LOGARITHM (Mathematics)

1. DEFINITION :
Every positive real number N can be expressed in exponential form as ax = N where ' a ' is also
a positive real number different than unity and is called the base and ' 𝑥 ' is called an exponent.
We can write the relation ax = N in logarithmic form as log a ⁡ N = x. Hence ax = N ⇔ log a ⁡ N =
x.
Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in
order to get that number.
Limitations of logarithm: ⁡log a ⁡ N is defined only when
(i) N > 0 (ii) 𝑎 > 0 (iii) a ≠ 1
Note :
(i) For a given value of N, log a ⁡ N will give us a unique value.
(ii) Logarithm of zero does not exist.
(iii) Logarithm of negative reals are not defined in the system of real numbers.
Illustration 𝟏: If log 4 ⁡ 𝑚 = 1.5, then find the value of 𝑚.
Solution : log 4 ⁡ m = 1.5 ⇒ m = 43/2 ⇒ m = 8
p4 𝑞 4
Illustration 2 : If log 5 ⁡ p = a and log 2 ⁡ q = a, then prove that = 1002a−1
100
Solution : log 5 ⁡ p = a ⇒ p = 5a

log 2 ⁡ q = a ⇒ q = 2a

p4 q4 54a ⋅24a (10)4a (100)2a

⇒ = = = = 1002a−1
100 100 100 100

Illustration 3 : The value of N, satisfying log a ⁡[1 + log b ⁡{1 + log c ⁡(1 + log p ⁡ N)}] = 0 is –

(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1

Solution : 1 + log b ⁡{1 + log c ⁡(1 + log p ⁡ N)} = a0 = 1

⇒ log b ⁡{1 + log c ⁡(1 + log p ⁡ N)} = 0 ⇒ 1 + log c ⁡(1 + log p ⁡ N) = 1

⇒ log c ⁡(1 + log p ⁡ N) = 0 ⇒ 1 + log p ⁡ N = 1
⇒ log p ⁡ N = 0 ⇒ N=1

Do yourself - 1 :
(i) Express the following in logarithmic form :

(a) 81 = 34 (b) 0.001 = 10−3 (c) 2 = 1281/7

(ii) Express the following in exponential form :

(a) log 2 ⁡ 32 = 5 (b) log √2 ⁡ 4 = 4 (c) log10 ⁡ 0.01 = −2

(iii) If log 2√3 ⁡ 1728 = x, then find x.

2. FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES :
Using the basic definition of logarithm we have 3 important deductions :
(a) log a ⁡ 1 = 0 i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is zero.
(b) log N ⁡ N = 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base is 1 .
1
(c) log 1 ⁡ N = −1 = log N ⁡ N ⁡ i.e. logarithm of a number to the base as its reciprocal is -1
N

Note : N = (a)loga ⁡ N e.g. ⁡2log2⁡ 7 = 7

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Do yourself - 2 :
43 1 log2 ⁡ 5
(i) Find the value of the following: (a) log1.43̅ ⁡ 30 (b) (2)
(ii) If 4log2⁡ 2x = 36, then find x.

3. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS :

If m, n are arbitrary positive numbers where a > 0, a ≠ 1 and x is any real number, then-
(a) log a ⁡ mn = log a ⁡ m + log a ⁡ n
m
(b) log a ⁡ n = log a ⁡ m − log a ⁡ n
(c) log a ⁡ mx = xlog a ⁡ m
2 25 625
Illustration 𝟒: Find the value of 2log⁡ 5 + 3log⁡ − log⁡ 128
8
2 25 128
Solution : 2log⁡ 5 + 3log⁡ + log⁡ 625
8
3
22 52 27
= log⁡ 52 + log⁡ (23 ) + log⁡ 54
22 56 27
= log⁡ 52 ⋅ 29 ⋅ 54 = log⁡ 1 = 0

Illustration 5 : If log e ⁡ x − log e ⁡ y = a, log e ⁡ y − log e ⁡ z = b&log e ⁡ z − log e ⁡ x = c, then find the
𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 𝑦 𝑐−𝑎 𝑧 𝑎−𝑏
value of (𝑦) × (𝑧 ) × (𝑥)

x x
Solution : log e ⁡ x − log e ⁡ y = a⁡ ⇒ ⁡log e ⁡ y = a⁡ ⇒ ⁡ y = ea

y y
log e ⁡ y − log e ⁡ z = b⁡ ⇒ ⁡log e ⁡ z = b⁡ ⇒ ⁡ z = eb

z z
log e ⁡ z − log e ⁡ x = c ⇒ log e ⁡ x = c ⇒ ⁡⁡ x = ec

c−a
∴ (ea )b−c × (eb ) × (ec )a−b

= ea(b−c)+b(c−a)+c(a−b) = e0 = 1
(a+b) 1
Illustration 6 : If a2 + b2 = 23ab, then prove that log⁡ = 2 (log⁡ a + log⁡ b).
5
Solution : a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab = 23ab

⇒ (a + b)2 = 25ab ⇒ a + b = 5√ab …….(i)

Using (i)

(a + b) 5√ab 1 1
L.H.S. = log⁡ = log⁡ = log⁡ ab = (log⁡ a + log⁡ b) = R.H.S.
5 5 2 2

Illustration 7 : If log a ⁡ x = p and log b ⁡ x 2 = q, then log x ⁡ √ab is equal to (where a, b, x ∈ R+ − {1})-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) p + q (B) 2p + q (C) p + 2q (D) 2p + 2q

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Solution : log a ⁡ x = p⁡ ⇒ ⁡ap = x⁡ ⇒ ⁡a = x1/p .

Similarly b q = x 2 ⇒ b = x 2/q
1 2
( + 1 1 1
Now, log x ⁡ √ab = log x ⁡ √x1/p x 2/q = log x ⁡ x p q ) = +
2 2p q

Do yourself - 3 :
1 1
(i) Show that 2 log⁡ 9 + 2log⁡ 6 + 4 log⁡ 81 − log⁡ 12 = 3log⁡ 3

4. BASE CHANGING THEOREM :

Can be stated as "quotient of the logarithm of two numbers is independent of their common
base."
log ⁡ m
Symbolically, log b ⁡ m = loga ⁡ b , where a > 0, a ≠ 1, b > 0, b ≠ 1
a
Note :
log⁡ a log⁡ b 1
(i) log b ⁡ a ⋅ log a ⁡ b = log⁡ b ⋅ log⁡ a = 1; hence log b ⁡ a = log ⁡ b
a
(ii) alogb ⁡ c = c logb ⁡ a
𝟏
(iii) Base power formula: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚𝐤 ⁡ 𝐦 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚 ⁡ 𝐦
𝐤
(iv) The base of the logarithm can be any positive number other than 1 , but in normal

practice, only two bases are popular, these are 10 and e(=2.718 approx). Logarithms of
numbers to the base 10 are named as 'common logarithm' and the logarithms of
numbers to the base e are called Natural or Napierian logarithm.
We will consider 𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡ 𝐱 as 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐞 ⁡ 𝐱 or 𝓵𝐧.

(v) Conversion of base e to base 10 & vice-versa :

log10 ⁡ a log e ⁡ a
log e ⁡ a = = 2.303 × log10 ⁡ a; log10 ⁡ a = = log10 ⁡ e × log e ⁡ a = 0.434log e ⁡ a
log10 ⁡ e log e ⁡ 10

Illustration 8: If a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers different from 1 such that
(log b ⁡ a ⋅ log c ⁡ a − log a ⁡ a) + (log a ⁡ b ⋅ log c ⁡ b − log b ⁡ b) + (log a ⁡ c ⋅ log b ⁡ c −
log c ⁡ c) = 0, then 𝑎𝑏𝑐 is equal to -
(A) 0 (B) e (C) 1 (D) none of these

Solution: (log b ⁡ a ⋅ log c ⁡ a − 1) + (log a ⁡ b ⋅ log c ⁡ b − 1) + (log a ⁡ c ⋅ log b ⁡ c − 1) = 0

log⁡ a log⁡ a log⁡ b log⁡ b log⁡ c log⁡ c
⇒ log⁡ b ⋅ log⁡ c + log⁡ a ⋅ log⁡ c + log⁡ a ⋅ log⁡ b = 3

⇒ (log⁡ a)3 + (log⁡ b)3 + (log⁡ c)3 = 3log⁡ a. log⁡ b. log⁡ c

⇒ (log⁡ a + log⁡ b + log⁡ c) = 0

[∵ If a3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc = 0, then a + b + c = 0 if a ≠ b ≠ c]

⇒ log⁡ abc = log⁡ 1 ⇒ abc = 1

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Illustration 9: Evaluate : 811/log5⁡ 3 + 27log9 ⁡ 36 + 34/log7⁡ 9

Solution : 81log3⁡ 5 + 33log9⁡ 36 + 34log9⁡ 7

3/2 2
= 34log3⁡ 5 + 3log3⁡(36) + 3log3⁡ 7

= 625 + 216 + 49 = 890.

Do yourself - 4 :
log3 ⁡ 135 log3 ⁡ 5
(i) Evaluate : − log
log15 ⁡ 3 405 ⁡ 3
(ii) Evaluate : log 9 ⁡ 27 − log 27 ⁡ 9
(iii) Evaluate : 2log3⁡ 5 − 5log3⁡ 2
(iv) Evaluate : log 3 ⁡ 4 ⋅ log 4 ⁡ 5 ⋅ log 5 ⁡ 6 ⋅ log 6 ⁡ 7 ⋅ log 7 ⁡ 8. log 8 ⁡ 9
1 1
(v) If, log ⁡ 𝜋 + log ⁡ 𝜋 > x then 𝑥 can be –
3 4

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3.5 (D) 𝜋

(vi) If log a ⁡ 3 = 2 and log b ⁡ 8 = 3, then log a ⁡ b is -

(A) log 3 ⁡ 2 (B) log 2 ⁡ 3 (C) log 3 ⁡ 4 (D) log 4 ⁡ 3

5. POINTS TO REMEMBER :
(i) If base of logarithm is greater than 1 then logarithm of greater number is greater. i.e.
log 2 ⁡ 8 = 3, log 2 ⁡ 4 = 2 etc. and if base of logarithm is between 0 and 1then logarithm of greater
number is smaller. i.e. log1/2 ⁡ 8 = −3, log1/2 ⁡ 4 = −2 etc.
x<y if a>1
log a ⁡ x < log a ⁡ y ⇔ [
x>y if 0<a<1

(ii) It must be noted that whenever the number and the base are on the same side of unity then
logarithm of that number to that base is positive, however if the number and the base are
located on different side of unity then logarithm of that number to that base is negative.

3 1 1 1
e.g. log10 ⁡ √10 = ; log √2 ⁡ 49 = 4; log 1 ⁡ ( ) = 3; log 2 ⁡ ( ) = −5; log10 ⁡(0.001) = −3
3 2 8 32
1 1
(iii) x + x ≥ 2 if 𝑥 is positive real number and x + x ≤ −2 if 𝑥 is negative real number
(iv) n ≥ 2, n ∈ N

√a = a1/n ⇒ nth root of ' 𝑎 ' ('a' is a non negative number)

n

some important values : log10 ⁡ 2 ≈ 0.3010; log10 ⁡ 3 ≈ 0.4771; ℓn2 ≈ 0.693, ℓn10 ≈ 2.303

6. CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA :

For any given number 𝑁, logarithm can be expressed as log a ⁡ N = Integer + Fraction. The
integer part is called characteristic and the fractional part is called mantissa. When the value of
log⁡ n is given, then to find digits of ' 𝑛 ' we use only the mantissa part. The characteristic is used
only in determining the number of digits in the integral part (if n ≥ 1 ) or the number of zeros
after decimal & before first non-zero digit in the number (if 0 < n < 1 ).
Note :

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(i) The mantissa part of logarithm of a number is always non-negative (0 ≤ m < 1)

(ii) If the characteristic of log10 ⁡ N be n, then the number of digits in N is ( n + 1)
(iii) If the characteristic of log10 ⁡ N be (−n), then there exist ( n − 1) zeros after decimal in⁡N.
7. ANTILOGARITHM :
The positive real number ' n ' is called the antilogarithm of a number ' m ' if log⁡ n = m
Thus, log⁡ 𝐧 = 𝐦 ⇔ 𝐧 = 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐦
Do yourself - 5 :
(i) Evaluate : log10 ⁡(0.06)6
(ii) Find number of digits in 1820
1 200
(iii) Determine number of cyphers (zeros) between decimal & first significant digit in (6)
5
(iv) Find antilog of to the base 64.
6

Miscellaneous Illustrations :
Illustration 10 : Show that log 4 ⁡ 18 is an irrational number.
log ⁡ 3 1 1
Solution : log 4 ⁡ 18 = log 4 ⁡(32 × 2) = 2log 4 ⁡ 3 + log 4 ⁡ 2 = 2 log2⁡ 4 + log = log 2 ⁡ 3 + 2
2 2⁡ 4

assume the contrary, that this number log 2 ⁡ 3 is rational number.

p
⇒ log 2 ⁡ 3 = q Since log 2 ⁡ 3 > 0 both numbers p and q may be regarded as natural
number

⇒ 3 = 2p/q ⇒ 2p = 3q

But this is not possible for any natural number p and q. The resulting
contradiction completes the proof.

