Indian Maritime University

(A Central University, Govt of India)

End Semester Examinations – March/April 2024

Programme Name: B.Tech Marine Engineering

Semester: Four

Subject Code: UG11T4402

Subject Name: Marine Turbo Machinery

Date: Max Marks: 70

Duration: 03 Hrs Pass Marks: 35

General Instructions

(i) All Sections (A, B & C) are to be attempted.

(ii) Options, if any, are specified in respective section.

Section A

Ten MCQs/Fill in the Blanks of 01 Mark each – Choose the correct answer
as applicable.

1.A Rateau turbine is….

a. Reaction turbine
b. Pressure compounded impulse turbine
c. Velocity compounded impulse turbine
d. Pressure and velocity compounded impulse turbine

Ans. (b)

2. What is a Curtis stage?

a. Pressure compounded impulse turbine

b. Impulse - reaction turbine
c. Velocity compounded impulse turbine
d. Pressure and velocity compounded impulse turbine

Ans. (c)

3. The function of inlet guide vane in an axial flow air compressor is to ….

a. Direct and straighten the incoming air from the rotor blades
b. Direct and straighten the incoming air for the stator blades
c. Direct and straighten the incoming air from the stator blades
d. Direct and straighten the incoming air for the rotor blades

Ans. (d)

4. In gas turbine, intercooler is placed ….

a. Before low pressure compressor

b. In between low pressure compressor and high pressure compressor
c. In between high pressure compressor and turbine
d. None of the mentioned

Ans. (b)

5.De-laval turbine is a ….

a. Single rotor impulse turbine

b. Reaction turbine
c. Axial flow turbine
d. Multi-rotor impulse turbine

Ans. (a)

6.Efficiency of gas turbine increases when…

a. Pressure ratio increases and exhaust gas temperature decreases.

b. Pressure ratio decreases and exhaust gas temperature decreases.
c. Pressure ratio increases and exhaust gas temperature increases.
d. Pressure ratio decreases and exhaust gas temperature increases.

Ans. (a)

7. The value of Mach number when flow chocked in air compressor is—

a. M=0.5
b. M=1
c. M=0.6
d. M=0.2

Ans. (b)

8. Number of blades in centrifugal compressor increases as slip factor—

a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. First increases and then decreases
d. First decreases and then increases

Ans. (a)

9. Dynamic similarity is said to exist between the model and the prototype when—

a. Ratios of the forces acting at the corresponding points in the model and
prototype are the same in magnitude; the directions also should be
parallel.

b. Ratios of the forces acting at the corresponding points in the model and
prototype are the same in magnitude.

c. Ratios of the velocity and acceleration acting at the corresponding points in the
model and prototype are the same in magnitude

d. Ratios of the velocity and acceleration acting at the corresponding points in the
model and prototype are the same in magnitude; the directions also should be
parallel.

Ans. (a)

10. Working of a pulse pressure turbocharger depends upon the ___________

that can be safely created in the exhaust system.

a. Enthalpy drop
b. Pressure difference
c. Turbocharger rpm
d. Pressure pulses

Ans. (d)

Section B

Five Questions of 02 Marks each

11. Write advantages of Model analysis.

Ans: 1. The performance of the machine can be easily predicted, in advance

from its model.
2.With the help of dimensional analysis, a relationship between the variables
influencing a flow problem in terms of dimensional parameters is obtained. This
relationship helps in conducting tests on the model.
3.The merits of alternative designs can be predicted with the help of model
testing. The most economical and safe design may be, finally, adopted.
4.The test performed on the models can be utilized for obtaining, in advance,
useful information about the performance of the prototype only if a complete
similarity exists between the model and the prototype.

12.Explain slip in centrifugal air compressor.

Ans. Due to rotation of an impeller, the air trapped between the vanes is reluctant
to move round with the impeller which creates a higher static pressure on the
leading face of a vane than on the trailing face, which creates small circulatory air
flows results in power loss. This effect is known as slip.

13.Describe specific speed of a turbomachine.

Ans. Specific speed is defined as the point of maximum efficiency of a

turbomachine, it becomes a parameter of great importance in selecting the type
of machine required for a given duty. The specific speed is a characteristic of
pumps which can be used as a basis for comparing the performance of different
pumps.

14. State the purpose of using shrouding in steam turbine blades?

Ans. Prevent vibrations, prevents spreading of thin blades & minimizes

blade tip leakage

15. Why are steam turbines compounded?

Ans. Steam turbines are compounded to--

a) Increased Efficiency b) Reduced Blade Stress c) Avoiding Condensation Issues
d) Flexibility in Design e) Balancing Axial Thrust f) Controlled Speed Reduction

Section C

Seven Questions of 10 Marks each of which any 05 questions to be

answered.

