 Form the differential equations by eliminating the arbitrary constants from
y = Acos  logx  + Bsin  logx 

Solution: We have to form the differential equation of

y  A cos  log x   B sin  log x  (1)

 There are two arbitrary constants ‘A’ and ‘B’ in (1).

 We have to differentiate equation (1) to two times. Differentiating (1) w. r. t. x, we get

2
   sin  log x    cos  log x  
y1  A  B 
 x   x 
Multiplying by x , we get

xy1   A sin  log x   B cos  log x  (2)

Again differentiating (2) w. r. t. x , we get

  cos  log x     sin  log x  

xy2  1. y1  A   B 
 x   x 

 x  xy2  y1   A  cos  log x   B  sin  log x 

 x2 y2  xy1   A cos  log x   B sin  log x 

 x2 y2  xy1   y  From 1 

 x2 y2  xy1  y  0

This can be written as

d2 y dy
x2 +x + y=0
dx dx

This is the desired differential equation of the given curve.

Q.2 Form the differential equations by eliminating the arbitrary constants from
y  Ae 9t
cos  3 t  B 

Solution: We have to form the differential equation of

y  Ae9t cos  3 t  B  (1)

 There are two arbitrary constants ‘A’ and ‘B’ in (1). So we have to differentiate equation (1) to two
times.

Multiplying (1) by e9t , we get

ye9t  A cos  3 t  B  (2)

Differentiating (1) w. r. t. t, we get

ye9t .9  e9t y1  3 A sin  3 t  B 

 e9t  9 y  y1   3 A sin  3 t  B  (3)

Again differentiating (2) w. r. t. t, we get

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 e9t  9 y1  y2    9 y  y1  e9t .9  9 A cos  3t  B 

 e9t  9 y1  y2   81y  9 y1  e9t  9 A cos  3t  B 

 e9t  y2  18 y1  81y   9 A cos  3t  B 

  y2  18 y1  81y   9e9t A cos 3t  B  [Divided by e9t ]

 y2  18 y1  81y  9 y [From (1)]

 y2  18 y1  90 y  0

This can be written as

d2 y dy
2
+ 18 + 90y = 0
dt dt

This is the desired the differential equation of the given curve.

Q.3 Form the differential equations by eliminating the arbitrary constants from
y  log cos  x  a   b

Solution: We have to form the differential equation of

y  log cos  x  a   b (1)

 There are two arbitrary constants ‘ a and b ’ in (1).

 We have to differentiate equation (1) to two times.

Differentiating (1) w. r. t. x , we get

 sin  x  a   d d 1
y1 
cos  x  a 
0  dx  cos x    sin x, dx  log x   x 

 y1   tan  x  a  (2)

Again differentiating (2) w. r. t. t, we get

y2   sec2  x  a 

 y2   1  tan 2  x  a   sec2 x  1  tan 2 x 

y2   1    y1    From  2  
2

 

 y2   1  y12 

4
  y2  y12  1  0

This can be written as

2
d 2 y  dy 
+  +1=0
dx 2  dx 

This is the desired the differential equation of the given curve.

Q.4 Form the differential equations by eliminating the arbitrary constants from Ax 2  By 2  1

Solution: We have to form the differential equation of

Ax2  By 2  1 (1)

 There are two arbitrary constants ‘ A and B ’ in (1).

 We have to differentiate equation (1) to two times.

Dividing (1) by x 2 , we get

y2 1
A B  (2)
x2 x2
Differentiating (2) w. r. t. x , we get

 x 2 2 yy1  y 2 2 x  2
0 B  3
 x4  x

2 x  xyy1  y 2 
 B 2
x

1
 xyy1  y 2   (3)
B
Again differentiating (2) w. r. t. t, we get

xyy2   xy1  y  y1  2 yy1  0

 xyy2  xy12  yy1  2 yy1  0

 xyy2  xy12  yy1  0

This can be written as

2
d2 y  dy  dy
xy 2 + x   - y =0
dx  dx  dx

5
 This is the desired the differential equation of the given curve.

Q.5 Form the differential equations by eliminating the arbitrary constants from y  ae2 x  be3 x

Solution: We have to form the differential equation of

y  ae2 x  be3 x (1)

 There are two arbitrary constants ‘ a and b ’ in (1).

 We have to differentiate equation (1) to two times.

Multiplying (1) by e 2 x , we get

ye2x  a  be x (2)

Differentiating (2) w. r. t. x , we get

y e2 x .2  y1e2 x  0  be x

  2 y  y1  e2 x  be x (3)

Multiplying (3) by e x , we get

 2 y  y1  e3x  b (4)

Differentiating (2) w. r. t. x , we get

 2 y  y1  e3x .3   2 y1  y2  e3x  0
  6 y  3 y1  2 y1  y2  e3x  0
 y2  5 y1  6 y  0

d2 y dy
2
+5 6y = 0
dx dx

This is the desired the differential equation of the given curve.

Q.6 Form the differential equations by eliminating the arbitrary constants from
 x  h   y  k  a
2 2 2

Solution: We have to form the differential equation of

 x  h   y  k   a2
2 2
(1)

 There are two arbitrary constants ‘h’ and ‘k’ in (1).

 We have to differentiate equation (1) to two times.