Illustration 11: If in a right angled triangle, a and b are the lengths of sides and c is the length of
hypotenuse and c − b ≠ 1, c + b ≠ 1, then show that

log c+b ⁡ a + log c−b ⁡ a = 2log c+b ⁡ a ⋅ log c−b ⁡ a

Solution : We know that in a right angled triangle

c 2 = a2 + b 2

c 2 − b 2 = a2 ……..(i)
1 1 loga ⁡(c−b)+loga ⁡(c+b)
LHS = log + log =
a ⁡(c+b) a ⁡(c−b) loga ⁡(c+b)⋅loga ⁡(c−b)

loga ⁡(c2 −b2 ) loga ⁡ a2

= log = log (using (i))
a ⁡(c+b)⋅loga ⁡(c−b) a ⁡(c+b)⋅loga ⁡(c−b)

2
= log = 2log (c+b) ⁡ a ⋅ log (c−b) ⁡ a = RHS
a ⁡(c+b)⋅loga ⁡(c−b)

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ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

1: (i) (a) log 3 ⁡ 81 = 4 (b) log10 ⁡(0.001) = −3 (c) log128 ⁡ 2 = 1/7

(ii) (a) 32 = 25 (b) 4 = (√2)4 (c) 0.01 = 10−2
(iii) 6
1
2: (i) (a) 1 (b) 5 (ii) 3

4: (i) 3 (ii) 5/6 (iii) 0 (iv) 2

(v) (A) (vi) (C)

5: (i) 8̅. 6686 (ii) 26 (iii) 155 (iv) 32

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EXERCISE 1

Solve for 𝐱 ∈ 𝐑 (Q.1 to 𝐐. 𝟕)

1. 4x − 10.2x−1 = 24 2. 4.22x − 6x = 18.32x

1
3. 32𝑥−3 − 9𝑥−1 + 272𝑥/3 = 675. 4. 7x+2 − 7 ⋅ 7x+1 − 14 ⋅ 7x−1 + 2.7x = 48

5 𝑥+1 9 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−11 5 9 2 −7.2𝑥+3.9

5. (3) ⋅ (25) = (3) 6.(3x − 9√3)log⁡(7 − x) = 0

7. 52𝑥 = 32𝑥 + 2.5𝑥 + 2.3𝑥

8. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 2 .
(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 4 (iv) 8
1 1 1
(v) 2 (vi) 32 (vii) 16 (viii) √2
3 1 1
(ix) √8 (x) 2√2 (xi) 5 (xii) 7
√2 √8
1
9. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 3
1 1
(i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 9 (iv) 3
3 1
(v) 9 (vi) 81 (vii) √3 (viii) 7
√3
1
(ix) 9√3 (x) 4
9 √3

10. Find all values of ' 𝑎 ' for which each of the following equalities hold true.
(i) log 2 ⁡ a = 2 (ii) log a ⁡ 2 = 1
(iii) log a ⁡ 1 = 0 (iv) log10 ⁡(a(a + 3)) = 1
(v) log1/3 ⁡(𝑎 − 1) = −1
2
(vi) log 2 ⁡(𝑎2 − 5) = 2
11. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 3 .
(i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 9 (iv) 81
1 1
(v) 3 (vi) √3 (vii) 3√3 (viii) 27√3
7
(ix) √9
1
12. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 2.
1 1
(i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 8 (iv) 16
1 1
(v) √2 (vi) (vii) 2√2 (viii) 4
√2 4 √2

13. Find all values of ' 𝑎 ' for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log 3 ⁡ a = 2 (ii) log1/3 (a) = 4 (iii) log1/3 ⁡( a) = 0
(iv) log a ⁡ 1 = 0 (v) log a ⁡(a + 2) = 2 (vi) log 3 ⁡(𝑎2 + 1) = 1
14. Find all values of 𝑥 for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log 2 ⁡ x 2 = 1 (ii) log 3 ⁡ x = log 3 ⁡(2 − x)
(iii) log 4 ⁡ x = log 4 ⁡ x
2
(iv) log1/2 ⁡(2x + 1) = log1/2 ⁡(x + 1)
(v) log1/3 ⁡(x + 8) = −2
2

15. Find all the values of 𝑥 for which the following equalities hold true.
(i) log 2 ⁡ x 2 = 2 (ii) log1/4 ⁡ x 2 = 1
(iii) log1/2 ⁡ x − log1/2 ⁡(3 − x) = 0 (iv) log 2 ⁡(x + 1) − log 2 ⁡(2x − 3) = 0

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16. Find the logarithms of the following numbers to the base 5 .

(i) 1 (ii) 5 (iii) 25 (iv) 625
1 1 1
(v) 5 (vi) 25 (vii) (viii) √√5
√5
1 1 4 3
(ix) 5 2 (x) 5 3 (xi) √5√5
17. Find value of following
(i) ⁡log √3−√2 ⁡(√5 − 2√6) (ii) log √5+1 ⁡(6 + 2√5)
(iii) log 7 ⁡ 3 ⋅ log 5 ⁡ 2 ⋅ log 3 ⁡ 7 ⋅ log 2 ⁡(125) (iv) 25log5⁡ 3
1
(v) 6log6⁡ 5 + 3log9⁡ 16 (vi) log 6 ⁡ 4 + log ⁡ 6
9

18. Find the value of following

1
(i) log 5 ⁡ ( ) (ii) ⁡log 3 ⁡(4sin2 ⁡(𝑥) + 4cos 2 ⁡(𝑥) − 1)
√5
500 4
(iii) log12 ⁡ 8 + log12 ⁡ 3 + log12 ⁡ 6 (iv) log 5 ⁡ − log 5 ⁡ 3
3
15 13 5
(v) log 39 ⁡ + log 39 ⁡ − log 39 ⁡ 21 (vi) 2log 6 ⁡ 2 + 3log 6 ⁡ 3 + log 6 ⁡ 12
7 3

19. If 2(√3 + √5 − √13 + √48) = √a + √b where a and b are natural number find (a + b).

EXERCISE 2

ab+√(ab)2 −4(a+b) ab−√(ab)2 −4(a+b)

1. Let A denotes the value of log10 ⁡ ( ) + log10 ⁡ ( ) when a = 43 and
2 2
b = 57 and B denotes the value of the expression (2log6⁡ 18 ) ⋅ (3 ) Find the value of (A.B).
log6 ⁡ 3

2. Compute the following :

log𝑏 ⁡(log𝑏 ⁡ N)
4 3
(a) log1/3 ⁡ √729 ⋅ √9−1 ⋅ 27−4/3 (b) 𝑎 logb ⁡ 𝑎

3. Find the square of the sum of the roots of the equation

log 3 ⁡ x ⋅ log 4 ⁡ x ⋅ log 5 ⁡ x = log 3 ⁡ x ⋅ log 4 ⁡ x + log 4 ⁡ x ⋅ log 5 ⁡ x + log 5 ⁡ x ⋅ log 3 ⁡ x.
4. Calculate : 45log4√2 ⁡(3−√6)−6log8⁡(√3−√2)
1 3
log ⁡ 9 log 2
81 5 +3 √63
5. Simplify : ⋅ ((√7)log25 ⁡ 7 − (125)log25⁡ 6 )
409
1
4 1
6. Simplify : 5log1/5 ⁡(2) + log √2 ⁡ + log1/2 ⁡ 10+2√21
√7+√3
2 a2 b5
7. Given that log 2 ⁡ a = s, log 4 ⁡ b = s2 and log c2 ⁡(8) = . Write log 2 ⁡ as a function of 's'
s3 +1 c4
(a, b, c > 0, c ≠ 1).
8. Find the value of 49(1−log7⁡ 2) + 5−log5⁡ 4 .
log ⁡ 24 log2 ⁡ 192
9. Prove that log2 − = 3.
96 ⁡ 2 log12 ⁡ 2

10. Prove that ax − b y = 0 where x = √log a ⁡ b&y = √log b ⁡ a, a > 0, b > 0&a, b ≠ 1.
11. Solve the following equations:
(i) log x−1 ⁡ 3 = 2
1
(ii) log 4 ⁡ (2log 3 ⁡(1 + log 2 ⁡(1 + 3log 3 ⁡ x))) = 2

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(iii) log 3 ⁡(1 + log 3 ⁡(2x − 7)) = 1

(iv) log 3 ⁡(3x − 8) = 2 − x
log ⁡(9−2x )
(v) 2
=1
3−x
(vi) log 5−x ⁡(x − 2x + 65) = 2
2

(vii) log10 ⁡ 5 + log10 ⁡(x + 10) − 1 = log10 ⁡(21x − 20) − log10 ⁡(2x − 1)
(viii) x1+log10⁡ x = 10x
2
(ix) 2(log 𝑥 ⁡ √5) − 3log 𝑥 ⁡ √5 + 1 = 0
(x) 3 + 2log 𝑥+1 ⁡ 3 = 2log 3 ⁡(𝑥 + 1)
12. Solve the following equations :
2 x2
(i) log1/2 ⁡(4x) + log 2 ⁡ ( 8 ) = 8
(ii) log 0.5 ⁡ x 2 − 14log16x ⁡ x 3 + 40log 4x ⁡ √x = 0
(iii) log 3 ⁡(4.3x − 1) = 2x + 1
2+x 2
(iv) log 5 ⁡ ( 10 ) = log 5 ⁡ (x+1)
(v) 1 + 2log (x+2) ⁡ 5 = log 5 ⁡(x + 2)
(vi) log 4 ⁡ 24x = 2log2⁡ 4
(vii) log 2 ⁡(4.3x − 6) − log 2 ⁡(9x − 6) = 1
4
(viii) 2log 8 ⁡(2x) + log 8 ⁡(x 2 + 1 − 2x) = 3
(ix) log 23 ⁡ 6 − log 23 ⁡ 2 = (log10
2
⁡ x − 2)log 3 ⁡ 12
(x) log 6 ⁡ 2 x+3 x
− log 6 ⁡(3 − 2) = x

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EXERCISE – 3

1. If 2a = 3 and 9b = 4 then value of (ab) is-

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2. If log 2 ⁡(4 + log 3 ⁡(x)) = 3, then sum of digits of x is -
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 18
3. Sum of all the solution(s) of the equation log10 ⁡(x) + log10 ⁡(x + 2) − log10 ⁡(5x + 4) = 0 is-
(A) -1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
4. The product of all the solutions of the equation x1+log10⁡ x = 100000x is-
(A) 10 (B) 105 (C) 10−5 (D) 1
5. If x1 and x2 are the roots of equation e3/2 ⋅ x 26nx = x 4 , then the product of the roots of the
equation is -
(A) e2 (B) e (C) e3/2 (D) e−2
6. If log 2 ⁡(x 2 + 1) + log13 ⁡(x 2 + 1) = log 2 ⁡(x 2 + 1)log13 ⁡(x 2 + 1), (x ≠ 0), then log 7 ⁡(x 2 + 24) is
equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2 a4 b3
7. Given log 3 ⁡ a = p = log b ⁡ c and log b ⁡ 9 = p2 .If log 9 ⁡ ( ) = αp3 + βp2 + γp + δ(∀p ∈ R − {0}),
c
then (α + β + γ + δ) equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
8. If log a ⁡(1 − √1 + x) = log a2 ⁡(3 − √1 + x), then number of solutions of the equation is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinitely many
9. The number of solution(s) of √log 3 ⁡(3𝑥 2 ) ⋅ log 9 ⁡(81x) = log 9 ⁡ x 3 is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
2 2
10. If x1 &x2 are the two values of 𝑥 satisfying the equation 72x − 2(7x +x+12 ) + 72x+24 = 0, then
(x1 + x2 ) equals-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) -1 (D) 7
11. If x, y ∈ 2n when n ∈ I and 1 + log x ⁡ y = log 2 ⁡ y, then the value of (x + y) is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
12. If n ∈ N such that characteristic of n2 to the base 8 is 2 , then number of possible values of n is-
(A) 14 (B) 15 (C) 448 (D) infinite