16. (a) Explain starting and ignition system in gas turbine. (5Marks)

Ans. 1. Ignition system – The process in gas turbine is continuous and self-
sustaining however it needs to be started by a dedicated ignition system.
Generally, a high voltage (3.5 – 18 KV) is used to initiate a spark in a spark ignitor.
Retractable ignitors may be used.
2. Starting system – i. Gas turbines are started by turning the compressor at
sufficient speed to initiate and sustain combustion.
ii. As compressor picks up speed the air is compressed and temperature of air also
increases. When the compressor has picked up sufficient speed the ignition is
switched on and thereafter fuel is injected.
iii. The fuel lights off and now starts to provide some power to the unit via the
turbine. After a while the unit attains self- sustaining speed (during this period the
started motor has been providing power).
iv. Now the ignition is switched of and there after the starter motor is switched
off. The starter motor must remain active to prevent ‘hot’ start or ‘Hung’ start.
A typical starting sequence would be – Starter on – ignition on – fuel on – engine
light off – engine attains self-sustaining speed – ignition off – starter off – engine
attains idle speed.
Gas turbines can be started by three basic methods – Electrical, hydraulic and
pneumatic Bleed air from another gas turbine can be used to start the turbine.

(b) Explain the concept of blade cooling in gas turbines. (5 Marks)

Ans. The efficiency of a gas turbine is directly proportional to turbine inlet

temperature. For long term operation at high turbine inlet temperature some form
of blade cooling is required to keep metal temperature below the peak gas
temperature. This is necessary to keep the blades from rapid deterioration. The
simplest and commonest method used is air cooling of the blades.
High pressure air is bled from an appropriate stage of the compressor and passed
through internal passage. This air is introduced inside the blade cavity where there
are specially drilled holes and passage for air to flow and extract heat.
Air flows out from the blades and mixes with the gas stream.
Air flowing out through holes in the leading and trailing edge form a thin air film
over the blades.
There are three distinct methods – (a) convectional cooling (b) film or
transpirational cooling and (c) impingement cooling
Gas turbine blades are hollow with air passages –
There are some more advanced cooling methods such as liquid or steam cooling.

(2D diagram is expected from students)

17.(a) Draw the schematic diagram of Velocity compounding and pressure
compounding of the Impulse Turbine. (6marks)

Ans.1. Velocity compounding of the Impulse Turbine

2. Pressure compounding of the Impulse Turbine.

(b) Classify the steam turbine (4marks)

Ans:1. According to flow of direction --a) Axial b) Radial

2.According to way of energy conversion and type of blading—a) Impulse b)
Reaction
3. According to no. of stages –a) single b) multi
4. According to type of compounding –a) Pressure b) Velocity c) Pressure-velocity
5.According to exhausting condition—a) Condensing b) Extraction c) Reheat d)
Backpressure
6.According to inlet pressure—a) Low b) Medium c) High d) Mixed
18.(a) Draw the typical Marine gas turbine propulsion plant (Twin spool
arrangement with free turbine) (6marks)

Ans.

(b)Draw the reheat cycle & T-s diagram for gas turbine (4Marks)

Ans:

19.(a)Explain different losses in centrifugal compressor. (5marks)

Ans: 1. Frictional losses: A major portion of the losses is due to fluid friction in
stationary and rotating blade passages. The flow in impeller and diffuser is
decelerating in nature. Therefore, the frictional losses are due to both skin friction
and boundary layer separation. The losses depend on the friction factor, length of
the flow passage and square of the fluid velocity.
2.Incidence losses: During the off-design conditions, the direction of relative
velocity of fluid at inlet does not match with the inlet blade angle and therefore,
fluid cannot enter the blade passage smoothly by gliding along the blade surface.
The loss in energy that takes place because of this is known as incidence loss. This
is sometimes referred to as shock losses.
3.Clearance and leakage losses: Certain minimum clearances are necessary
between the impeller shaft and the casing and between the outlet periphery of the
impeller eye and the casing. The leakage of gas through the shaft clearance is
minimized by employing glands. The clearance losses depend upon the impeller
diameter and the static pressure at the impeller tip. A larger diameter of impeller
is necessary for a higher peripheral speed and it is very difficult in the situation to
provide sealing between the casing and the impeller eye tip. The leakage losses
comprise a small fraction of the total loss.

(b) Draw inlet and outlet velocity triangles for axial flow air compressor(5Marks)

Ans.

20.(a) Derive Euler’s Turbomachinery equation (6Marks)

Ans. Consider a control volume (CV) surrounding an impeller. The control surface
may be taken away from the rotor, such that the properties can be assumed
uniform & axisymmetric.
The flow enters CV with velocity V1 at A & leaves with velocity V2 at point B.