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 Differentiating (1) w. r. t. x, we get

2  x  h   2  y  k  y1  0

Dividing by 2, we get

 x  h    y  k  y1  0 (2)

Again differentiating (2) w. r. t. x, we get

1   y  k  y2  y1 y1  0

  y  k  y2   1  y12 

1  y  2

 y k 
1
 (3)
y2

Putting the value of  y  k  in (2), we get

 1  y12  
 x  h   y1  0
 y2 


y1 1  y12 
  x  h  (4)
y2

Putting the values of  x  h  and  y  k  in equation (1), we get

 y1 1  y12    1  y12  
2 2

      a2
 y2   y2 


y12 1  y12   1  y12   a 2 y22

2 2


 1  y   y
2 2
1
2
1  1  a 2 y22

 1  y 
2 3
1  a 2 y22

This can be written as

3
  dy  2 
2
2d y
2

1 +    = a  2 
  dx    dx 

This is the desired differential equation of the given curve.

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SESSION-2 Method of solution of Ordinary D.E. of first order and first degree

(I) Variable Separable form:-A DE M x, y dx  N x, y dy  0 which can be expressed in the
form f1  x  dx  f 2  y  dy  0 is called in variable Separable form.

Its general solution is given by

 f  x dx   f  y dy  c .
1 2

Q.1 Solve the following differential equation

dy
y = 1+ x 2 + y 2 + x 2 y 2 .
dx
Solution: Consider the differential equation

dy
y  1  x2  y 2  x2 y 2 (1)
dx

 1  x 2  y 2 1  x 2 
dy
 y
dx

 y
dy
dx
 1  x 1  y 
2 2

This is variable separable form. Separating the variables and integrating, we get


y
dy   1  x  dx  c
2

1 y 2

dt
Put 1  y 2  t , then 2 ydy  dt  ydy  and using the formula
2

 a 2  x 2 dx 
x 2
2
a2

a  x 2  log x  a 2  x 2 , we get
2

2
dt
t

x
2
1
1  x 2  log x  1  x 2  c
2
 

1
.
t x

2 12 2
1
1  x 2  log x  1  x 2  c
2
  (2)

Multiplying by 2 on both the sides of (2), we get


2 1  y 2  x 1  x 2  log x  1  x 2  2c  [ t  1  y 2 ]

 2 1+ y 2 = x 1+ x 2 + log x + 1+ x 2 + c1  
8
 Where c1  2c , this is the desired solution of the given differential equation.

II) Differential Equations Reducible to variables Separable form by Substitution

dy
(i) The differential equation of type  f (ax  by  c) can be solved by putting
dx
dV
ax  by  c  V , then find and separate the variables in a x and V .
dx

dy  y y
(ii)  f   , put  v .
dx x x

Q: 2. Solve the following DE:

 1+ e  dx + e  1 - x y  dy = 0, where y 0  = 4 .
x y x y

Solution: Consider,

1  e  dx  e 1  x y  dy  0 ;
x y x y
(1)

where y(0)  4

(1) can be written as

1  e  dx  e 1  x y  dy
x y x y

dx e  x y  1
x y

 
dy 1  e x y 
x dx dv
Put  v  x  vy , then v y
y dy dy

dv e  v  1
v

 v y 
dy 1  ev 

dv e  v  1
v

 y  v
dy 1  ev 

dv e  v  1  v 1  e 
v v

 y 
dy 1  ev

dv ev v  ev  v  vev
 y 
dy 1  ev

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 dv ev  v
 y  (2)
dy 1  ev

This is variable separable form. Separating the variables and integrating, we get

1  ev dy
 ev  v dv   y  log c
 f ' x 
 log  ev  v    log y  log c   dx  log  f  x 
 f  x 

 log  ev  v   log  c y 

 ev  v  c y

 y  ev  v   c

 x
 y  ex y    c  v  x y 
 y

 ye x y  x  c (3)

We have given that y(0)  4 , put x  0 and y  4 in (3), we get

4e0  0  c  c  4

Putting the value of ‘c’ in (3), we get

x + ye x y = 4

This is the desired solution of the given differential equation.

Session-3

III) Homogeneous Differential Equations

A differential equation M dx  N dy  0 is said to be homogeneous if M and N are homogeneous

functions of x and y of same degree.

dy f1  x, y 
General form of homogeneous equation is  . These equations are reducible to variable
dx f 2  x, y 
dy dv
separable form by substitution y  vx  v x .
dx dx

dy
Q1 Solve the DE: x 3 = y3 + y2 y2 - x2
dx

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Solution: Consider the differential equation

dy
x3  y3  y 2 y 2  x2 ;
dx

dy y 3  y 2 y 2  x 2
  (1)
dx x3
This is homogeneous differential equation in ‘x’ and ‘y’.