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EXERCISE – 4

1. log 3/4 ⁡ log 8 ⁡(x 2 + 7) + log1/2 ⁡ log1/4 ⁡(x 2 + 7)−1 = −2 [REE 2000, 5 out of 100]
2. Number of solutions of log 4 ⁡(x − 1) = log 2 ⁡(x − 3) is [JEE 2001 (Screening)]
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0
3. Let (x0 , y0 ) be the solution of the following equations [JEE 2011, 𝟑(−𝟏)]
(2x)In⁡ 2 = (3y)In⁡ 3
3In⁡ x = 2In y
Then x0 is
1 1 1
(A) 6 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 6

 1 1 1 1 
4. The value of 6 + log 3  4− 4− 4− .......  is [JEE 2012, 4M]

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 


5. If 3x = 4x−1 , then 𝑥 = [JEE-Advanced 2013, 4, (-1)]

2log3 ⁡ 2 2 1 2log2 ⁡ 3
(A) 2log (B) 2−log (C) 1−log (D) 2log
3 ⁡ 2−1 2⁡ 3 4⁡ 3 2 ⁡ 3−1

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EXERCISE– 5

1. If x = log 2 ⁡(√56 + √56 + √56 + √56 + ⋯ … ∞) then which of the following statements holds

good?
(A) x < 0 (B) 0 < x < 2 (C) 2 < x < 4 (D) 3 < x < 4

2. The greatest value of (4log10 ⁡ x − log x ⁡(.0001)) for 0 < 𝑥 < 1 is-
(A) 4 (B) -4 (C) 8 (D) -8

3. The number of integral solutions of |log 5 ⁡ x 2 − 4| = 2 + |log 5 ⁡ x − 3| is-

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0

1−a−b
4. If 60a = 3 and 60b = 5 then the value of 122(1−b) equals
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) √3 (D) √12
logb+c ⁡ a+logc−b ⁡ a
5. Let ABC be a triangle right angled at C. The value of (b + c ≠ 1, c − b ≠ 1)
logb+c ⁡ a⋅logc−b ⁡ a
equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1/2
6. If α and β are the roots of the equation (log 2 ⁡ x)2 + 4(log 2 ⁡ x) − 1 = 0 then the value of log β ⁡ α +
log α ⁡ β equals
(A) 18 (B) -16 (C) 14 (D) -18
7. The number of solution of the equation e2x + ex + e−2x + e−x = 3(e−2x + ex ) is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) more than 2
8. If log 0.3 ⁡(𝑥 − 1) < log 0.09 ⁡(𝑥 − 1), then 𝑥 lies in the interval
(A) (2, ∞) (B) (1,2) (C) (1, ∞) (D) none of these
[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
2
9. If (log β ⁡ α) + (log α ⁡ β)2 = 79, (α > 0, β > 0, α ≠ 1, β ≠ 1,)thenvalueof(log β ⁡ α) + (log α ⁡ β) can
be-
(A) 7 (B) -9 (C) 9 (D) -7
10. Which of the following statements is(are) correct?
(A) 71/7 > (42)1/14 > 1 (B) log 3 ⁡(5)log 7 ⁡(9)log11 ⁡(13) > −2
1 1
(C)√99 + 70√2 + √99 − 70√2 is rational (D) + >3
log4 ⁡ 3 log7 ⁡ 3

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EXERCISE– 6

1. Let 𝑎 and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c,
different from 1, such that 2(log a ⁡ c + log b ⁡ c) = 9log ab ⁡ c. Find the largest possible value of
log a ⁡ b.
2 3
2. Find the value of the expression log 6
+ log 6
4 ⁡(2000) 5 ⁡(2000)

3. Given that log 2 ⁡ 3 = a, log 3 ⁡ 5 = b and log 7 ⁡ 2 = c, express the logarithm of the number 63 to the
base 140 in terms of a, b & c.
4. If 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are positive real numbers such that alog3⁡ 7 = 27; b log7⁡ 11 = 49 and c log11 ⁡ 25 = √11.
2 2 2
Find the value of (a(log3⁡ 7) + b (log7⁡ 11) + c (log11⁡ 25) )
x
5. If ' x ' and ' y ' are real numbers such that 2log⁡(2y − 3x) = log⁡ x + log⁡ y, find
⁡

6. The real x and y satisfy log 8 ⁡ x + log 4 ⁡ y = 5 and log 8 ⁡ y + log 4 ⁡ x = 7, find xy.
2 2

7. If a = log12 ⁡ 18& b = log 24 ⁡ 54 then find the value of ab + 5(a − b).

8. Solve following equations
(i) |x − 1| = 5 (ii) |x + 1| = |2x − 1|
(iii) |x − 1| + 2|x + 1| = 10 (iv) |2x − 1| − |x − 3| = 7
(v) ⁡𝑥 + |3𝑥 − 2| = 2 (vi) |log 2 ⁡ x| = 3
9. Solve the system of equations :
log a ⁡ xlog a ⁡(xyz) = 48
log a ⁡ ylog a ⁡(xyz) = 12, a > 0, a ≠ 1
log a ⁡ zlog a ⁡(xyz) = 84
10. Let y = √log 2 ⁡ 3 ⋅ log 2 ⁡ 12 ⋅ log 2 ⁡ 48 ⋅ log 2 ⁡ 192 + 16 − log 2 ⋅ 12log 2 ⁡ 48 + 10. Find y ∈ N.
11. Let ' 𝐋 ' denotes the antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024
and 'M' denotes the number of digits in 610 (Given log10 ⁡ 2 = 0.3010, log10 ⁡ 3 = 0.4771 )
and ' 𝐍 ' denotes the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 2 , when base of
the logarithm is 6 . Find the value of LMN.
12. Find the product of the positive roots of the equation √(2017)(x)log2017 ⁡ x = x 2 .
13. If (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) are the solution of the system of equation.
log 225 ⁡(x) + log 64 ⁡(y) = 4
log x ⁡(225) − log y ⁡(64) = 1,
then show that the value of log 30 ⁡(x1 y1 x2 y2 ) = 12.
14. (a) Given : log10 ⁡ 34.56 = 1.5386, find log10 ⁡ 3.456; log10 ⁡ 0.3456&log10 ⁡ 0.003456.

(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3 , when the base of
the logarithm is 7.

(c) If log10 ⁡ 2 = 0.3010&log10 ⁡ 3 = 0.4771, find the value of log10 ⁡(2.25)

(d) Find the antilogarithm of 0.75 , if the base of the logarithm is 2401 .

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10 x+y
15. (a) If 𝑥 xy = 1, y > 0, log y ⁡ x + log x ⁡ y = ⁡and44, then = √N where N is a natural
3 2

number, find the value of N.

(b) If x = 1 + log a ⁡ bc, y = 1 + log b ⁡ ca and z = 1 + log c ⁡ ab, then prove that
xyz = xy + yz + zx.
log ⁡ N log ⁡ N−log ⁡ N
(c) If loga⁡ N = loga ⁡ N−logb⁡ N where N > 0&N ≠ 1,a,b,c > 0& not equal to 1 , then prove that
c b c
b2 = ac.

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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE 1
−7
1. x=3 2. x = −2 3. x=3 4. x=0 5. x= ,2
2
1
6. x = 5,6 7. x=1
8. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3⁡ (v) -1 (vi) -5 (vii) -4
(viii) ½ (ix) 1 (x) 3/2 (xi) −1/5 (xii) −3/7
9. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) -1 (v) -2 (vi) -4 (vii)−1/3
(viii) 1/7 (ix) −5/2 (x) 9/4
10. (i) 4 (ii) 2 (iii) 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 (iv) −5,2 (v) −2,2 (vi) −3,3
11. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) -1 (vi) ½ (vii)−3/2
(viii) 7/2 (ix) 2/7
12. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) -4 (v) −1/2 (vi) ½ (vii) −3/2
(viii) 9/4
13. (i) 9 (ii) 1/81 (iii) 1 (iv) 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
(v) 2 (vi)√2, −√2
14. (i) √2, −√2 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 0 (v) 1, −1
1 3
15. (i) x = ±2 (ii) x = ±2 (iii) x = 2 (iv) x = 4
16. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 4 (v) -1 (vi) -2
(vii) −1/2 (viii) ¼ (ix) ½ (x) 1/3 (xi) 1/3
17. (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 3 (iv) 9 (v) 9 (vi) 2
−1
18. (i) (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (v) 1 (vi) 4
2

19. 8
EXERCISE 2

1. 12 2. (a) -1 (b) log b ⁡ N 3. ⁡3721 4. 9 5. 1

25
6. 6 7. 2𝑠 + 10𝑠 − 3(𝑠 3 + 1)
2
8. 2
11. i. {1 + √3} ii. {3} iii. {4} iv. {2} v. {0} vi. {−5}
vii. {3/2,10} viii. {10−1 , 10} ix. {√5, 5} x. {−(3 − √3)/3,8}
12. i. {2−7 , 2} ii. {1/√2, 1,4} iii. {−1,0} iv. {3}
v. {−9/5,23} vi. {2} vii. {1} viii. {2}

ix. {10−√3 , 10√3 } x. {log 3 ⁡ 4}

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EXERCISE 3

1. A 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C
8. A 9. B 10. B 11. D 12. B
EXERCISE 4 (JA)

1. x = 3 or –3 2. B 3. C 4. 4 5. ABC

EXERCISE 5

1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. C
8. A 9. BC 10. ABD
EXERCISE 6
1 1+2ac 4
1. 2 2. 3. 4. 469 5. 6. xy = 29
6 2c+abc+1 9
−11
7. 1 8. (i) x = 6, −4 (ii) x = 2,0 (iii) 𝑥 = 3, (iv) x = 5, −9 (v) x = 1,0
3

1 1 1 1
(vi) x = 8, 8 9. (a4 , a, a7 ) or ( 4 , , 7 ) 10. y=6 11. 23040
a a a

12. (2017)2
14. (a) 0.5386; 1̅. 5386; 3̅. 5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 343 15. (a) 507

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SOLUTIONS - LOGARITHM

EXERCISE1

1. 4x − 10 ⋅ 2x−1 − 24 = 0
10⋅2x
(2x )2 − − 24 = 0 ⇒ (2x )2 − 5 ⋅ 2x − 24 = 0
2

(2x − 8)(2x + 3) = 0 ⇒ 2x = 8 (2x ≠ −3 ∵ 2x > 0) ⇒ 𝑥=3

2. 4 ⋅ 22x − 6x = 18.32x ⇒ 4. (2x )2 − 18 ⋅ 32x − 6x = 0
4. (2x )2 − 2x ⋅ 3x − 18 ⋅ (3x )2 = 0 ⇒ (4 ⋅ 2x − 9.3x )(2x + 2 ⋅ 3x ) = 0
4.2x = 9.3x (2x + 2.3x ) = 0Rejected⁡ax is always positive ⇒ 2x+2 = 3x+2

x+2 =0 ⇒ x = −2
3. 32x−3 − 9x−1 + 272x/3 = 675 ⇒ 32x−3 − 32(x−1) + 33 (2x/3) = 33 ⋅ 52
32x 32x
( 27 − + 32x ) = 33 ⋅ 52
9

1 1 1
32x (27 − + 1) = 33 ⋅ 52
9

25
32x (27) = 33 ⋅ 52
32x = 36
x=3
1
4. 7x+2 − 7 ⋅ 7x+1 − 14 ⋅ 7x−1 + 2 ⋅ 7x = 48 ⇒ 7x+2 − 7x − 14 ⋅ 7x−1 + 2.7x = 48

