458 - Digital Image Proccessing
458 - Digital Image Proccessing
TITLE:
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
Introduction
2 Visual image interpretation techniques have certain disadvantages and may
require extensive training and are labor intensive.
In this technique, the spectral characteristics are not always fully evaluated
because of the limited ability of the eye to discern tonal value and analyze
the spectral changes.
If the data are in digital mode, the remote sensing data can be analyzed
using digital image processing techniques and such a data base can be used
in Raster GIS.
highlighted.
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The Origin of Digital image Processing
Satellite remote sensing data in general and digital data in particular have
been used as basic inputs for the inventory and mapping of natural
resources of the earth surface like forestry, soils, geology and agriculture.
This is often called image to image registration. One more important concept with respect
to geometry of satellite image is rectification. Rectification is the process by which the
geometry of an image area is made planimetric.
This process almost always involves relating Ground Control Point (GCP), pixel
coordinates with precise geometric correction since each pixel can be referenced not
only by the row or column in a digital image, but it is also rigorously referenced in
degree, feet or meters in a standard map projection whenever accurate data, direction and
distance measurements are acquired, geometric rectification is required.
Spatial filtering is the process of dividing the image into its constituent spatial
frequency and selectively altering certain spatial features. This technique
increases the analyst‟s ability to discriminate details. The three types of spatial
filters used in remote sensor data processing are:
1. Low Pass Filters,
2. Band Pass Filters, and
3. High Pass Filters.
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The analyst must compare the classified data into some form of reference data to identify the informational value of the
spectral classes.
It has been found that in areas of complex terrain, the unsupervised approach is preferable. In such conditions, if the
supervised approach is used, the user will have difficulty in selecting training sites because of variability of spectral
response within them each class.
Consequently, group data collected but it is very time consuming. Also, the supervised approach is subjective in the sense
that the analyst tries to classify information categories, which are often composed of several spectral classes, whereas
spectrally distinguishable classes will be revealed by the unsupervised approach.
Additionally, the unsupervised approach has potential advantage of revealing discrimination classes unknown from the
previous supervised classification.
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Figure 1.22: In an unsupervised classification, a thematic map of the input image is created
automatically in ENVI without requiring any pre-existing knowledge of the input image. The
unsupervised classification method performs an automatic grouping; the next step in this
workflow is for the user to assign names to each of the automatically generated regions (for
49 References
Campbell, J.B. and Wynne, R. H. (2010). Introduction to
Remote Sensing, The Guilford Press, New York. pp.
Jayaraman, S., Esakkirajan, S. and Veerakumar, T. (2016).
Digital Image Processing, McGraw Hill Education (India)
pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. pp. 243-297
Bhatta, B.(2015). Remote Sensing and GIS, Oxford
university press, New Delhi. pp. 196–223