dy dv
Putting y  vx , then vx Hence (1) becomes
dx dx

dv v3 x3  v 2 x 2 v 2 x 2  x 2
vx 
dx x3

dv 3 2 2
 vx  v  v v 1
dx
dv 3
 x  v  v  v2 v2 1
dx

 v  v 2  1  v 2 v 2  1
dv
 x
dx
dv
 x  v v2 1 v2 1  v2 v2 1
dx

 x
dv
dx
 v v2 1  v 1  v 
2

dv v v  1  v  1  v 
2 2
v2 1  v 
 x  [By Rationalization]
dx v2 1  v

dv v v  1  v  1  v 
2 2 2

 x 
dx v2 1  v

dv v v2 1
 x  (2)
dx v2 1  v
This is variable separable form. Separating the variables and integrating, we get

v  v2 1 dx
 v v 1
2
dv  
x
 log c

11
 1 1 dx
  v2 1
dv   dv    log c
v x

   
log v  v 2  1  log v  log x  log c  

dx
x2  a2
  
 log x  x 2  a 2 


v  v2 1
 log  log xc
v

v  v2 1
 c
vx

y x  y2 x2 1
 c  y  vx
y

 y+ y 2 - x 2 = c xy

Q2 Solve 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution: 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
It’s under homogeneous equation as degree same
2
dy – y + 2xy
 = 2
dx 2x + 3xy
y
Put, = uy = xu
x
dy du
 = x +u
dx dx
 D.E. becomes,
du 2
– u + 2u
x +u =
dx 2 + 3u
du 2
u + 2u
x = –u–
dx 2 + 3u
du 2
u + 2u
–x = u+
dx 2 + 3u
du 2 2
2u + 3u + u +2u
–x =
dx 3u + 2
du 2
4u + 4u
–x =
dx 3u + 2
Invariable separable form,
3u + 2 – dx
2 du =
4u + 4u x
3u + 2 dx
 4u (u + 1) du = –  x + c

12
 3u + 2
 u (u + 1) du = – 4 log x + c
Now,
3u + 2 A B
= +
u (u + 1) u u +1
3u + 2 = A (u + 1) + Bu

Put, u=0 A=2

Put, u = –1
–1 = –B B = 1

 + 
2 1
 u u + 1 du = – 4 log x + c
c
 log u (u + 1) = log 4
2
x
c y
 u (u + 1) =
2
4 as u = put,
x x
2
y  y  c
 
2  x + 1 = 4
x x
2
y (x + 4) c
2 = 4
x x
2
𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐

Q.3: Solve 𝑦 4 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution: Given DE can be written as

𝑦 4 𝑦 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
−2 + 1−2 =0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Put 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 therefore = 𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4 3
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 −2 𝑢 + 1−2 𝑢 𝑢+𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
−𝑢4 − 𝑢 + 1 − 2𝑢3 𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 − 2𝑢3
− + 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑥 𝑢4 + 𝑢

𝑑𝑥 1 3𝑢2
= − 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 𝑢 1 + 𝑢3

The G. S is

𝑑𝑥 1 3𝑢2
= 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶
𝑥 𝑢 1 + 𝑢3

13
 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑢 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 𝑢3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶

𝑥 1 + 𝑢3
=𝐶
𝑢
Therefore 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝐶𝑥𝑦 is the G. S.

Session-4

IV) Non-homogeneous Differential Equations reducible to Homogeneous Form

dy a1 x  b1 y  c1
A differential equation of the form  is called non-homogeneous differential equation.
dx a2 x  b2 y  c2

a1 b1
Case-I: If  , then a1 x  b1 y and a2 x  b2 y has common factor of the form lx  my .
a2 b2

a1 b1
Case-II: If  , then put x  X  h, y  Y  k , where ‘h’ and ‘k’ are constants to be
a2 b2
determined.

dy 3x - 4y - 2
Q.1 Solve the following differential equation =
dx 6x - 8y - 5

Solution: Consider the differential equation

dy 3x  4 y  2

dx 6 x  8 y  5

dy 3x  4 y  2
  (1)
dx 2  3x  4 y   5

 a1 b1 1 
This is reducible to homogeneous differential equation    .
 a2 b2 2 

dy dv dy 1  dv 
Put 3x  4 y  v , then 3  4       3 .
dx dx dx 4  dx 

1  dv  v  2
Hence (1) becomes    3 
4  dx  2v  5

dv 4  v  2
  3
dx 2v  5

dv 4  v  2   3  2v  5
 
dx 2v  5

14
 dv 4v  8  6v  15
 
dx 2v  5
dv 2v  7
  (2)
dx 2v  5
This is variable separable form. Separating the variables and integrating, we get

2v  5
 2v  7 dv   dx  c
2v  7 2
  2v  7 dv   2v  7 dv  x  c
2
  dv   2v  7 dv  x  c
2
 v  log  2v  7   x  c
2

2
 v  log  2v  7   x  c
2

 3x  4 y  log 2  3x  4 y   7  x  c

 2x - 4y + log  6x - 8y -7  = c

This is the desired solution of the given differential equation.

dy
Q.2 Solve the following DE  6x - 4y + 1 = 3x - 2y + 1
dx
Solution: Consider the differential equation

dy
 6 x  4 y  1  3x  2 y  1
dx
dy 3x  2 y  1
 
dx 6 x  4 y  1

dy  3x  2 y   1
  (1)
dx 2  3x  2 y   1

 a1 b1 1 
This is reducible to homogeneous differential equation    .
 a2 b2 2 

dy dv dy 1  dv 
Put 3x  2 y  v , then 3  2       3 .
dx dx dx 2  dx 

15
Hence (1) becomes

1  dv  v  1
   3 
2  dx  2v  1

dv 2  v  1
  3 
dx 2v  1

dv 2v  2
   3
dx 2v  1
dv 2v  2  6v  3
  
dx 2v  1
dv 8v  5
   (2)
dx 2v  1
This is variable separable form. Separating the variables and integrating, we get

2v  1
 8v  5 dv   dx  c
1 4  2v  1
4  8v  5
 dv   x  c

1 8v  5  1
4  8v  5
 dv   x  c

1 1 
 
4  1 dv   dv    x  c
8v  5 

v 1 log 8v  5
   x  c
4 4 8

 8v  log 8v  5  32 x  32c

 8  3x  2 y   log 8  3x  2 y   5  32 x  c1

 24 x  16 y  log  24 x  16 y  5  32 x  c1

 24 x  32 x  16 y  log  24 x  16 y  5  c1

 56x - 16y + log  24x - 16y + 5  = +c1

This is the desired solution of the given differential equation.