7x+2 − 7x − 2 ⋅ 7x + 2.7x = 48 ⇒ 72 ⋅ 7x − 7x = 48
48 ⋅ 7x = 48 ⇒ 7x = 1 ⇒ x=0
2 2
5 x+1 9 x +2x−11 5 9 3 2(x +2x−11) 3 x+1 3 −9
5. (3) ⋅ (25) = (3) ⇒ (5) = (5) (5)
2
3 2(x +2x−11) 3 x−8
(5) = (5) ⇒ 2(x 2 + 2x − 11) = x − 8

2x 2 + 4x − 22 − x + 8 = 0 ⇒ 2x 2 + 3x − 14 = 0
−7
(2x + 7)(x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x= ⁡&⁡x = 2
2
2 −7.2x+3.9
6. (3x − 9√3)log⁡(7 − x) = 0

2 −7.2x+3.9
3x − 9√3 = 0 log⁡(7 − x) = 0
72x 39 5
x2 − + 10 = 2 7 − x = 1⁡ ⇒ ⁡x = 6
10

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1
10x 2 − 72x + 14 = 0 ⇒ (x − 7)(10x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x=5

(x = 7 rejected ∵ 7 − x ≠ 0)

7. 52x = 32x + 2.5x + 2.3x ⇒ 52x − 32x = 2(5x + 3x )

(5x + 3x )(5x − 3x ) = 2(5x + 3x ) ⇒ 5x − 3x = 2

only true for x = 1

8. (i) log 2 ⁡ 1 = 0 (ii) log 2 ⁡ 2 = 1

(iii) log 2 ⁡ 4 = log 2 ⁡ 22 = 2 (iv) log 2 ⁡ 8 = 3
(v) log 2 ⁡ 1/2 = log 2 ⁡ 2−1 = −1 (vi) log 2 ⁡ 1/32 = log 2 ⁡ 2−5 = −5
1
1 1
(vii) log 2 ⁡ 16 = log 2 ⁡ 2−4 = −4 (viii) log 2 ⁡ √2 = log 2 ⁡ 22 = 2
3
(ix) log 2 ⁡ √8 = log 2 ⁡ 2 = 1 (x) log 2 ⁡ 2√2 = log 2 ⁡ 23/2 = 3/2
1 1
(xi) log 2 ⁡ 5 = log 2 ⁡ 2−1/5 = −1/5 (xii) log 2 ⁡ 7 = log 2 ⁡ 2−3/7 = −3/7
√2 √8

1
9. (i) log 1 ⁡ 1 = 0 (ii) log 1 ⁡ 3 = 1
3 3
1 1 2
(iii) log 1 ⁡ 9 = log 1 ⁡ (3) = 2 (iv) log 1 ⁡ 3 = −log 3 ⁡ 3 = −1
3 3 3
(v) log 1 ⁡ 9 = −log 3 ⁡ 32 = −2 (vi) log 1 ⁡ 81 = −log 3 ⁡ 34 = −4
3 3
1 1
1 1 1
(viii) log 1 ⁡ 7 = −log 3 ⁡ 3−7 =
3
(vii) log 1 ⁡ √3 = −log 3 ⁡ 3 = −
3
3 3 3 √3 7
−9
−5 1 9
(ix) log 1 ⁡ 9√3 = −log 3 ⁡ 35/2 = (x) log 1 ⁡ 4 = −log 3 ⁡ 3 4 =4
3 2 3 9 √3

10. (i) log 2 ⁡ a = 2 ⇒ a = 22 = 4

(ii) log a ⁡ 2 = 1 ⇒ 2=a

(iii) log a ⁡ 1 = 0 ⇒ a > 0⁡&⁡a ≠ 1

(iv) log10 ⁡(a(a + 3)) = 1 ⇒ a(a + 3) = 10 ⇒ a2 + 3a − 10 = 0

(a + 5)(a − 2) = 0 ⇒ a = −5,2

(v) log1/3 ⁡(a2 − 1) = −1

1 −1
(a2 − 1) = ( ) ⇒ a2 − 1 = 3 ⇒ a2 = 4 ⇒ a = ±2
3

(vi) log 2 ⁡(a2 − 5) = 2

a2 − 5 = 22 ⇒ a2 = 9 ⇒ a = ±3

11. (i) log 3 ⁡ 1 = 0 (ii) log 3 ⁡ 3 = 1

(iii) log 3 ⁡ 9 = 2 (iv) log 3 ⁡ 81 = 4
1 1
(v) log 3 ⁡ 3 = log 3 ⁡ 3−1 = −1 (vi) log 3 ⁡ √3 = 2
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−3
1 −3
(vii) log 3 ⁡ 3√3 = log 3 ⁡ 3 2 = (viii) log 3 ⁡ 27√3 = log 3 ⁡ 37/2 = 7/2
2
7
(ix) log 3 ⁡ √9 = log 3 ⁡ 32/7 = 2/7
1
12. (i) log 1 ⁡ 1 = 0 (ii) log 1 ⁡ 2 = 1
2 2
1 1 3
(iii) log 1 ⁡ 8 = log 1 ⁡ (2) = 3 (iv) log 1 ⁡ 16 = −log 2 ⁡ 24 = −4
2 2 2
1 −1
−1 1 1
(v) log 1 ⁡ √2 = −log 2 ⁡ 2 = 2 (vi) log 1 ⁡ = −log 2 ⁡ 2 2 = 2
2 2 2 √2
3
−3
(vii) log 1 ⁡ 2√2 = −log 2 ⁡ 2 = 2
2 2
−1 −9
1 9
(viii) log 1 ⁡ 4 = −log 2 ⁡ 2−2 ⋅ 2 4 = −log 2 ⁡ 2 4 = 4
2 4 √2
13. (i) log 3 ⁡ a = 2 ⇒ a = 32 = 9
1
(ii) log1/3 ⁡(a) = 4 ⇒ a = (1/3)4 ⇒ a = 81
(iii) log1/3 ⁡(a) = 0 ⇒ a = (1/3)0 = 1 ⇒ a=1
(iv) log a ⁡ 1 = 0 ⇒ a > 0⁡a ≠ 1
(v) log a ⁡(a + 2) = 2 ⇒ (a + 2) = a2 ⇒ a2 − a − 2 = 0
(a − 2)(a + 1) = 0 ⇒ a = 2⁡⁡⁡(a ≠ −1 ∵ base cannot be negative )
(vi) log 3 ⁡(a2 + 1) = 1 ⇒ a2 + 1 = 3 ⇒ a2 = 2 ⇒ a = ±√2
14. (i) 2
log 2 ⁡ x = 1
x2 = 2 ⇒ x = ±√2
(ii) log 3 ⁡ x = log 3 ⁡(2 − x)
x= 2−x ⇒ x=1
(iii) 2
log 4 ⁡ x = log 4 ⁡ x
x2 = x ⇒ x(x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 1⁡(∵ x = 0 is out of domain )
(iv) log 1 ⁡(2x + 1) = log 1 ⁡(x + 1)
2 2
2x + 1 = x + 1 ⇒ x=0
(v) 2
log1/3 ⁡(x + 8) = −2
(x 2 + 8) = (1/3)−2 ⇒ x 2 + 8 = 32 ⇒ x2 = 1 ⇒ x = ±⁡1⁡
15. (i) log 2 ⁡ x 2 = 2 (ii) log1/4 ⁡ x 2 = 1
x 2 = 22 x 2 = 1/4
1
x = ±2 x = ±2
(iii) log1/2 ⁡ x − log1/2 ⁡(3 − x) = 0
x x
log1/2 ⁡ (3−x) = 0 ⇒ =1 ⇒ x= 3−x ⇒ 2x = 3
3−x
3
x=2
x+1
(iv) log 2 ⁡(x + 1) − log 2 ⁡(2x − 3) = 0 ⇒ log 2 ⁡ (2x−3) = 0

x+1
(2x−3) = 1 ⇒ x + 1 = 2x − 3 ⇒ x=4

16. (i) log 5 ⁡ 1 = 0 (ii) log 5 ⁡ 5 = 1

(iii) log 5 ⁡ 25 = 2 (iv) log 5 ⁡ 54 = 4
1 1
(v) log 5 ⁡ 5 = log 5 ⁡ 5−1 = −1 (vi) log 5 ⁡ 25 = log 5 ⁡ 5−2 = −2

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1 1 1
(vii) log 5 ⁡ = log 5 ⁡ 5−1/2 = − 2 (viii) log 5 ⁡ √√5 = log 5 ⁡ 51/4 = 4
√5
1 1
(ix) log 5 ⁡ 51/2 = 2 (x) log 5 ⁡ 51/3 = 3
4 3 1/4 1/4 1
(xi) log 5 ⁡ √5 √5 = log 5 ⁡(5.51/3 ) = log 5 ⁡(54/3 ) =3

17. (i) log √3−√2 ⁡(√5 − 2√6) = log (√3−√2) ⁡ √(√3 − √2)2 = 1
(ii) log √5+1 ⁡(6 + 2√5) = log √5+1 ⁡(√5 + 1)2 = 2
(iii) log 7 ⁡ 3 ⋅ log 5 ⁡ 2 ⋅ log 3 ⁡ 7 ⋅ log 2 ⁡(125) = log 5 ⁡ 2 ⋅ log 2 ⁡ 53 = 3log 5 ⁡ 2 ⋅ log 2 ⁡ 5 = 3
2
(iv) 25log5⁡ 3 = 52log5⁡ 3 = 5log5⁡ 3 = 9
16 1
(v) 6log6⁡ 5 + 3log9 ⁡ 16 = 5 + 3log316 = 5 + 32log3⁡ 16 = 5 + 4 = 9
1
(vi) log 6 ⁡ 4 + log ⁡ 6 = log 6 ⁡ 4 + log 6 ⁡ 9 = log 6 ⁡ 36 = 2
9
−1
1
18. (i) log 5 ⁡ ( ) = log 5 ⁡ 5 2 = −1/2
√5
(ii) log 3 ⁡(4sin2 ⁡ x + 4cos 2 ⁡ x − 1) = log 3 ⁡(4 − 1) = log 3 ⁡ 3 = 1
(iii) log12 ⁡ 8 + log12 ⁡ 3 + log12 ⁡ 6 = log12 ⁡(8 × 3 × 6) = log12 ⁡ 144⁡ = log12 ⁡ 122 = 2
500 4 500 3
(iv) log 5 ⁡ 3 − log 5 ⁡ 3 = log 5 ⁡ ( 3 × 4) = log 5 ⁡ 125 = 3
15 13
15 13 5 × 15 13 21
(v) log 39 ⁡ + log 39 ⁡ − log 39 ⁡ 21 = log 39 ⁡ ( 7 3
5 ) = log 39 ⁡ ( 7 × × ) = log 39 ⁡ 39 = 1
7 3 3 5
21
(vi) 2log 6 ⁡ 2 + 3log 6 ⁡ 3 + log 6 ⁡ 12
= log 6 ⁡(4 × 33 × 12) = log 6 ⁡(48 × 27) = log 6 ⁡ 1296 = log 6 ⁡ 64 = 4

𝟏𝟗. 2(√3 + √5 − √13 + √48)

= 2 √3 + √5 − √(√12 + 1)2 = 2(√3 + √5 − √12 − 1) = 2(√3 + √4 − √12)

( )

= 2 (√3 + √(√3 − 1)2 ) = 2(√3 + √3 − 1) = 2(√2 + √3)

