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22.lisp Programming

LISP is a programming language developed in 1958 that uses symbolic expressions and is particularly suitable for artificial intelligence. It has basic building blocks of atoms, lists, and strings. Common LISP originated in the 1980s and provides an environment for LISP programming as well as basic syntax, operations, functions, and conditionals.

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6 views

22.lisp Programming

LISP is a programming language developed in 1958 that uses symbolic expressions and is particularly suitable for artificial intelligence. It has basic building blocks of atoms, lists, and strings. Common LISP originated in the 1980s and provides an environment for LISP programming as well as basic syntax, operations, functions, and conditionals.

Uploaded by

jerathhrithik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lisp: An Introduction

• LISP stands for LISt Programming


• Developed by John McCarthy, MIT, in 1958
• It was first implemented by Steve Russell on an IBM 704
computer
• It is particularly suitable for Artificial Intelligence programs,
as it processes symbolic information efficiently.
• Common LISP originated during the decade of
1980 to 1990
• It is machine-independent.
• It uses iterative design methodology .
• It has easy extensibility.
• It allows to update the programs dynamically .
• It provides high level debugging.
• It provides advanced object-oriented programming.
ENVIRONMENTSETUP

• CLISP is the GNU Common LISP multi-


architectural compiler used for setting up LISP
in Windows.
• To run a .lisp or .lsp file,
simply use: clisp hello.lisp
PROGRAMSTRUCTURE

• LISP expressions are called symbolic expressions or S-


expressions. The S-expressions are composed of three valid
objects :
• Atoms
• Lists
• Strings
• Any S-expression is a valid program.
• LISP programs run either on an interpreter or as
compiled code.
• The interpreter checks the source code in a repeated
loop, which is also called the Read- Evaluate-Print
Loop (REPL).
• It reads the program code, evaluates it, and prints the
values returned by the program.
Basicbuilding blocksof LISP
The basic building blocks of LISP are the atom, list and the
string. These three are the only valid objects in LISP. They are
called symbolic-expressions or s-expressions.

•Atom: It is a number or string of contiguous characters,


including numbers and special characters, e.g. bill, 1200, a100,
rock* etc.

•List: It is a sequence of zero or more symbolic-expressions


(atoms and/or other lists) enclosed within parentheses,e.g. (a b
c), (a, (j,i), (e,g,h)), (), (sat,sun) etc.

•String: It is a group of characters enclosed in double


quotation marks,e.g. “hello LISP”, “^&^%%fbdfdbfds” etc.
Which elements always return their
own values in LISP
There are three types of special elements are that they are
constant and always evaluate to themselves, returning their
own value. These are numbers , the letter t (for logical true)
and nil (for logical false). So, if we evaluate any one of
these, the answer is the element itself:
->60
60
->t
T
->nil
NIL
BASICSYNTAX
• LISP programs are made up of three basic elements:
• atom
• list
• string
• An atom is a number or string of contiguous characters.
It includes numbers and special characters.
• The following examples show some valid atoms:
• hello-from-thapar-university
• name
• 123008907
• *hello*
• Block#221
• abc123
BASICSYNTAX
• A list is a sequence of atoms and/or other
lists enclosed in parentheses.
• The following examples show some valid lists:
• ( i am a list)
• (a ( a b c) d e f g h)
• (father tom ( susan bill joe))
• (sun mon tue wed thur fri sat)
• ()
• A string is a group of characters enclosed in double
quotation marks.
• The following examples show some valid strings:
• " I am a string“
• "a ba c d efg #$%^&!"
• "Please enter the following details:“
• "Hello from ‘Thapar University'! "
Arithmetic Operations
The following table shows all the arithmetic
operators supported by LISP. Assume variable A
= 10 and variable B = 20 then:
Comparison Operations
Following table shows all the relational
operators supported by LISP that compares
between numbers. Assume variable A = 10 and
variable B = 20, then:
Logical Operations on BooleanValues

Common LISP provides three logical operators: and, or,


and not that operate on boolean values. Assume A = nil
and B = 5, then:
Pre define Functions

1. Boolean

Description
Atom Returns True if argument is an atom (atom 8)
returns T
LISTP Returns True if argument is an atom (listp list(2 3)
returns T
ZEROP Returns True if argument is zero
ODDP Returns True if argument is an odd
number
EVENP Returns True if argument is an even
number
List Manipulating Functions
The following table provides some commonly used
list manipulating functions.
Input output Functions in LISP

Description Syntax
read Used to take input from the user (write (+3 (read)))
write Returns True if argument is an atom (write(+ 2 3))
print (print “Hello”)
princ (princ “Hello”)
User Defined Function
(defun f1(a b c)
(+ a b c))

Calling of this function


(f1 10 20 30)
Condit ion in LISP
(defun f2(a b)
( if(> a b)
(print “ a is greater than b”)
(print “a is less than b”)
)
)

Calling of this function


(f2 10 20)

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