Jingco, Aeron Mark S.

BSED - II

CHAPTER I. THE STUDY OF ETHICS

Here we can study the human behavior if what their doing is right or wrong, good or
bad. The difference of ethics and church. The church is a system of belief that has a
deity while ethics is the study of what is morally right and wrong in human nature. It
guides the principle of human conduct. Also, guides how human must act in the society.

CHAPTER 2. THE HUMAN ACTS

Ethics examines human acts by considering their morality and evaluating whether they
align with ethical principles or standards. This involves analyzing the intentions behind
actions, the consequences they produce, such as utilitarianism, deontology, virtue
ethics, or religious doctrines.

CHAPTER 3. THE MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACT

The modifiers of human acts refer to factors that can influence the moral character or
significance of an action. These modifiers include the intention behind the action, the
circumstances surrounding it, and the consequences it produces. Evaluating these
modifiers helps in determining the ethical nature of a human act.

CHAPTER 4. THE ENDS OF HUMAN ACT

The ends of human acts refer to the goals or purposes that individuals aim to achieve
through their actions. Understanding the ends of human acts is crucial in ethics because
it helps determine whether an action is morally right or not, based on whether its
intended outcome aligns with ethical principles and values.

CHAPTER 5. THE DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY

The determinants of morality are the factors that influence or shape an individual's
moral beliefs, values, and behavior. These determinants include cultural norms,
religious beliefs, personal experiences, social influences, education, and cognitive
development. They collectively contribute to shaping a person's moral compass and
ethical decision-making processes.

CHAPTER 6. THE NORMS OF MORALITY

The norms of morality are societal or cultural standards that dictate what is considered
right or wrong behavior within a given community or group. These norms are often
based on shared values, beliefs, and ethical principles, and they guide individuals in
their interactions and decision-making processes. Norms of morality vary across
different cultures and can evolve over time.

CHAPTER 10. RIGHTS AND DUTIES

Rights and duties are interconnected concepts that define the moral obligations
individuals have towards themselves and others.

- Rights refer to entitlements or claims that individuals possess, such as the right to life
and property. These rights are often considered inherent and may be protected by laws
or ethical principles.

- Duties, on the other hand, are the corresponding responsibilities or obligations that
individuals have towards respecting and upholding the rights of others. Fulfilling these
duties often involves refraining from actions that violate others' rights and actively
promoting the well-being and rights of others.

The relationship between rights and duties forms the foundation of ethics and guides
individuals in doing what’s right and wrong.

CHAPTER 11. LOVE OF GOD

The love of God can be understood within religious or spiritual contexts where
individuals prioritize their relationship with a divine being or higher power. This concept
often involves expressing reverence, devotion, and obedience to God's will, which may
influence one's moral beliefs and behavior. For many religious individuals, the love of
God serves as a guiding principle that shapes their ethical decisions and actions,
encouraging virtues such as compassion, forgiveness, and kindness.
CHAPTER 12. LOVE OF ONE SELF
The love of oneself refers to a healthy and balanced appreciation and care for one's
own well-being, dignity, and growth. While it may sound self-centered, it's actually
crucial for ethical decision-making and behavior.

Self-love in ethics encourages individuals to respect their own rights, needs, and
boundaries while also considering the impact of their actions on others. It involves
cultivating self-respect, self-compassion, and self-esteem, which are essential for
forming meaningful relationships and contributing positively to society.

However, it's important to note that self-love in ethics should not be confused with
selfishness or narcissism. Instead, it involves recognizing and valuing one's own worth
while also being empathetic and considerate towards others. Balancing self-love with
care and concern for others is integral to leading a morally fulfilling life.

CHAPTER 13. PROBLEMS OF BIOETHICS

Bioethics deals with ethical issues arising from advances in biology and medicine.
Some common problems in bioethics include:

1. Medical research ethics: Ensuring that research involving human participants or

animals is conducted ethically, with informed consent, and minimal risk.

2. Reproductive ethics: Addressing ethical dilemmas related to assisted reproductive

technologies, contraception, abortion, and surrogacy.

3. End-of-life care: Ethical considerations surrounding euthanasia, physician-assisted

suicide, and the withholding or withdrawing of life-sustaining treatments.

4. Genetic testing and manipulation: Ethical concerns regarding genetic engineering,

gene editing, and the potential consequences for individuals and future generations.
5. Healthcare allocation: Distributive justice issues related to access to healthcare
resources, organ transplantation, and prioritization of treatments.