Q.3 Solve the following DE:  2x - y + 1 dy -  x + 2y + 3  dx = 0 .

16
Solution: Consider the differential equation

 2 x  y  1 dy   x  2 y  3 dx  0
  2x  y  1 dy   x  2 y  3 dx
dy  x  2 y  3
  (1)
dx  2 x  y  1

 a1 1 b1 2 
This is reducible to homogeneous differential equation     .
 a2 2 b2 1 

Put x  X  h and y  Y  k , then (1) becomes

dY  X  h   2 Y  k   3 X  2Y   h  2k  3
  (2)
dX 2  X  h   Y  k   1 2 X  Y   2h  k  1

Where h  2k  3  0 (3)

2h  k  1  0 (4)

Solving above equations (3) and (4), we get

h  2k  3  0
4h  2k  2  0
Adding 5h  5  0

 5h  5  h  1
Putting the value of h in (3), we get

1  2k  3  0

 2k  2  k  1

dY X  2Y
Hence (2) becomes  (5)
dX 2 X  Y
This is homogeneous differential equation in X and Y.

dY dV
Put Y  VX , then V  X .
dX dX
dV X  2VX
From (5), we have VX 
dX 2 X  VX

dV 1  2V
 X  V
dX 2  V

17
 dV 1  2V  2V  V 2
 X 
dX 2 V

dV 1  V 2
 X 
dX 2  V
This is variable separable form. Separating the variables and integrating, we get

2 V dX
 1V 2
dV  
X
C

1 V dX
 2 dV   dV   C
1V 2
1V 2
X

1 1 2V dX
 2 dV   dV   C
1V 2
2 1V 2
X

 f ' x 
2 tan 1 V  log 1  V 2   log X  C dx  log  f  x 
1
  
2  f  x 

 Y2 
 2 tan 1
Y 1
 log 1  2   log X  C Y  VX 
X 2  X 

Y 1  X 2 Y 2 
 2 tan 1  log  2   log X  C
X 2  X 

Y 1  X 2 Y 2  2
 2 tan 1  log  2 X C
X 2  X 

 log  X 2  Y 2   C
Y 1
 2 tan 1
X 2


 y+1 1
2tan-1   + log
 x+1 2
 x + 1 +  y + 1  = C
2 2
 x  X 1; y  Y 1

This is the desired solution of the given differential equation.

Session-5

V) Exact Differential Equation:

 If u  x, y  be a function of ‘x’ and ‘y’ such that M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  du , then the

differential equation M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 is called exact differential equation.

18
Condition of Exactness: The necessary and sufficient condition that the differential equation
M N
M  x, y  dx  N  x, y  dy  0 be exact is  . When the condition of exactness is
y x
satisfied, the general solution can be obtained by the following formulae:

(i)  M dx    terms of N free from x  dy  c

y = constant
(ii) Sometimes we may write the General Solution by applying the following formula
 N dy    terms of M free from y  dx  c.
x = constant

dy tan y - 2xy - y
Q. 1 Solve the following DE = 2
dx x - x tan2 y + sec 2 y

Solution: Consider the differential equation

dy tan y  2 xy  y
 2
dx x  x tan 2 y  sec2 y

 x 2
 x tan 2 y  sec2 y  dy   tan y  2 xy  y  dx

  tan y  2 xy  y  dx   x2  x tan 2 y  sec2 y  dy  0

  tan y  2 xy  y  dx   x tan 2 y  x2  sec2 y  dy  0 --------- (1)

Comparing (1) with the differential equation Mdx  Ndy  0 , we get M  tan y  2 xy  y
and N  x tan y  x  sec y
2 2 2

M N
  sec2 y  2 x  1  tan 2 y  2 x and  tan 2 y  2 x
y x

M N
 
y x

 The given differential equation (1) is exact. Hence the general solution of (1) is given by

 M dx   Terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y  constant

  tan y  2 xy  y  dx    -sec y  dy  c
2
i. e.
y constant

 tan y  dx  2 y  xdx  y  dx   sec2 y dy  c

 x2 
 tan y  x   2 y    y  x   tan y  c
 2

19
  x tan y  x2 y  xy  tan y  c

  x - 1 tany - xy  x + 1 = c
This is the desired solution of the given differential equation.

dy 4x 3 y 2 + ycos  xy 
Q. 2 Solve the following DE: =-
dx 2x 4 y + xcos  xy 

Solution: Consider the differential equation

dy 4 x3 y 2  y cos  xy 
 4
dx 2 x y  x cos  xy 

 2 x 4 y  x cos  xy  dy   4 x3 y 2  y cos  xy  dx

 4 x3 y 2  y cos  xy  dx  2 x 4 y  x cos  xy  dy  0 -------- (1)