= (√8 + 4√3) = √(√6 + √2)2

= √6 + √2⁡ on comparing ⋅ √a + √b
⇒ a = 6, ⁡ b = 2
⇒a+b=8

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EXERCISE 2
ab+√(ab)2 −4(a+b) ab−√(ab)2 −4(a+b)
𝟏. log10 ⁡ ( ) + log10 ⁡ ( )
2 2
(ab)2 −((ab)2 −4(a+b)) 4(a+b)
= log10 ⁡ ( = log10 ⁡ ( ) = log10 ⁡(43 + 57) = log10 ⁡(100) = 2
4 4
B = 2log6⁡ 18 ⋅ 3 = 2(log6⁡ 6+log6⁡ 3) ⋅ 3
log6 ⁡ 3 log6 ⁡ 3
= 2(1+log6⁡ 3) ⋅ 3log6⁡ 3
= 2 ⋅ (2log6⁡ 3 ⋅ 3log6⁡ 3 ) = 2 ⋅ (6log6⁡ 3 ) =2⋅3=6 ⇒ AB = 2 × 6 = 12
1/4 1/3 1/4
−4/3 1/3
2. (a) log1/3 ⁡ (729 ⋅ (9−1 ⋅ 27 ) ) = log1/3 ⁡ (36 (3−2 ⋅ (33 )−4/3 ) )
1/4
= log1/3 ⁡(36 (3−6 )1/3 ) = ⁡log1/3 ⁡(36 ⋅ 3−2 )1/4 = ⁡log1/3 ⁡(34 )1/4
= ⁡log1/3 ⁡ 3 = −1
logb ⁡(logb ⁡ N)
( )
(b) a logb ⁡ a
= aloga ⁡(loga ⁡ N) = log b ⁡ N
𝟑. log 3 ⁡ X ⋅ log 4 ⁡ X ⋅ log 5 ⁡ X = log 3 ⁡ X ⋅ log 4 ⁡ X + log 4 ⁡ X ⋅ log 5 ⁡ X + log 5 ⁡ X ⋅ log 3 ⁡ X
1 1 1 1
= log ⁡ 3⋅log ⁡ 4 + log ⁡ 4⋅log ⁡ 5 + log ⁡ 5⋅log ⁡ 3
log ⁡ 3⋅log ⁡ 4⋅log ⁡ 5
x x x x x x x x x
1 logx ⁡ 5+logx ⁡ 3+logx ⁡ 4
=
logx ⁡ 3⋅logx ⁡ 4⋅logx ⁡5 logx ⁡ 3⋅logx ⁡ 4⋅logx ⁡ 5
log x ⁡ 60 = 1 ⇒ x = 60 ⇒ and x = 1 is also solution for this equation
2 2 2
(x1 + x2 ) = (60 + 1) = (61) = 3721
4. 45log4√2 ⁡(3−√6) − 6log 8 ⁡(√3 − √2) ⇒ 4(5log2⁡ 5/2(3−√6)−6log2⁡(√3−√2))
2 −log⁡(√3−√2)2 ) (3−√6)2 3(3−√2)2 2
4(log2⁡(3−√6) ⇒ log 2 ⁡ (√3−√2)2 = 4log 2 ⁡ (√3−√2)2 = 2log2⁡ 3 = 9
1 3
( ) (
81 log5 ⁡ 9 +3 log√6 ⁡ 3 )
2
5. ⋅ ((√7)log25 ⁡ 7 − (125)log25⁡ 6 )
409
81log9 ⁡ 5 +33log3 ⁡ √6 25+6√6
⋅ ((√7)2log7⁡ 25 − 53log52 ⁡ 6 ) ⇒ (25 − 6√6)
409 409
625−216 409
= =1
409 409
1
log1/5 ⁡( ) 4 1
𝟔. 5 2 + log √2 ⁡ ( ) + log1/2 ⁡ (10+2√21)
√7+√3
4 1 16 1
= 2 + 2log 2 ⁡ ( ) − log 2 ⁡ (2(5+√21)) = 2 + log 2 ⁡ (7+3+2√21) − log 2 ⁡ (2(5+√21))
√7+√3
16
= 2 + log 2 ⁡ (10+2√21) × 2(5 + √21) = 2 + log 2 ⁡ 24 = 2 + 4 = 6
2
7. log 2 ⁡ a = s, ⁡log 4 ⁡ b = s 2 &log c2 ⁡(8) = s3 +1
2 4 s3 +1 2
s s2 ( ) a2 b5 22 s ⋅45s
a = 2 , ⁡b = 4 , ⁡8 = (C2 )s3+1 =C s3 +1 ⇒C=8 4 ⇒ log 2 ⁡ ( ) = log 2 ⁡ ( 3 )
c4 8(s +1)
2 3
= log 2 ⁡ 22 s+10 s −3s −3 = 2 s + 10 s 2 − 3( s3 + 1)
8. 49(1−log7⁡ 2) + 5−log5⁡ 4
−1
= 49.49−log7⁡ 2 + 5log5⁡ 4
1
= 49.7−2log7⁡ 2 + 4
−2 1
= 49.7log7⁡ 2 +4
1 1
= 49. 4 + 4
50 25
= =
4 2

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log2 ⁡(8×3) log2 ⁡(26 ×3)

9. L.H.S. = −
log96 ⁡ 2 log12 ⁡ 2

= (3 + log 2 ⁡ 3)log 2 ⁡ 96 − (6 + log 2 ⁡ 3)log 2 ⁡ 12

= (3 + log 2 ⁡ 3)(log 2 ⁡(25 × 3)) − (6 + log 2 ⁡ 3)(log 2 ⁡(4 × 3))

= (3 + log 2 ⁡ 3)(5 + log 2 ⁡ 3) − (6 + log 2 ⁡ 3)(2 + log 2 ⁡ 3)

= 15 + 8log 2 ⁡ 3 + (log 2 ⁡ 3)2 − 12 − 8log 2 ⁡ 3 − (log 2 ⁡ 3)2 = 3
10. ax − b y = 0
x √loga ⁡ b
x = √log a ⁡ b&y = √log b ⁡ a ⇒ =
y √logb ⁡ a

x log ⁡ b x
= √loga ⁡ a = √(log a ⁡ b)2 ⇒ = log a ⁡ b
y b y

b = ax/y ⇒ b y = ax ⇒ ax − b y = 0 Proved
11. (i) log x−1 ⁡ 3 = 2
1 1
=2 ⇒ log 3 ⁡ x − 1 = 2 ⇒ x − 1 = √3 ⇒ x = 1 + √3
log3 ⁡ x−1
1
(ii) log 4 ⁡ (2log 3 ⁡(1 + log 2 ⁡(1 + 3log 3 ⁡ x))) = 2 ⇒ 2log 3 ⁡(1 + log 2 ⁡(1 + 3log 3 ⁡ x)) = 2

1 + log 2 ⁡(1 + 3log 3 ⁡ x) = 3 ⇒ (1 + 3log 3 ⁡ x) = 4 ⇒ 3log 3 ⁡ x = 3

log 3 ⁡ x = 1 ⇒ x=3

(iii) log 3 ⁡(1 + log 3 ⁡(2x − 7)) = 1 ⇒ 1 + log 3 ⁡(2x − 7) = 3

log 3 ⁡(2x − 7) = 2 ⇒ (2x − 7) = 9 ⇒ 2x = 16 = 24 ⇒ x = 4

9
(iv) log 3 ⁡(3x − 8) = 2 − x ⇒ 3x − 8 = 32−x ⇒ 3x − 8 = 3x

(3x )2 − 8.3x = 9⁡(∵ let⁡ 3x = t) ⇒ t 2 − 8t − 9 = 0 ⇒ (t + 1)(t − 9) = 0

t = 9⁡(∵ 3x cannot be negative ) ⇒ 3x = 9 ⇒ 3x = 32 ⇒ x=2

log2 ⁡(9−2x )
(v) =1 ⇒ log 2 ⁡(9 − 2x ) = 3 − x
(3−x)

8
9 − 2x = 23−x ⇒ 9 − 2x = 2x

9t − t 2 = 8 ⇒ t 2 − 9t + 8 = 0 ⇒ (t − 8)(t − 1) = 0 ⇒ t = 1⁡t = 8

2x = 1⁡2x = 8 ⇒ x = 0⁡x = 3 rejected ⁡(∵ 3 − x ≠ 0 denominator )

(vi) log 5−x ⁡(x 2 − 2x + 65) = 2 ⇒ x 2 − 2x + 65 = (5 − x)2

x 2 − 2x + 65 = 25 + x 2 − 10x ⇒ 8x = −40 ⇒ x = −5

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(vii) log10 ⁡ 5 + log10 ⁡(x + 10) − 1 = log10 ⁡(21x − 20) − log10 ⁡(2x − 1)
5(x+10) 21x−20 x+10 21x−20
log10 ⁡ ( ) = log10 ⁡ ( ) ⇒ =
10 2x−1 2 2x−1

2x 2 + 20x − x − 10 = 42x − 40 ⇒ 2x 2 − 23x + 30 = 0

(x − 10)(2x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 10, ⁡x = 3/2

(viii) x1+log10⁡ x = 10x

x ⋅ x log10 ⁡ x = 10x ⇒ log10 ⁡ x log10 ⁡ x = log10 ⁡ 10 ⇒ (log10 ⁡ x)2 = 1

1
log10 ⁡ x = ±1 ⇒ x = 10,
10

2
(ix) 2(log x ⁡ √5) − 3log x ⁡ √5 + 1 = 0⁡ (let log x ⁡ √5 = t )

2t 2 − 3t + 1 = 0 ⇒ (t − 1)(2t − 1) = 0

t=1 t = 1/2
1
log x ⁡ √5 = 1 log x ⁡ √5 = 2

1
x = √5 √5 = x 2 ⁡ ⇒ ⁡x = 5

x ∈ {√5, 5}

(x) 3 + 2log x+1 ⁡ 3 = 2log 3 ⁡(x + 1)

2
3 + log = 2log 3 ⁡(x + 1) (let log 3 ⁡(x + 1) = t)
3 ⁡(x+1)

2
3 + t = 2t ⇒ 3t + 2 = 2t 2 ⇒ 2t 2 − 3t − 2 = 0

(t − 2)(2t + 1) = 0 ⇒ t = 2, −1/2 ⇒ If t = −1/2

1 1 1−√3 √3−3 −(3−√3)

x+1 = ⇒ x= −1= =( ) =
√3 √3 √3 3 3

If t=2 ⇒ log 3 ⁡(x + 1) = 2 ⇒ x+1 =9 ⇒ x=8

x2
12. (i) log 21 ⁡(4x) + log 2 ⁡ ( 8 ) = 8
2

(log 2−1 ⁡(4x))2 + log 2 ⁡ x 2 − log 2 ⁡ 8 = 8

(log 2 ⁡(4x))2 + 2log 2 ⁡ x − 3 = 8
(log 2 ⁡ 4 + log 2 ⁡ x)2 + 2log 2 ⁡ x − 11 = 0
(2 + log 2 ⁡ x)2 + 2log 2 ⁡ x − 11 = 0

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4 + log 22 ⁡ x + 4log 2 ⁡ x + 2log 2 ⁡ x − 11 = 0 (let log 2 ⁡ x = t )

t 2 + 6t − 7 = 0

(t + 7)(t − 1) = 0
t = −7,1
log 2 ⁡ x = −7⁡ log 2 ⁡ x = 1
x = 2−7 ⁡x = 2

(ii) log 0.5x ⁡ x 2 − 14log16x ⁡ x 3 + 40log 4𝑥 ⁡ √x = 0

2 42 20
− + =0
logx ⁡ 0.5x logx ⁡ 16x logx ⁡ 4x

(4 log x 2 + 1)(2 log x 2 + 1) − 21(log x 0.5 + 1)(2 log x 2 + 1) +

10(log x ⁡ 0.5 + 1)(4log x ⁡ 2 + 1) = 0
(4t + 1)(2t + 1) − 21(−t + 1)(2t + 1) + 10(−t + 1)(4t + 1) = 0(let⁡ log x ⁡ 2 = t)
10t 2 + 15t − 10 = 0
2t 2 + 3t − 2 = 0
(t + 2)(2t − 1) = 0
t = −2,1/2
1
log x ⁡ 2 = −2 log x ⁡ 2 = 2
1
2 = x −2 2 = x2
2 = 1/x 2 x = 22 = 4
1
x2 = 2
1
x= (x ≠ −1/√2⁡ ∵ x cannot be negative )
√2

(iii) log 3 ⁡(4.3x − 1) = 2x + 1

4.3x − 1 = 3(2x+1) ⇒ 4.3x − 1 = 32x ⋅ 3

3.32x − 4.3x + 1 = 0 (let⁡ 3x = t)

3 ⋅ t 2 − 4t + 1 = 0 ⇒ (t − 1)(3t − 1) = 0
1
t=1 t=3

1
3x = 1 3x = 3

x=0 x = −1

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2+𝑥 2
(iv) log 5 ⁡ ( 10 ) = log 5 ⁡ (𝑥+1)

2+x 2
= x+1 ⇒ (2 + x)(x + 1) = 20 ⇒ 2x + x 2 + 2 + x = 20
10

x 2 + 3x − 18 = 0 ⇒ (x − 3)(x + 6) = 0
2
x = 3⁡ (x ≠ −6 ∵ (x+1) cannot be negative )