6. Emerging technologies: Ethical implications of advancements such as artificial

intelligence in healthcare, cloning, and regenerative medicine.

Addressing these issues requires careful consideration of moral principles, legal

frameworks, cultural values, and scientific evidence to ensure that ethical standards are
upheld in the practice of medicine and biomedical research.

CHAPTER 14. WORK ETHICS

Work ethics encompass the values, principles, and behaviors that individuals exhibit in
the workplace. Some key aspects of work ethics include:

1. Professionalism: Demonstrating integrity, reliability, and accountability in one's work

duties and interactions with colleagues, clients, and stakeholders.

2. Diligence: Putting forth consistent effort, attention to detail, and commitment to

achieving quality results in one's work tasks.

3. Respect: Showing consideration and courtesy towards others, regardless of

differences in roles, backgrounds, or perspectives.

4. Teamwork: Collaborating effectively with colleagues, communicating openly, and

supporting the collective goals and success of the team.

5. Adaptability: Being flexible and open to change, willing to learn new skills, and adapt
to evolving work environments and challenges.
6. Honesty and Integrity: Maintaining honesty in all professional dealings, adhering to
ethical standards, and being transparent in communication and decision-making.

7. Accountability: Taking ownership of one's actions, accepting responsibility for

mistakes, and learning from failures to improve performance.

8. Time management: Prioritizing tasks, meeting deadlines, and efficiently utilizing time
and resources to maximize productivity.

By upholding strong work ethics, individuals contribute to a positive and productive work
environment, foster trust and respect among colleagues, and enhance their own
professional reputation and growth opportunities.

CHAPTER 15. LOVE OF NEIGHBOR

The love of neighbor refers to a fundamental moral principle that encourages individuals
to treat others with kindness, compassion, and empathy. It stems from the belief that all
human beings have inherent dignity and worth, regardless of differences in background,
beliefs, or circumstances.

The concept of love of neighbor is found in various religious and philosophical traditions
and is often considered a cornerstone of ethical behavior. It encompasses actions such
as helping those in need, showing respect and understanding towards others, and
promoting justice and equality in society.

Practicing love of neighbor involves stepping outside of oneself to consider the well-
being and interests of others, fostering a sense of community and solidarity, and actively
working towards the betterment of society as a whole. It serves as a guiding principle for
ethical decision-making and behavior, emphasizing the importance of empathy,
kindness, and social responsibility.
CHAPTER 16. MARRIAGE
Marriage is often viewed within the context of moral principles, values, and obligations
that guide intimate relationships and family life. While the specific ethical considerations
surrounding marriage can vary depending on cultural, religious, and societal norms,
some common themes include:

1. Commitment and fidelity: Marriage is often regarded as a covenant or commitment

between partners to remain faithful and supportive of each other through the challenges
and joys of life. Maintaining trust and honesty within the marital relationship is
considered ethically important.

2. Respect and equality: Ethical marriages are built on mutual respect, dignity, and
equality between partners. This involves recognizing each other's autonomy, rights, and
individual worth, while also doing open communication and cooperation.

3. Responsibility and care: Married couples have ethical responsibilities towards each
other and any children they may have. This includes providing emotional support,
financial stability, and nurturing environments for personal growth and well-being.

4. Justice and fairness: Ethical marriages strive to uphold principles of justice and
fairness in decision-making and conflict resolution. This involves considering the needs
and interests of both partners, as well as any dependents, and seeking equitable
solutions to issues that arise.

5. Social and cultural norms: Ethical considerations surrounding marriage may also
involve adherence to societal and cultural norms, laws, and customs that govern marital
relationships, such as consent, age of marriage, and marital roles and responsibilities.

Ultimately, ethical marriages are characterized by mutual love, respect, and

commitment between partners, as well as a shared understanding of the moral
obligations and values that underpin the marital relationship.
CHAPTER 17. THE FAMILY
The family is often regarded as the foundational unit of society, and ethical
considerations surrounding family life encompass various principles, values, and
obligations. Some key aspects of family ethics include:

1. Love and care: Ethical families prioritize love, care, and support among members,
fostering emotional connections and nurturing environments for personal growth and
well-being.

2. Respect and dignity: Family ethics emphasize the importance of treating each
member with respect, dignity, and equality, regardless of age, gender, or status within
the family hierarchy.