Comparing (1) with the differential equation Mdx  Ndy  0 , we get

M  4 x y  y cos  xy  and N  2 x y  x cos  xy 
3 2 4

M N
  8 x3 y  xy sin  xy   cos  xy  and  8 x3 y  xy sin  xy   cos  xy 
y x

M N
 
y x

 The given differential equation (1) is exact. Hence the general solution of (1) is given by

 M dx   Terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y  constant

i. e.   4 x3 y 2  y cos  xy   dx   0 dy  c
y constant

x4 2 sin  xy 
 4. y  y c
4 y

 x 4 y 2 + sin  xy  = c This is the desired solution of the given differential equation.

Session-6

VI) Equations reducible to Exact form by using Integrating Factor

Integrating Factor (I.F.):

Integrating factor (I.F.) is a multiplying factor by which the equation can be made exact.

20
Rules for finding I.F. of the equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 when it is not exact:

Rule I: If Mx  Ny  0 and the given differential equations is homogeneous, then

1
I . F.  .
Mx  Ny

Rule II: If Mx  Ny  0 and the given differential equation has the form
y f1  xy  dx  x f 2  xy  dy  0 , then

1
I . F.  .
Mx  Ny

1  M N   f ( x ) dx .
Rule III: If     Function of x only i. e. f ( x) , then I . F .  e
N  y x 

1  M N    f ( y ) dy
Rule IV: If     Function of y only i. e. f ( y) , then I . F .  e .
M  y x 

Rule V: If the equation Mx  Ny  0 can be written as

x y  m y dx  n x dy   x y
a b r s
 p y dx  q x dy   0 , where a, b, m, n, r, s, p and q are constants
having any value, then the integrating factor is I . F .  x h y k , where h and k are such that after
multiplying the I.F. , the condition of exactness is satisfied.

 
Q.1 Solve the following DE: x 2 y - 2xy 2 dx - x 3 - 3x 2 y dy = 0  
Solution: Consider the differential equation
 x y  2xy  dx   x
2 2 3
 3x2 y  dy  0 (1)

This is homogeneous equation in ‘x’ and ‘y’ of degree ‘3’. Comparing it with Mdx  Ndy  0 ,
we get M  x 2 y  2 xy 2 and N   x3  3x 2 y . Its Integrating Factor is

1
I .F . 
Mx  Ny

1

 x y  2 xy  x    x3  3x2 y  y
2 2

1

x y  2 x y  x 3 y  3x 2 y 2
3 2 2

1

x y2
2

Multiplying equation (1) by Integrating Factor (I. F.), we get

21
  x 2 y  2 xy 2   x 3  3x 2 y 
 2 2  dx   2 2  dy  0
 x y   x y 

 1 2  x 3
    dx    2   dy  0 (2)
 y x  y y

M 1 N
Consider  2 
y y x

Hence equation (2) is exact differential equation. Therefore its general solution is given
by

 M dx   Terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y  constant

 1 2 3
i. e.     dx   dy  c
y  constant 
y x y

1 1 1

y  dx  2 dx 3 dy  c
x y

x
  2log x  3log y  c
y

x y3
 + log 2 = c
y x

This is the desired general solution of the given differential equation.

  
Q. 2 Solve the following DE: x 2 y 2 + xy + 1 ydx + x 2 y 2 - xy + 1 x dy = 0 
Solution: Consider the differential equation

x y2 2
 xy  1 ydx   x 2 y 2  xy  1 x dy  0 (1)

This differential equation has the form f1  xy  ydx  f 2  xy  xdy  0 . Comparing it with
Mdx  Ndy  0 , we get M  x 2 y  2 xy 2 and N   x3  3x 2 y . Its Integrating Factor is

1
I .F . 
Mx  Ny

1

 x y  xy  1 xy   x2 y 2  xy  1 xy
2 2

22
 1

xy  x 2 y 2  xy  1  x 2 y 2  xy  1

1

2x 2 y 2

Multiplying equation (1) by Integrating Factor (I. F.), we get

 x 2 y 2  xy  1   x 2 y 2  xy  1 
  ydx    xdy  0
 2 x2 y 2   2 x2 y 2 

y 1 1  x 1 1 
    2  dx     2 
dy  0 - - - - (2)
 2 2x 2x y   2 2 y 2 xy 
Consider

M 1 1 N
  2 2
y 2 2 x y x

Hence equation (2) is exact differential equation. Therefore its general solution is given
by

 M dx   Terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y  constant

y 1 1  1
i. e.   
y  constant 
 2  dx  
2 2x 2x y  2y
dy  c

y 1 1 1 1 1 1

2  dx   dx 
2 x 
2y x 2
dx   dy  c
2 y

xy 1 1 1
  log x   log y  c
2 2 2 xy 2

Multiplying by 2, we get

1
xy  log x   log y  2c  c1
xy

 x 2 y 2 + xy log  x y  = c1 xy

This is the desired general solution of the given differential equation.