(v) 1 + 2log (x+2) ⁡ 5 = log 5 ⁡(x + 2)

2
1 + log = log 5 ⁡(x + 2) (let log 5 ⁡(x + 2) = t)
5 ⁡(x+2)

2
1+t =t ⇒ t2 − t − 2 = 0 ⇒ t 2 − 2t + t − 2 = 0

t(t − 2) + 1(t − 2) = 0 ⇒ (t − 2)(t + 1) = 0 ⇒ t = 2, −1

if t = log 5 ⁡(x + 2) = 2 ⇒ (x + 2) = 25 ⇒ x = 23
1 1
if t = log 5 ⁡(x + 2) = −1 ⇒ x+2 =5 ⇒ x=5−2

−9
x= 5

1 4x
(vi) ⁡log 4 ⁡ 24x = 2log2⁡ 4 ⇒ log 2 ⁡ 24x = 4 ⇒ =4⇒ x=2
2 2

(vii) log 2 ⁡(4.3x − 6) − log 2 ⁡(9x − 6) = 1

4.3x −6 4t−6
= 2⁡(let⁡ 3x = t) ⇒ =2 ⇒ 4t − 6 = 2t 2 − 12
9x −6 t2 −6

2t 2 − 4t − 6 = 0 ⇒ t 2 − 2t − 3 = 0 ⇒ (t − 3)(t + 1) = 0

t = 3⁡(∵ 3x cannot be negative ) ⇒ 3x = 3 ⇒ x=1

4
(viii) 2log 8 ⁡(2x) + log 8 ⁡(x 2 + 1 − 2x) = 3

4 4
log 8 ⁡(4x 2 ) + log 8 ⁡(x 2 + 1 − 2x) = ⇒ log 8 ⁡(4x 2 )(x 2 − 2x + 1) =
3 3

(4x 2 )(x 2 − 2x + 1) = (23 )4/3 ⇒ 4x 2 (x 2 − 2x + 1) = 16

x 2 (x 2 − 2x + 1) = 4 ⇒ x 4 − 2x 3 + x 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ (x − 2)(x 3 + x + 2) = 0

(x − 2)(x + 1)(x 2 − x + 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 2⁡(x ≠ −1⁡ ∵ 2x cannot be negative )

(ix) log 23 ⁡ 6 − log 23 ⁡ 2 = (log10

2
⁡ x − 2)log 3 ⁡ 12
2
(log 3 ⁡ 6 + log 3 ⁡ 2)(log 3 ⁡ 6 − log 3 ⁡ 2) = (log10 ⁡ x − 2)log 3 ⁡ 12
2
log 3 ⁡ 12 ⋅ log 3 ⁡ 3 = (log10 ⁡ x − 2)log 3 ⁡ 12
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2
3 = log10 ⁡x ⇒ √3 = log10 ⁡ x ⇒ x = 10√3 , 10−√3

(x) log 6 ⁡ 2x+3 − log 6 ⁡(3x − 2) = x

2x+3 2x+3 8⋅2x

log 6 ⁡ (3x −2) = x ⇒ = 6x ⇒ = 3x ⋅ 2x let 3x =1
3x −2 3x −2

8
=t⇒ 8 = t 2 − 2t ⇒ t 2 − 2t − 8 = 0
t−2

(t + 2)(t − 4) = 0 ⇒ t = 4⁡(t ≠ −2 ∵ 3x cannot be negative))

3x = 4 ⇒ x = log 3 ⁡ 4

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EXERCISE 3

1. ⁡log 2 ⁡ 2a = log 2 ⁡ 3 log 2 ⁡ 9b = log 2 ⁡ 4

log ⁡ 4
a = log 2 ⁡ 3 … … … (1) b = log2 ⁡ 9 = log 9 ⁡ 4 …….(2)
2
log2 ⁡ 4
b = log = log 9 ⁡ 4.
2⁡ 9

2
ab = log 2 ⁡ 3 × log 9 ⁡ 4 = log 2 ⁡ 3 × log 3 ⁡ 22 = log 2 ⁡ 3 × 2 log 3 ⁡ 2 ⇒ ab = 1

2. 4 + log 3 ⁡(x) = 23 ⇒ log 3 ⁡(x) = 8 − 4 ⇒ x = 34 = 81 ⇒sum of digits = 8 + 1 = 9

x(x+2) x2 +2x
3. log10 ⁡ ( 5x+4 ) = 0 ⇒ = 100 = 1 ⇒ x 2 + 2x = 5x + 4
5x+4

x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0 ⇒ (x + 1)(x − 4) = 0

x = 4⁡(∵ x = −1 is out of domain ) ⇒ sum = 4

4. x ⋅ x log10 ⁡ x = 100000x

x(x log10⁡ x − 100000) = 0 ∴ ⁡x ≠ 0

x log10 ⁡ x = 105 ⇒ log10 ⁡ x log10 ⁡ x = log10 ⁡ 105 ⇒ log10 ⁡ x ⋅ log10 ⁡ x = 5

1
(log10 ⁡ x)2 = 5 ⇒ (log10 ⁡ x) = ±52 ⇒ x1 = 10√5 &⁡x2 = 10−√5

x1 × x2 = 10√5 × 10−√5 = 100 = 1

3
5. log e ⁡ e2 = log e ⁡ x (4−2ln⁡ x)
3 3
= (4 − ln⁡ x 2 )ln⁡ x ⇒ = 2(2 − ln⁡ x)ln⁡ x ⇒ 3 = 8ln⁡ x − 41ln2 ⁡ x
2 2
3 1
4ln2 ⁡ x − 8ln⁡ x + 3 = 0 ⇒ ln⁡ x = 2 , 2 ⇒ x1 = e3/2 ⁡&x2 = e1/2

Product x1 x2 = e3/2 ⋅ e1/2 = e2

log2 ⁡(x2 +1)+log13 ⁡(x2 +1) 1 1
6. =1 ⇒ + log =1
log2 ⁡(x2 +1)⋅log13 ⁡(x2 +1) log13 ⁡(x2 +1) 2 ⁡(x
2 +1)

log (x2+1) ⁡(13) + log (x2+1) ⁡ 2 = 1 ⇒ log (x2+1) ⁡ 26 = 1

26 = x 2 + 1 ⇒ x 2 = 25 ⇒ x = ±5
log 7 ⁡(x 2 + 24) = log 7 ⁡(25 + 24) = log 7 ⁡ 49 = 2
2 2 /2) 2
7. a = 3p , c = b p , 9 = b 2/p ⇒ b = 9(p ⇒ b = 3p
2 2
a4 b3 34p ⋅33p 34p+3 p 2 −p3
log 9 ⁡ ( ) = log 9 ⁡ ( ) = log 9 ⁡ ( 3 ) = log 9 ⁡(34p+3 p )
c bp 3p

1 2 −p3 ) −p3 +3p2 +4p −1 3

= 2 log 3 ⁡ 3(4p+3p = 2
⇒ ⁡α = 2
, β = 2 , ⁡γ = 2, ⁡δ = 0
−1 3 4
Hence α + β + γ + δ = +2+2+0= 1+2= 3
2

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1
8. log a ⁡(1 − √1 + x) = 2 log a ⁡(3 − √1 + x)
(1 − √1 + x)2 = (3 − √1 + x) ⁡ ⇒ 1 + (1 + x) − 2√1 + x = 3 − √1 + x

2 + x − 3 = √1 + x ⇒ x − 1 = √1 + x ⇒ x 2 + 1 − 2x = 1 + x

x 2 − 3x = 0 ⇒ x(x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0,3

Both the solutions are out of domain

so number of solutions of the equation = 0

1
9. √(1 + log 3 ⁡ x 2 ) (2 + log 3 ⁡ x) = log 9 ⁡ x 3
2

(1+2log3 ⁡ x)(4+log3 ⁡ x) 3 4+8log3 ⁡ x+log3 ⁡ x+2log23 ⁡ x 9

√ = 2 log 3 ⁡ x ⇒ = 4 log 23 ⁡ x
2 2

8 + 16log 3 ⁡ x + 2log 3 ⁡ x + 4log 23 ⁡ x = 9log 23 ⁡ x ⇒ 5log 23 ⁡ x − 18log 3 ⁡ x − 8 = 0

5log 23 ⁡ x − 20log 3 ⁡ x + 2log 3 ⁡ x − 8 = 0 ⇒ 5log 3 ⁡ x(log 3 ⁡ x − 4) + 2(log 3 ⁡ x − 4) = 0
log 3 ⁡ x − 4 = 0⁡ or ⁡5log 3 ⁡ x + 2 = 0
x=3 4
x = 3−2/5 (Rejected ∵ LHS cannot be negative)
2 2 2 2
10. (7x ) − 2 × 7x × 7x+12 + (7(x+12) ) = 0
2 2 2
(7x − 7(x+12) ) = 0 ⇒ 7x = 7x+12 ⇒ x 2 = x + 12 ⇒ x 2 − x − 12 = 0

(x + 3)(x − 4) = 0 ⇒ x1 = −3, ⁡x2 = 4 ⇒ x1 + x2 = 1

11. x, y ∈ 2n &n ∈ I
1 + log x ⁡ y = log 2 ⁡ y
log ⁡ y
1 + log2 ⁡ x = log 2 ⁡ y (Let x = 2A &y = 2B )
2

B
1+A=B ⇒ A + B = AB

Possible solutions are (a) A = B = 0 (Rejected ∵ x ≠ 1 )

(b) A = B = 2

x = 22 & y = 22
x=4 & y=4
(x + y) = 8

12. 2 ≤ log 8 ⁡ n2 < 3

82 ≤ n2 < 83 ⇒ 82 ≤ n2 < (16√2)2 ⇒ 8 ≤ n < 16√2 ⇒ 8 ≤ n < 22.6

if n ∈ I n = {8,9,10 … … . .22} ⇒ no. of possible n = 15

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EXERCISE– 4

1 1
1. 1og 3/4 ⁡ (3 log 2 ⁡(x 2 + 7)) + 1 + log1/2 ⁡ 2 log 2 ⁡(x 2 + 7) + 1 = 0

1 3 1 1
log 3/4 ⁡ (3 log 2 ⁡(x 2 + 7)) + log 3/4 ⁡ 4 + log1/2 ⁡ (2 log 2 ⁡(x 2 + 7)) + log1/2 ⁡ 2 = 0

log2 ⁡(x2 +7) log2 ⁡(x2 +7)

log 3/4 ⁡ ( ) + log1/2 ⁡ ( )=0
4 4

log 3/4 ⁡ t + log1/2 ⁡ t = 0 … … … … … (A)

Both the bases ∈ (0,1)

t (both) negative
so if t > 1⁡⁡
(both) positive

so for satisfying equation A, Both term must be zero

log 2 ⁡(x 2 + 7)
=1
4

x 2 + 7 = 24 ⇒ x 2 = 16 − 7 = 9 ⇒ x = ±3

x = 3⁡ x = −3

2. log 4 ⁡(x − 1) = log 2 ⁡(x − 3)

1
log 2 ⁡(x − 1) = log 2 ⁡(x − 3) ⇒ (x − 1) = (x − 3)2 ⇒ x − 1 = x 2 − 6x + 9
2

x 2 − 7x + 10 = 0 ⇒ (x − 2)(x − 5) = 0 ⇒ x = 5⁡(x ≠ −2⁡(x − 3) cannot be negative )

3. (2x)ln⁡ 2 = (3y)ln⁡ 3 ln⁡ 2(ln⁡ 2 + ln⁡ x) = ln⁡ 3(ln⁡ x + ln⁡ y)………..(1)

3ln⁡ x = 2ln⁡ y ⇒ ⁡ln⁡ xln⁡ 3 = ln⁡ yln⁡ 2 … … … … (2)

ln⁡ xln⁡ 3
= ln⁡ y
ln⁡ 2

ln⁡ xln⁡ 3
ln⁡ 2(ln⁡ 2 + ln⁡ x) = ln⁡ 3 (ln⁡ 3 + )
ln⁡ 2

ln⁡ x
ln⁡ 2(ln⁡ 2 + ln⁡ x) = ln⁡ 3 ⋅ ln⁡ 3 (1 + ln⁡ 2)

ln⁡ x⋅ln2 ⁡ 3
ln2 ⁡ 2 + ln⁡ 2ln⁡ x = ln2 ⁡ 3 + ln⁡ 2

ln2 ⁡ 3
ln2 ⁡ 2 − ln2 ⁡ 3 = ln⁡ x ( ln⁡ 2 − In⁡ 2)