Let ṁ be the mass flow rate &

r1 & r2 be the radial distance of point A & B from axis of rotation(Z-axis)

Now,

Moment of momentum leaving CV at B = ṁ r2 V2

Simillarly

Moment of momentum entering CV at A = ṁ r1 V1

Hence Torque (T)= ṁ (r2 V2 - r1 V1 )

Let ω be the angular velocity of an impeller

∴ Work done/unit mass= (r2 V2 - r1 V1 ) ω

But we know that, u=r ω

∴ Work done/unit mass = (V2u2-V1u1) or

Work done/unit mass = (Vw2u2- Vw1u1) --------Required equation

(b)Define stage loading and degree of reaction for axial flow air compressor
(4Marks)

Ans.1. Stage loading: is defined as the ratio of stagnation enthalpy change (h 3-

h1) to the square of blade speed.
(h3-h1)
Ψ=
𝒖𝟐

2. Degree of reaction: It is the ratio of pressure rise in compressor stage to

pressure rise in rotor blade.
OR

It is the ratio of rotor static enthalpy rise to the stage static enthalpy rise
ℎ2−ℎ1
R=
ℎ3−ℎ1

21.(a) Explain the different types of similarities. (6Marks)

Ans. 1. Geometric Similarity: The ratio of all corresponding linear dimension

in the model and prototype should be equal.
Let, 𝐿𝑚 = length of model, 𝑏𝑚 = width of model, 𝑑𝑚 = diameter of model, 𝐴𝑚 =
area of model, 𝑉𝑚 = volume of model,
& 𝐿p, 𝑏p, 𝑑p, Ap, Vp are corresponding values of the prototype

∴ For geometric similarity, we must have relation,

Lp bp dp
= = = 𝐿𝑟
Lm bm dm

2. Kinematic Similarity: The similarity of motion between model and prototype.

Thus kinematic similarity is said to exist between the model and the prototype if
the ratios of the velocity and acceleration at the corresponding points in the model
and prototype are the same in magnitude; the directions also should be parallel.

∴ For kinematic similarity, we must have,

Vp1 Vp2
= = 𝑉𝑟
Vm1 Vm2

Where,
𝑉𝑝1=Velocity of fluid at point 1 in prototype
𝑉𝑚1= Velocity of fluid at point 1 in model
3. Dynamic similarities: The similarity of forces between model and prototype.
Thus dynamic similarity is said to exist between the model and the prototype if
the ratios of the forces acting at the corresponding points in the model and
prototype are the same in magnitude; the directions also should be parallel.

∴ For dynamic similarity, we must have,

(Fi )p (Fv )p (Fg)p
= = = Fr
(Fi )m (Fv )m (Fg)m
Where,
(𝐹𝑖) 𝑝=Inertia force at a point in a prototype & (𝐹𝑖) m=Inertia force at a point in
a model
(𝐹𝑣) 𝑝= viscous force at a point in a prototype & (𝐹𝑣) m= viscous force at a point
in a model
(𝐹𝑔)𝑝=Gravity force at a point in a prototype & (𝐹𝑔)m=Gravity force at a point in
a model
(b)Draw a characteristic curve for high speed turbine(4Marks)

Ans.

22.(a) Explain Pulse Turbocharging system. (7Marks)

Ans.

In Pulse system, the high kinetic energy of exhaust gases is used to drive turbine.
 The energy to power the turbine is taken from the pressure wave formed
during blow down from each cylinder. Exhaust cams are designed to give
most rapid possible opening of the exhaust valve.
 Exhaust gas waves travel through the manifold to the turbine nozzles where
they are converted to kinetic energy at high velocity to rotate the turbine
blades. This gives a rapid build-up of turbine speed when an engine is
started or during manoeuvring.
 In pulse system the cylinders are carefully grouped so that when one
cylinder is exhausting the others in the group should having their exhaust
valves closed, otherwise exhaust gas may blowback into other cylinder.
  System requires short unobstructed flow path.
 Reasonable low load efficiency and good response to change in load.
Usually restricted to groups of three cylinders exhausting to each turbocharger

(b)List out various advantages and disadvantages of constant pressure

turbocharging system(3Marks)

Ans. Advantages:
1. There is no restriction on the number of cylinders that can be connected
to the manifold.
2. A greater flexibility in case of location of TC and exhaust arrangement.
3. Steady pressure before turbine, efficient operation
4. Exhaust piping is simpler
5. Eliminates the excitation of turbine blade vibrations by exhaust gas
pulses
6. Due to constant velocity gas flow over the turbine blades provides more
efficient turbine operation.
Dis-advantages:
1. This system is slower in its buildup of pressure when starting & insufficient
air is available for engines during maneuvering or operating at low speed.
2. To overcome this difficulty engines, have electric driven auxiliary blowers.