 
Q. 3 Solve the following DE: x 4 e x - 2mxy 2 dx + 2mx 2 y dy = 0

Solution: Consider the differential equation

23
x e
4 x
 2mxy 2  dx  2mx 2 y dy  0 ------------ (1)

Comparing it with Mdx  Ndy  0 , we get M  x 4e x  2mxy 2 and N  2mx 2 y

M N
 4mxy and  4mxy
y x

M N
 
y x

 The given D. E. is not exact.

Consider

M N
  4mxy  4mxy  8mxy And
y x

1  M N  8mxy 4
      f  x
N  y x  2
2mx y x

Its Integrating Factor is

4
  dx
I .F .  e  f  x  dx 1
 e x  e4log x  x 4  4
x
Multiplying equation (1) by Integrating Factor (I. F.), we get
 x 4e x  2mxy 2  2mx 2 y
  dx  dy  0
 x4  x4

 x 2my 2  2my
  e  3  dx  2 dy  0 ----- (2)
 x  x

M 4my N
Consider  3 
y x x

Hence equation (2) is exact differential equation. Therefore its general solution is given by

 M dx   Terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y  constant

 x 2my 2 
i. e.   e  x3  dx 0  c
y  constant 

1
  e dx  2my  x dx  c
x 2
3

24
  x 2 
 e x  2my 2   c
 2 

 x 2 e x + my 2 = cx 2

This is the desired general solution of the given differential equation.

Session- 7

  
Q. 4 Solve the DE y 4 + 2y dx + xy 3 + 2y 4 - 4x dy = 0 
Solution: Consider the differential equation

y 4
 2 y  dx   xy 3  2 y 4  4 x  dy  0 - - - - - - - - - - - (1)

Comparing it with Mdx  Ndy  0 , we get M  y 4  2 y and N  xy 3  2 y 4  4 x

M N
 4 y 3  2 and  y3  4
y x

M N
 
y x

 The given D. E. is not exact.

M N
Consider   4 y 3  2  y 3  4  3  y 3  2
y x

1  M N  3  y  2  3
3

And      f  y
M  y x  y  y 3  2  y

Its Integrating Factor is

3
  y dy
I .F .  e 
 f  y  dy 1
e  e3log y  y 3 
y3

Multiplying equation (1) by Integrating Factor (I. F.), we get

 y4  2 y   xy 3  2 y 4  4 x 
 3  dx    dy  0
 y   y3 

 2   4x 
  y  2  dx   x  2 y  3  dy  0 ---------- (2)
 y   y 

M 4 N
Consider  1 3 
y y x

Hence equation (2) is exact differential equation. Therefore its general solution is given by

25
  M dx   Terms of N not containing x  dy  c
y  constant

 2 
i. e.   y  y 2 

dx   2 y dy  c

2
y  dx 
y2 
 dx  2 y dy  c

2x y2
 yx   2 c
y2 2

 y 4  xy 3  2 x  cy 2

This is the desired general solution of the given differential equation.

  
Q. 5 Solve the following DE: x 2 y + y 4 dx + 2x 3 + 4xy 3 dy = 0 
Solution: Consider the differential equation

 x y  y  dx   2x
2 4 3
 4 xy 3  dy  0 (1)

Let x h y k be the Integrating Factor of (1).

Multiplying (1) by x h y k , we get

xh y k  x 2 y  y 4  dx  x h y k  2 x3  4 xy 3  dy  0

 x h2
y k 1  xh y k  4  dx   2 x h3 y k  4 x h1 y k 3  dy  0 - - - - - - - - - (2)

Equation (2) is exact differential equation. But we know that the necessary and sufficient
condition that Mdx  Ndy  0 be exact is

M N

y x

  k  1 xh2 y k   k  4 xh y k 3  2  h  3 xh2 y k  4  h  1 xh y k 3
Comparing the coefficients of equal powers of variables, we get

 k  1  2  h  3 and  k  4  4  h  1
 k  1  2h  6 and k  4  4h  4

 2h  k  5 and k  4h

Solving above equations, we get 2h  4h  5  h  5 2 and k  4  5 2  10 .

26
  x5 2 y10 is the Integrating Factor of equation (1).

Putting h  5 2 and k  10 in (2), we get

x 92
y11  x5 2 y14  dx   2 x11 2 y10  4 x7 2 y13  dy  0 ---- (3)

M N
Consider  11x9 2 y10  14 x5 2 y13 
y x

Hence equation (3) is exact differential equation. Therefore its general solution is given by

 M dx   Terms of N not containing x  dy  c

y  constant

 x y  x5 2 y14  dx 0  c
9 2 11
i. e.
y constant

 y11  x9 2 dx  y14  x5 2 dx  c

x11 2 x7 2
 y11  y14 c
11 2 72

2 11 11 2 2 14 7 2
 y x  y x c
11 7
77
Multiplying by , we get
2
77c
7 y11 x11 2  11y14 x7 2   c1
2

 7x 11 2 y 11 + 11x7 2 y 14 = c1

This is the desired general solution of the given differential equation.