3. Communication and honesty: Ethical families promote open and honest

communication, encouraging dialogue, and transparency in addressing conflicts,
making decisions, and expressing emotions.

4. Responsibility and accountability: Family members have ethical responsibilities

towards each other, including meeting basic needs, providing emotional support, and
contributing to the overall well-being and harmony of the family unit.

5. Boundaries and autonomy: Ethical families respect individual autonomy and personal
boundaries while also recognizing the interconnectedness and interdependence of
family members.

6. Cultural and moral values: Families often play a central role in transmitting cultural
and moral values to younger generations, instilling ethical principles such as
compassion, empathy, integrity, and resilience.

7. Social justice and inclusivity*: Ethical families promote social justice and inclusivity,
advocating for fairness, equality, and opportunities for all members, as well as fostering
empathy and concern for those outside the family unit.
Overall, ethical family life is characterized by mutual respect, care, and support among
members, as well as a shared commitment to upholding moral principles and values
that contribute to the well-being and flourishing of individuals and the broader
community.

CHAPTER 18. LOVE OF COUNTRY

The love of country, also known as patriotism, refers to a sense of loyalty, devotion, and
attachment to one's nation or homeland. While patriotism can evoke strong positive
emotions and a sense of belonging, its ethical implications can vary depending on how
it is expressed and practiced.

Ethical considerations surrounding the love of country include:

1. Service and sacrifice: Ethical patriotism may involve a willingness to serve and
sacrifice for the common good of the nation, such as through military service, civic
engagement, or community volunteering.

2. Respect for diversity: Ethical patriotism embraces the diversity of individuals within
the nation and respects the rights and dignity of all citizens, regardless of differences in
ethnicity, religion, or ideology.

3. Civic responsibility: Patriotic individuals uphold their civic responsibilities, such as

obeying laws, paying taxes, participating in democratic processes, and working towards
the betterment of society.

4. Critical engagement: Ethical patriotism encourages critical engagement with the

nation's history, policies, and institutions, including holding leaders accountable for their
actions and advocating for positive change when necessary.
5. Global citizenship: While loving one's country is important, ethical patriotism
recognizes the interconnectedness of the world and promotes cooperation, solidarity,
and compassion beyond national borders.

6. Avoidance of nationalism: Ethical patriotism distinguishes itself from nationalism,

which can lead to exclusionary attitudes, xenophobia, and harmful actions towards
others. Instead, it promotes a healthy balance between pride in one's country and
respect for the rights and dignity of people from other nations.

Ultimately, ethical patriotism involves a deep appreciation for one's country while
upholding universal ethical principles such as justice, equality, and human rights, both
within and beyond national boundaries.

CHAPTER 19. ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

Environmental ethics is a branch of ethics that deals with moral principles and values
concerning the relationship between humans and the natural environment. It explores
questions about how humans should interact with and treat the natural world, and what
ethical obligations we have towards the environment and future generations.

Key principles and concepts in environmental ethics include:

1. Anthropocentrism vs. biocentrism vs. ecocentrism: These are different perspectives

on the value of the environment. Anthropocentrism prioritizes human interests,
biocentrism extends moral consideration to all living organisms, and ecocentrism
emphasizes the intrinsic value of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole.

2. Stewardship: The concept of stewardship involves the responsible management and

care of the Earth's resources, recognizing humans as custodians of the environment
with a duty to protect and preserve it for future generations.

3. Sustainability: Environmental ethics emphasizes the importance of living sustainably,

which means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs. This involves considering the long-term
impacts of human activities on ecosystems and biodiversity.

4. Interconnectedness: Environmental ethics recognizes the interconnectedness and

interdependence of all life forms and ecosystems on Earth, highlighting the need for
holistic approaches to environmental protection and conservation.

5. Environmental justice: Environmental ethics addresses issues of environmental

justice, which involves ensuring fair treatment and equal access to environmental
resources and benefits for all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic
status.

6. Precautionary principle: This principle asserts that in the absence of scientific

certainty, actions should be taken to prevent or minimize potential harm to the
environment or human health.

7. Intrinsic value: Environmental ethics acknowledges the intrinsic value of the natural
world, independent of its utility or benefit to humans, and argues for the protection of
ecosystems and species for their own sake.

Overall, environmental ethics provides a framework for understanding our moral

responsibilities towards the environment and guiding decision-making and actions that
promote sustainability, biodiversity conservation, and environmental justice.