(ln2 ⁡ 3−ln2 ⁡ 2)
(ln⁡ 2 + ln⁡ 3)(ln⁡ 2 − ln⁡ 3) = ln⁡ x ln⁡ 2
1
ln⁡ x = −ln⁡ 2 ⇒ x=2

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1 1 1 1
4. y 2 = 18 (4 − 3√2 √4 − 3√2 √4 − 3√2 ⋯ ⋯ )

1
y 2 = 18 (4 − y) ⇒ 18y 2 + y − 4 = 0 ⇒ (9y − 4)(2y + 1) = 0
4 1
y = 9 ⁡ (y ≠ − 2 ∵ y cannot be negative )

4 2 2
then z = 6 + log 3/2 ⁡ (9) = 6 + log 3/2 ⁡ (3) = 6 − 2 = 4

5. If 3x = 4x−1 , then x = ?
log 3 ⁡ 3x = log 3 ⁡ 4x−1 ⇒ x = (x − 1)log 3 ⁡ 4
x − xlog 3 ⁡ 4 = −log 3 ⁡ 4 ⇒ x(1 − log 3 ⁡ 4) = −log 3 ⁡ 4
log3 ⁡ 4 1 1 2log3 ⁡ 2 2
x = (log )⇒( 1 ⇒ (1−log ) ⇒ x = (2log ) ⇒ (2−log )
3 ⁡ 4−1 1− ) 4⁡ 3 3 ⁡ 2−1 2⁡ 3
log3 ⁡ 4

A, B & C are correct

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EXERCISE 5

1. x = log 2 ⁡(√56 + √56 + √56 + ⋯ … … … ∞)

√56 + √56 + √56 + ⋯ … … ∞ = y ⇒ 56 + √56 + √56 + ⋯ … … … ∞ = y 2

y 2 − y − 56 = 0 ⇒ (y − 8)(y + 7) = 0 ⇒ y = 8(∵ y cannot be negative )

⇒ x = log 2 ⁡ 8⁡ ⇒ ⁡x = 3⁡ ⇒ ⁡2 < x < 4

𝟐. (4log10 ⁡ x − log x ⁡(.0001)) for 0 < x < 1

(4log10 ⁡ x − log x ⁡ 10−4 ) = 4log10 ⁡ x − 4log x ⁡ 10

1
= 4 (log10 ⁡ x + log ) = 4(−2) = (−8)⁡ greatest value
10 ⁡ x

1
(∵ log10 ⁡ x is negative for 0 < x < 1 ∴ (log10 ⁡ x + log ) ≤ −2)
10 ⁡ x

3. |log 5 ⁡ x 2 − 4| = 2 + |log 5 ⁡ x − 3|
case − 1⁡x < 25 ⇒ −log 5 ⁡ x 2 + 4 = 2 − log 5 ⁡ x + 3
log 5 ⁡ x 2 − log 5 ⁡ x + 1 = 0 ⇒ 2log 5 ⁡ x − log 5 ⁡ x + 1 = 0
1
log 5 ⁡ x = −1 ⇒ x = 5−1 ⇒ x=
5

case − 2 25 ≤ x ≤ 125
log 5 ⁡ x 2 − 4 = 2 − log 5 ⁡ x + 3
2log 5 ⁡ x + log 5 ⁡ x = 9
3log 5 ⁡ x = 9 ⇒ x = 53 = 125
case − 3 x > 125 ⇒ log 5 ⁡ x 2 − 4 = 2 + log 5 ⁡ x − 3
log 5 ⁡ x = 3 ⇒ x = 125
only one integral solution i.e. 125 .

4. 60a = 3 60b = 5
⇒ a = log 60 ⁡ 3 b = log 60 ⁡ 5
1 log15 ⁡ 60−1
1−a−b 1−log60 ⁡ 15 1−( ) ( )
log15 ⁡ 60 log15 ⁡ 60
only one integral solution. ⇒ 2(1−b) = 2(1−log = 1
= log5 ⁡ 60−1
60 ⁡ 5) 2(1− ) 2( )
log5 ⁡ 60 log5 ⁡ 60

(log15 ⁡ 15+log15 ⁡ 4−1) log5 ⁡ 60 log ⁡4 log ⁡ 60 log60 ⁡ 4×log12 ⁡ 60

= × 2(log = 2log15 ⁡ 60 × log5⁡ 12 =
log15 ⁡ 60 5 ⁡ 5+log5 ⁡ 12−1) 15 5 2

1−a−b
log12 ⁡ 4
= = log12 ⁡ 2 = 122(1−b) = 12log12 ⁡ 2 = 2
2

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1 1
log𝑏+𝑐 ⁡ 𝑎+log𝑐−𝑏 ⁡ 𝑎 +
log𝑎 ⁡(𝑏+𝑐) log𝑎 ⁡(𝑐−𝑏)
5. ⁡ = 1 1
log𝑏+𝑐 ⁡ 𝑎⋅log𝑐−𝑏 ⁡ 𝑎 ( × )
log𝑎 ⁡(𝑏+𝑐) log𝑎 ⁡(𝑐−𝑏)
log𝑎 ⁡(𝑐−𝑏)+log𝑎 ⁡(𝑏+𝑐)
( )
log𝑎 ⁡(𝑏+𝑐)log𝑎 ⁡(𝑐−𝑏)
= 1 ⇒ log a ⁡(c 2 − b2 ) = log a ⁡ a2 =
( )
log𝑎 ⁡(𝑏+𝑐)log𝑎 ⁡(𝑐−𝑏)

6. (log 2 ⁡ x)2 + 4(log 2 ⁡ x) − 1 = 0 let log 2 ⁡ x = A

A2 + 4 A − 1 = 0 ⇒ A1 = −2 + √5, ⁡ A2 = −2 − √5
log 2 ⁡ x1 = −2 + √5 ⇒ x1 = 2(−2+√5) ⇒ log 2 ⁡ x2 = −2 − √5 ⇒ x2 = 2(−2+√5)
log 2 ⁡ α log 2 ⁡ β −2 + √5) −2 − √5
+ = + = −18
log 2 ⁡ β log 2 ⁡ α −2 − √5 −2 + √5
7. e2x + ex + e−2x + e−x = 3e−2x + 3ex
e2x − 2ex − 2e−2x + e−x = 0 ⇒ e2x + e−x = 2(ex + e−2x )
1 1 e3x +1
e2x + e−x = 2 (ex + e2x ) ⇒ (e2x + ex ) = 2 ( )
e2x
e3x +1 e3x +1
( ) = 2( ) ⇒ ex = 2 ⇒ x = ln⁡ 2, only one solution
ex e2x

8. log 0.3 ⁡(x − 1) < log 0.09 ⁡(x − 1)

1
log 0.3 ⁡(x − 1) < log 0.32 ⁡(x − 1) ⇒ log 0.3 ⁡(x − 1) − 2 log 0.3 ⁡(x − 1) < 0
1
log 0.3 ⁡(x − 1) < 0 ⇒ (x − 1) > (0.3)0
2
x−1 >1 ⇒ x > 2, ⁡⁡x ∈ (2, ∞)
2
9. (log β ⁡ α) + (log α ⁡ β)2 = 79
2
(log β ⁡ α + log α ⁡ β) − 2log β ⁡ α ⋅ log α ⁡ β = log 2β ⁡ α + log 2α ⁡ β
2
(log β ⁡ α + log α ⁡ β) = 79 + 2 = 81 ⇒ (log β ⁡ α + log α ⁡ β) = ±9
1 1
10. (A) 7 > (42)
2 14 >1
1 1 1
(77 ) 14 > (42) 14 > (1)14
Statement is true.
(B) log 3 ⁡(5) ⋅ log 7 ⁡(9) ⋅ log11 ⁡(13) > −2
Positive Positive Positive
Statement is true.
(C)⁡√99 + 70√2 + √99 − 70√2

√(7 + 5√2)2 + √(5√2 − 7)2

7 + 5√2 + 5√2 − 7 = 10√2 irrational

1 1
(D)⁡log ⁡ 3 + log ⁡ 3 > 3
4 7

log 3 ⁡ 4 + log 3 ⁡ 7 > 3 ⇒ log 3 ⁡ 28 > 3, (∵ log 3 ⁡ 27 = 3) so statement is true

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EXERCISE 6

1. 2(log a ⁡ c + log b ⁡ c) = 9log ab ⁡ c

9
2(log a ⁡ c + log b ⁡ c) = (log
c ⁡ a+logc ⁡ b)

log ⁡ b+log ⁡ a 9
2 ( logc ⁡ a⋅log c⁡ b ) = (log ⁡ (let log c ⁡ a = A&log c ⁡ b = B)
c c c ⁡ a+logc ⁡ b)

2( A+B) 9
= ( A+B) ⇒ 2( A2 + B2 + 2AB) = 9AB
AB

2 A2 + 2 B2 − 5AB = 0 ⇒ (2A − B)(A − 2B) = 0

B
A= A= 2B
2

a2 = b ………(1) a = b2 ……..(2)

case − (1) log a ⁡ b = log a ⁡ a2 = 2log a ⁡ a = 2

1 1
case - (2) ⁡log a ⁡ b = log b2 ⁡ b = 2 log b ⁡ b = 2

so greatest value of log a ⁡ b = 2

2 3
2. 6
+ = 2log (2000)6 ⁡ 4 + 3log (2000)6 ⁡ 5
log ⁡(2000)
4 log ⁡(2000)6
5

1 1 1 1
= 6 log 2000 ⁡ 16 + 6 log 2000 ⁡ 125 = 6 log 2000 ⁡ 2000 = 6

3. log 2 ⁡ 3 = a log 3 ⁡ 5 = b log 7 ⁡ 2 = c log 2 ⁡ 5 = ab

log ⁡ 63
log140 ⁡ 63 = log 2⁡ 140
2

1
log2 ⁡ 32 +log2 ⁡ 7 2a+
c 2ac+1
= log 2
= 1 = (2c+abc+1)
2 ⁡ 2 +log2 ⁡ 5+log2 ⁡7 2+ab+
c

4. alog3⁡ 7 = 27, ⁡b log7⁡ 11 = 49⁡ and ⁡c log11 ⁡ 25 = √11

log 3 ⁡ 7 = log a ⁡ 27 ………..(1)
log 7 ⁡ 11 = log a ⁡ 49 ………..(2)

log11 ⁡ 25 = log c ⁡ √11 ………..(3)

from equation (1), (2) & (3)
2 2 2
(a(log3⁡ 7) + b (log7⁡ 11) + c (log11⁡ 25) )

= aloga ⁡ 27⋅log3⁡ 7 + b logb ⁡ 49⋅log7 ⁡ 11 + c logc ⁡ √11⋅log11⁡ 25

= (27)log3⁡ 7 + (49)log7⁡ 11 + (√11)log11 ⁡ 25

= 73 + 112 + 5 = 343 + 121 + 5 = 469

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5. 2log⁡(2y − 3x) = log⁡ x + log⁡ y

(2y − 3x)2 = xy ⇒ 4y 2 + 9x 2 − 12xy = xy
y 2 y
4y 2 + 9x 2 − 13xy = 0 ⇒ 4 (x) + 9 − 13 (x) = 0⁡( let y/x = t)