Examples for practice: Solve the following DE

(i) 2x  e x

log y ydx  e x dy  0
y
(ii) 

sec y  tan y dx  x  sec y log x dy  0
x 

(iii) 3x  2 y ydx  2x2x  3 y dy  0

2 2

Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

Integrating factors may sometimes be seen at a glance for some differential equations. For this
purpose the following integrable combinations will be found useful in guessing the integrating factors:

27
 x dy  y dx
(i) x dy  y dx  d  xy  (ii)  d  log xy 
xy

x dy  y dx  y x dy  y dx  y
(iii) d  (iv)  d  log 
x  x
2
x xy

x dy  y dx  y x dy  y dx 1 x y
 d  tan 1   d  log
x  y 
(v) (vi)
x y
2 2
 x x y
2 2
2

y dx  x dy x y dx  x dy  x
d   d  tan 1
y 
(vii) (viii)
y 2
 y x y
2 2


y dx  x dy  x x dx  y dy 1
(ix)  d  log  (x)  d log  x 2  y 2  
xy  y x y
2 2
2

x dx  y dy
x dx  y dy  d  x 2  y 2 
1
(xi)  d  x2  y 2  (xii)
x y
2 2   2

dx  dy
(xiii) dx  dy  d  x  y  (xiv)  d log  x  y  
x y

x dy  y dx  1  y.2 x dx  x 2 dy  x2 
(xv) 2 2
d  (xvi)  d  
x y  xy  y2  y

x.2 y dy  y 2 dx  y2  2 x 2 y dy  2 y 2 x dx  y2 
(xvii)  d   (xviii)  d  2
x2  x  x4 x 

2 xy 2 dx  2 yx 2 dy  x2  y e x dx  e x dy  ex 
(xix)  d  2 (xx)  d  
y4 y  y2  y

  x  y n 1 
 x  y   dx  dy   d   , if n  1.
n
(xxi)
 n  1 

 dy   dy 
Q. 6 Solve the following DE: e x+ y  x + y  - e xy  1+  = 0
 dx   dx 

Solution: Consider the differential equation

 dy   dy 
e x  y  x  y   e xy 1    0 --------- (1)
 dx   dx 

 e x y  xdy  ydx   e xy  dx  dy   0

 e x y  xdy  ydx   e xy  dx  dy 

28
 xdy  ydx dx  dy
  x y
e xy e

d  xy  d  x  y 
 
e xy e x y

e xy d  xy   e d  x  y
 x  y 


Integrating
 x  y 
e xy   e c

 e -xy = e - x+ y  + c1

Session-8

VII) Linear Differential Equation of the First Order

A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and its derivatives appear only
in first degree. Or no term involves powers of derivatives or powers of dependent variables or product of
derivatives and / or dependent variables.

dy
A differential equation of the form  Py  Q , where P, Q are functions of ‘x’ or constants, is
dx
called a linear differential equation of the first order.

dx
Similarly  Px  Q , where P, Q are functions of ‘y’ or constants, is also called a linear
dy
differential equation of the first order.

Method of Solution

dy
(I) For the equation  Py  Q
dx

Find I .F .  e 
Pdx
(i) .
General Solution(G.S.) is given by y e   Q e dx  c
Pdx Pdx
(ii)
dx
(II) For the equation  Px  Q
dy

Find I .F .  e 
Pdy
(i) .
General Solution (G.S.) is given by x e    Q e dy  c .
Pdy Pdy
(ii)
Q.1 Solve the following DE:

 1+ y  dx =  tan
2 -1
y - x  dy

Solution: Consider the differential equation

29
 1  y  dx   tan
2 1
y  x  dy ------- (1)

 1  y  dy
dx
2
 tan 1
yx

dx tan 1 y x
  
dy 1  y 2
1 y2

dx x tan 1 y
   -------- (2)
dy 1  y 2 1  y 2

Equation (2) is linear in ‘x’ and ‘y’. Comparing it with general linear equation
dx 1 tan 1 y
 Px  Q , we get P  and Q 
dy 1 y2 1 y2
1
 2
Integrating Factor of (2) is I .F .  e   e 1 y
Pdy dy 1
 e tan y
.

The general solution is given by

x  I .F .  c    I .F . Q dy

tan 1 y
 c   e tan
1 1
 xetan y y
dy
1 y2

1 dy
Put tan y  t   dt , then
1 y2

xet  c   t.et dt

 xet  c  et  t  1

 tan y  1
1 1
1
 xetan y
 c  etan y


-1
x = ce -tan y + tan-1 y - 1

This is the desired general solution of the given differential equation.

Session-9

Equations Reducible to the linear form

1. Bernoulli’s Differential Equation

dy
(i) A differential equation of the form  Py  Q y n is called as Bernoulli’s differential equation.
dx

30
 dy du
Solution: Divide equation by y n and put, then y1n  u  1  n  y  n  and we get
dx dx
du
 1  n  Pu  1  n  Q .
dx

dx
(ii) Similarly  Px  Q x n is also called as Bernoulli’s differential equation.
dy

dx du
Solution: Divide equation by x n and put, then x1n  u  1  n  x  n  and we get
dy dy
du
 1  n  Pu  1  n  Q .
dy

dy
2. Equations of the form f '  y   Pf  y   Q are at once reducible to the linear form by the
dx
dy du du
substitution f  y   u and f '  y   transforming the equation to  P.u  Q which is
dx dx dx
linear.

dx
3. Similarly f '  x   Pf  x   Q are at once reducible to the linear form by the substitution
dy
dx du du
f  x   u and f '  x   transforming the equation to  P.u  Q which is linear.
dy dy dy

Illustrations:

Q. 1 Solve the following DE:

dy
= 1 - x  y - x - x3  y - x 
2

dx
Solution: Consider the differential equation

dy
 1  x  y  x   x3  y  x 
2
---------- (1)
dx
dy dv dy dv
Put y  x  v , then 1    1  . Hence (1) becomes
dx dx dx dx

dv
1  1  xv  x3v 2
dx
dv
  xv   x3v 2
dx
dy
This is Bernoulli’s equation in ‘v’ and ‘x’  Py  Qy n .
dx

31
Hence diving by v 2 , we get

dv
v 2  xv 1   x3 ---------- (2)
dx

2 dv dt
Put v 1  t , then  v  . Hence (2) becomes
dx dx
dt
  xt   x3
dx
dt
  xt  x3 ---------- (3)
dx
dy
Equation (3) is linear in‘t’ and ‘x’. Comparing it with general linear equation  Py  Q , we get
dx
P   x and Q  x3

Integrating Factor of (3) is I .F .  e   e

Pdy  xdx
 e x 2 .
2

The general solution is given by

t  I .F .  c    I .F . Q dy

te x  c   e x 2 x3 dx
2 2
 2

te x  c   e x 2 x 2 xdx
2 2
 2

x2 2x
Put   z   dx  dz  xdx  dz , then
2 2

te z  c   e z  2 z  dz 

 te z  c  2 ze z dz  te z  c  2e z  z  1

 t  ce z  2  z  1

1  x2 
  ce x 2  2    1   t  v 1 
2

v  2 

1
 ce x 2  x 2  2   v  y  x
2

yx

1

2
+ x 2 + 2 = ce x 2

y-x

32
This is the desired general solution of the given differential equation.

Q. 2 Solve the following DE:

x 2 + y 2  xdx + ydy  +  ydx - xdy  a 2 - x 2 - y 2 = 0

Solution: Consider the differential equation

x2  y 2  xdx  ydy    ydx  xdy  a 2  x 2  y 2  0 ------ (1)

Put x  r cos  , y  r sin  , then

 y
x2  y 2  r 2 and tan 1     - (2)
x
Which give us

1 xdy  ydx
2 xdx  2 ydy  2rdr and  d
y2 x2
1 2
x

 xdx  ydy  rdr and xdy  ydx   x 2  y 2  d

 xdx  ydy  rdr and xdy  ydx  r 2d

Hence (1) becomes

r 2 dr  r 2 d a 2  r 2  0

 dr  d a 2  r 2 [Dividing by r 2 , we get]

This is variable separable. Hence separating and integrating, we get

dr
 a2  r 2
dr  c   d

r  dx  x 
 sin 1    c     2  sin 1   
a  a  x2  a 

 x2  y 2   y
 sin 

1
  c  tan 1  

 From (2)
 a  x

 x2 + y2   y
 sin-1   + tan -1   = c
 a   x
 

This is the desired general solution of the given differential equation.

33
 = e x- y  e x - e y 
dy
Q. 2 solve the following DE:
dx
Solution: Consider the differential equation

 e x y  e x  e y 
dy
------------ (1)
dx
dy
  e2x  y  e x  y  y
dx
dy
  e2x e y  e x
dx
dy x
  e  e2 x e y
dx
dy x y
 ey  e e  e2 x ------------ (2)
dx
dy dt
Put e  t , then e 
y y

dx dx
Hence (2) becomes

dt
 e xt  e2 x ------------ (3)
dx
dy
Equation (3) is linear in‘t’ and ‘x’. Comparing it with general linear equation  Py  Q , we get
dx
P  e x and Q  e2x

Integrating Factor of (3) is I .F .  e  e

Pdy e x dx
 ee .
x

The general solution is given by

t  I .F .  c    I .F . Q dy

tee  c   ee e2 x dx
x x
 ------------ (4)

e x  v, then e x dx  dv

tee  c   ee e x  e x dx 
x x
Hence (2) becomes

 tev  c   ev v dv

 x. e x dx  x. e x  e x 
 tev  c  ev v  ev
  

34
  t  ce v  v  1  Divided by ev 

e y  cee  e x  1  t  e y , v  e x 
x



x
e y = c e -e + e x - 1

This is the desired general solution of the given differential equation.

Q. 3 Solve the following DE:

 2x 2 
 log  x + y  + x 2 + y 2  dx + x 2 + y 2 dy = 0
2 2 2xy
 
Solution: Consider the differential equation

 2x2 
    x2  y 2  dx  x22xyy 2 dy  0

2 2
log x y -------- (1)
 

Comparing (1) with the differential equation Mdx  Ndy  0 , we get

2 x2
M  log  x 2  y 2  
2 xy
and N  2
x y
2 2
x  y2

N  x  y  .2 y  2 xy  2 x 
2 2
M 2y 2 x 2 .2 y
 2  and 
y x  y 2  x 2  y 2 2 x  x2  y 2 
2

M 2y 4x2 y N 2y 4x2 y
 2  and  2 
y x  y 2  x 2  y 2 2 x x  y 2  x 2  y 2 2

M N
 
y x

 The given differential equation (1) is exact. Hence the general solution of (1) is given by

 N dy   Terms of M not containing y dx  c

x  constant

2 xy
i. e.  2
x  constant
x  y2
dy   0 dx  c

x.2 y
 
x  constant
x2  y 2
dy  c

 x log  x 2 + y 2  = c This is the desired solution of the given differential equation.

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