4t 2 − 13t + 9 = 0 ⇒ (4t − 9)(t − 1) = 0

x 4
t = 9/4⁡(t ≠ 1 ⇒ x ≠ y ∵ x, y > 0,2y − 3x cannot be negative) ⇒ =9
y

6. log 8 ⁡ x + log 4 ⁡ y 2 = 5, log 8 ⁡ y + log 4 ⁡ x 2 = 7

1 1
log 2 ⁡ x + log 2 ⁡ y = 5 … … … . (1) log 2 ⁡ y + log 2 ⁡ x = 7 ………….(2)
3 3

let ⁡log 2 ⁡ x = X⁡&⁡log 2 ⁡ y = Y

X Y
+ Y = 5 … … … … … (A) + X = 7 … … … …(B)
3 3

Y = 3⁡&⁡X = 6 ⇒ log 2 ⁡ x = 6 ⇒ x = 26 ⇒ log 2 ⁡ y = 3

y = 23 ⇒ xy = 26 ⋅ 23 = 29
7. if a = log12 ⁡ 18& b = log 24 ⁡ 54
log ⁡ 2×32 log2 ⁡ 2×33 log ⁡ 18 log ⁡ 54
log12 ⁡ 18log 24 ⁡ 54 + 5(log12 ⁡ 18 − log 24 ⁡ 54) = log2⁡ 22 ×3 ⋅ + 5 (log2⁡ 12 − log2⁡ 24)
2 log2 ⁡ 23 ⋅3 2 2

(1+2t)(1+3t) 1+2t 1+3t (1+2t)(1+3t)+5((1+2t)(3+t)−(2+t)(1+3t))

= + 5 ( 2+t − ) =
(2+t)(3+t) 3+t (2+t)(3+t)

1+5t+6t2 +5((3+7t+2t2 )−(2+7t+3t2 )) 1+5t+6t2 +5(1−t2 ) 1+5t+6t2 +5−5t2 6+5t+t2

= = = = 6+5t+t2 = 1
(2+t)(3+t) (2+t)(3+t) 6+5t+t2

8. (i) |x − 1| = 5
x − 1 = ±5 ⇒ x = 6, −4
(ii) |x + 1| = |2x − 1|
1
case − 𝐈 x>2

x +1 = 2x – 1 2=x
1
case – II −1 ≤ x ≤
2

x + 1 = −2x + 1 3x = 0

x=0

case – III ⁡x < −1

−(x + 1) = −2x + 1 ⇒ −x − 1 = −2x + 1

x = 2( rejected ) ⇒ x = {0,2}

(iii) |x − 1| + 2|x + 1| = 10

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case – 𝐈 x>1

x − 1 + 2(x + 1) = 10 ⇒ x − 1 + 2x + 2 = 10 ⇒ 3x = 10 − 1
9
x=3 ⇒ x = 3 (accepted)

case- II −1 ≤ x ≤ 1

−(x − 1) + 2(x + 1) = 10

−x + 1 + 2x + 2 = 10

x = 7 (rejected)

case − III ⁡x < −1

−(x − 1) − 2(x + 1) = 10 ⇒ −x + 1 − 2x − 2 = 10 ⇒ −3x = 11

−11
x= (accepted)
3

(iv) |2x − 1| − |x − 3| = 7

case − 1⁡ x>3

2x − 1 − x + 3 = 7 ⇒ x=5
1
case – II ⁡2 ≤ x ≤ 3

2x − 1 − (−(x − 3)) = 7 ⇒ 2x − 1 + (x − 3) = 7

2x − 1 + x − 3 = 7 ⇒ 3x = 11
11
x = ( Rejected)
3

1
case − III ⁡x < 2

−(2x − 1) − (−(x − 3)) = 7 ⇒ −2x + 1 + x − 3 = 7 ⇒ −x = 9⁡x = −9

(v) x + |3x − 2| = 2
2
case – I x≥3

x + 3x − 2 = 2 ⇒ 4x = 4 ⇒ x=1
2
case – II x<3

x − (3x − 2) = 2 ⇒ x − 3x + 2 = 2

−2x = 0 ⇒ x=0

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(vi) |log 2 ⁡ 𝑥| = 3

log 2 ⁡ 𝑥 = ±3 log 2 ⁡ x = 3 ⇒ x = 23 = 8
1
log 2 ⁡ x = −3 ⇒ x = 2−3 = 8

9. log a ⁡ xlog a ⁡(xyz) = 48 ………..(1)

log a ⁡ ylog a ⁡(xyz) = 12 ………..(2)
log a ⁡ zlog a ⁡(xyz) = 84. ………..(3)
equation (1)/ equation (2) equation (3) / equation (2)
loga ⁡ x loga ⁡ z
=4 =7
loga ⁡y loga ⁡ y

x = y 4 … … … … … (A) z = y 7 … … … … … (B)
log a ⁡ y ⋅ log a ⁡(xyz) = 12
log a ⁡ y(log a ⁡ x + log a ⁡ y + log a ⁡ z) = 12
log a ⁡ y(log a ⁡ y 4 + log a ⁡ y + log a ⁡ y 7 ) = 12
log a ⁡ y ⋅ 12 ⋅ log a ⁡ y = 12
(log a ⁡ y)2 = 1
log a ⁡ y = ±1
1
y = a⁡⁡ & y=a

1 1 1
(a, a4 , a7 ) and ( , 4 , 7 )
a a a

10. y = √log 2 ⁡ 3 ⋅ log 2 ⁡ 12 ⋅ log 2 ⁡ 48 ⋅ log 2 ⁡ 192 + 16 − log 2 ⁡ 12 ⋅ log 2 ⁡ 48 + 10

y = √log 2 ⁡ 3 ⋅ (2 + log 2 ⁡ 3)(4 + log 2 ⁡ 3)(6 + log 2 ⁡ 3) + 16 − log 2 ⁡ 12 ⋅ log 2 ⁡ 48 + 10

= √(log 22 ⁡ 3 + 6log 2 ⁡ 3)(8 + 6log 2 ⁡ 3 + log 22 ⁡ 3) + 16 − (2 + log 2 ⁡ 3)(4 + log 2 ⁡ 3) + 10

= √(t 2 + 6t)(t 2 + 6t + 8) + 16 − (2 + t)(4 + t) + 10

= √t 4 + 6t 3 + 8t 2 + 6t 3 + 36t 2 + 48t + 16 − (8 + 6t + t 2 ) + 10

= √t 4 + 12t 3 + 44t 2 + 48t + 16 − (t 2 + 6t + 8) + 10

= t 2 + 6t + 4 − t 2 − 6t − 8 + 10 = 6

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11. 'L': log1024 ⁡ 𝑥 = 0.4

x = (210 )4/10 = 16
'M': N = 610
log10 ⁡ N = 10log10 ⁡ 6 = 10(log10 ⁡ 2 + log10 ⁡ 3)
= 10(.3010 + .4771) = 7.781
No. of digits = 7 + 1 = 8 ⇒ 'N':⁡2 ≤ log 6 ⁡ N < 3

62 ≤ N < 63 ⇒ 36 ≤ N < 216

No. of N = 180 ⇒ LMN = 16 × 8 × 180 = 23040

𝟏𝟐. √2017(x)log2017 ⁡ x = x 2

on taking log at both side.

log 2017 ⁡ √2017 + log 2017 ⁡ x log2017 ⁡ x = 2log 2017 ⁡ x

1
+ log 22017 ⁡ x = 2log 2017 ⁡ x … … … …(A)
2

From equation (A)

2log 22017 ⁡ x − 4log 2017 ⁡ x + 1 = 0

4
log 2017 ⁡ x1 + log 2017 ⁡ x2 = 2

log 2017 ⁡ x1 x2 = 2

x1 x2 = (2017)2

13. log 225 ⁡(x) + log 64 ⁡(y) = 4 ⇒ ⁡X + Y = 4 … … … … (1)

1 1
log x ⁡ 225 − log y ⁡(64) = 1 ⇒ X − Y = 1

Y − X = XY … … … … (2)
from equation (1)&(2)
⇒ ⁡Y = 4 + XY … … … … (A)
⇒ ⁡Y(2 − X) = 4
4
⇒ ⁡Y = (2−X) … … … (3)

put the value of 𝑦 from equation (3) to (1)

4
X+ =4
(2 − X)

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2X − X 2 + 4 = 8 − 4X

X 2 + 6X + 4 = 0

sum of roots, log 225 ⁡ x1 + log 225 ⁡ x2 = 6

x1 x2 = 2256 = 1512 from equation (A)

2Y−4 2Y−4
=X ⇒ X+Y=4 ⇒ +Y=4
Y Y

2Y − 4 + Y 2 = 4Y ⇒ Y 2 − 2Y − 4 = 0

log 64 ⁡ y1 + log 64 ⁡ y2 = 2 ⇒ y1 y2 = 642 = 212

Hence log 30 ⁡(x1 x2 y1 y2 ) = log 30 ⁡(15 × 2)12 = log 30 ⁡ 3012 = 12⁡ Proved

14. (a) log10 ⁡ 34.56 = 1.5386 (given)

log10 ⁡ 3.456 = log10 ⁡ 34.56 + log10 ⁡ 10−1 = 1.5386 − 1 = .5386

log10 ⁡ 0.3456 = log10 ⁡ 34.56 + log10 ⁡ 10−2

= 1.5386 − 2 = −0.4614 = 1̅. 5386 ⇒ log10 ⁡ 0.003456

= 1.5386 − 4 = −2.4614 = 3̅. 5386

(b) 3 ≤ log 7 N < 4

73 ≤ N < 74 ⇒ 343 ≤ N < 2401

total no. = 2401 − 343 = 2058

(c) log10 ⁡ 2 = 0.3010&⁡log10 ⁡ 3 = 0.4771

log10 ⁡(2.25) = log10 ⁡ 225 + log10 ⁡ 10−2 = 2(log10 ⁡ 3 + log10 ⁡ 5) − 2

10
= 2 (log10 ⁡ 3 + log10 ⁡ 2 ) − 2 = 2(log10 ⁡ 3 + log10 ⁡ 10 − log10 ⁡ 2) − 2

= 2(0.4771 + 1 − 0.3010) − 2 = 0.3522

75 3
(d) log 2401 ⁡ x = 0.75 ⇒ x = (2401)100 = (74 )4 = 343
10 x+y
15. (a) log y ⁡ x + log x ⁡ y = , ⁡xy = 144, = √N
3 2
log⁡ x log⁡ y 10 log2 ⁡ x+log2 ⁡ y 10
+ log⁡ x = ⇒ =
log⁡ y 3 log⁡ xlog⁡ y 3

3log 2 ⁡ x + 3log 2 ⁡ y = 10log⁡ xlog⁡ y

3log 2 ⁡ x − 10log⁡ xlog⁡ y + 3log 2 ⁡ y = 0
(log⁡ x − 3log⁡ y)(3log⁡ x − log⁡ y) = 0

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log⁡ x = 3log⁡ y or 3log⁡ x = log⁡ y

x = y3 or y = x3
∵ ⁡xy = 144
y 4 = 144 ⇒ y = ±√12
x+y 12√12+√12
y = +√12, ⁡y ≠ −√12 ⇒ = √N ⇒ = √N
2 2

√N = 13√3 ⇒ √N = √507 ⇒ N = 507

(b) x = 1 + log a ⁡ bc y = 1 + log b ⁡ ca z = 1 + log c ⁡ ab

log⁡ abc log⁡ abc log⁡ abc
x= y= ⁡ z=
log⁡ a log⁡ b log⁡ c

xyz = xy + yz + zx

log3 ⁡ abc
L.H.S. xyz = log⁡ a⋅log⁡ b⋅log⁡ c

log2 ⁡ abc log2 ⁡ abc log2 ⁡ abc

R.H.S. ⁡xy + yz + zx = log⁡ alog⁡ b + log⁡ b⋅log⁡ c + log⁡ c⋅log⁡ a

(log⁡ c+log⁡ a+log⁡ b) log3 ⁡ abc

= log 2 ⁡ abc = log⁡ alog⁡ blog⁡ c Hence proved
(log⁡ alog⁡ blog⁡ c)

loga ⁡ N log ⁡ N−log ⁡ N

(c) = loga ⁡ N−logb⁡ N
logc ⁡ N b c

1 1 logN ⁡ b−logN ⁡ a b
( − ) ( ) loga ⁡ N logN ⁡( ) logN ⁡ c
logN ⁡ a logN ⁡ b logN ⁡ a⋅logN ⁡ b a
= 1 1
= logN ⁡ c−logN ⁡ b ⇒ = × c
( − ) ( ) logc ⁡ N logN ⁡ a logN ⁡( )
logN ⁡ b logN ⁡ c logN ⁡ b⋅logN ⁡ c b

loga ⁡ N b log ⁡ N b b c
= log (c) ⁡ (a) × loga⁡ N ⇒ log (c ⁡ (a) = 1 ⇒ ( a ) = (a ) ⇒ b2 = ac
logc ⁡ N a c a

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